This document discusses intra-operative radiotherapy (IORT) for breast cancer. It provides background on breast cancer risk factors, diagnosis, staging, and treatment options. It then describes IORT specifically, noting that it allows targeted radiation to be delivered during surgery directly to the tumor bed in one session using a miniature X-ray source. The technique aims to complete local radiation treatment immediately while avoiding six weeks of daily external beam radiotherapy. Details are provided on the Intrabeam system and applicators used to deliver a uniform radiation dose in a spherical field confined to the tumor bed.
1) A landmark randomized clinical trial published in 1999 found that concurrent weekly cisplatin chemotherapy during pelvic radiation improved progression-free survival and overall survival rates for patients with bulky stage IB cervical cancer compared to radiation alone. The study demonstrated a 79% 5-year progression-free survival rate and 85% 5-year overall survival rate for patients receiving concurrent chemoradiation versus 74% and 63% respectively for radiation alone.
2) Another 1999 randomized clinical trial found that for high-risk cervical cancer patients, pelvic radiation with concurrent cisplatin and fluorouracil chemotherapy resulted in improved overall survival compared to pelvic and para-aortic radiation alone, establishing concurrent chemoradiation as the new standard
Hypofractionated Radiotherapy in Breast Cancer.pptxAsha Arjunan
1) The document outlines studies evaluating hypofractionated whole breast radiotherapy (HF-WBI) for breast cancer treatment. The Ontario Clinical Oncology Group trial found local recurrence rates and overall survival were similar between HF-WBI (42.5 Gy in 16 fractions) and standard WBI (50 Gy in 25 fractions), with lower late toxic effects for HF-WBI.
2) The UK START trials also found similar local recurrence rates between HF-WBI schedules (39-41.6 Gy) and standard WBI (50 Gy), with lower normal tissue effects for HF-WBI. The UK FAST trial found mild/marked breast changes were higher for 30 Gy compared to 50 Gy but not for
Accelerated partial breast irradiation is an alternative to whole breast irradiation in carcinoma breast patients Post breast conserving surgery with equivalent outcome, less duration & less burden on the patient.
Radiation therapy can enhance anti-tumor immunity through several mechanisms like increasing antigen visibility and activating the cGAS-STING pathway. However, it can also induce immunosuppressive effects by modifying the tumor microenvironment. The combination of radiation therapy with immunotherapy may provide synergistic effects by stimulating both local and systemic tumor control. Some challenges in combining these approaches include optimizing the timing and dose of radiation therapy to maximize its immune stimulatory effects while minimizing direct effects on T cells. Further studies are still needed to determine the best approaches.
This document summarizes key landmark clinical trials in breast cancer. It discusses trials related to prevention using tamoxifen and raloxifene, radiation therapy trials for DCIS and early stage breast cancer, breast-conserving therapy including accelerated whole-breast irradiation, neoadjuvant chemotherapy trials, and HER2 targeted neoadjuvant therapy trials. The trials demonstrated the effectiveness of tamoxifen and radiation therapy in breast cancer prevention and treatment, and showed that hypofractionated radiation regimens and partial breast irradiation are not inferior to standard radiation protocols. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was found to increase breast-conserving surgery rates and pathologic complete response rates. Dual HER2 blockade neoadjuvant regim
Contouring in breast cancer current practice and future directions Anil Gupta
Contouring guidelines for breast cancer radiation therapy aim to define target volumes to adequately treat while minimizing toxicity. The RTOG and ESTRO guidelines provide consensus on contouring clinical target volumes (CTVs) for the breast/chest wall, lymph nodes, and organs at risk. However, some recurrences occur outside these guidelines. A study mapping 243 nodal recurrences found most were within RTOG or ESTRO CTVs, but out-of-field recurrences were often in the lateral and posterior supraclavicular region, particularly for young, triple-negative patients. While contouring guidelines provide standardization, individualized risk assessment may be needed to optimize local control versus toxicity.
Radiotherapy in Early stage invasive breast carcinomaastha17srivastava
This document discusses radiotherapy treatment for early stage invasive breast carcinoma. It provides details on diagnostic workup, treatment options including mastectomy and breast conserving therapy. It describes different types of mastectomies and details on breast conserving therapy including whole breast radiotherapy and tumor bed boost. It summarizes key studies showing no overall survival advantage of mastectomy over breast conserving therapy with radiotherapy and the benefit of tumor bed boost in reducing local recurrence. It also discusses techniques for delivering radiotherapy to different treatment volumes.
This document discusses a trial investigating the role of local radiation therapy for metastatic prostate cancer. The main findings were:
1. No overall survival benefit was seen with radiation therapy, but survival improved in patients with low metastatic burden.
2. Failure-free survival improved with radiation therapy overall and in the low metastatic burden group.
3. Adverse effects from radiation therapy were modest.
The trial provides evidence that radiation therapy to the prostate improves outcomes for men with metastatic prostate cancer who have a low metastatic burden and does not negatively impact side effects.
1) A landmark randomized clinical trial published in 1999 found that concurrent weekly cisplatin chemotherapy during pelvic radiation improved progression-free survival and overall survival rates for patients with bulky stage IB cervical cancer compared to radiation alone. The study demonstrated a 79% 5-year progression-free survival rate and 85% 5-year overall survival rate for patients receiving concurrent chemoradiation versus 74% and 63% respectively for radiation alone.
2) Another 1999 randomized clinical trial found that for high-risk cervical cancer patients, pelvic radiation with concurrent cisplatin and fluorouracil chemotherapy resulted in improved overall survival compared to pelvic and para-aortic radiation alone, establishing concurrent chemoradiation as the new standard
Hypofractionated Radiotherapy in Breast Cancer.pptxAsha Arjunan
1) The document outlines studies evaluating hypofractionated whole breast radiotherapy (HF-WBI) for breast cancer treatment. The Ontario Clinical Oncology Group trial found local recurrence rates and overall survival were similar between HF-WBI (42.5 Gy in 16 fractions) and standard WBI (50 Gy in 25 fractions), with lower late toxic effects for HF-WBI.
2) The UK START trials also found similar local recurrence rates between HF-WBI schedules (39-41.6 Gy) and standard WBI (50 Gy), with lower normal tissue effects for HF-WBI. The UK FAST trial found mild/marked breast changes were higher for 30 Gy compared to 50 Gy but not for
Accelerated partial breast irradiation is an alternative to whole breast irradiation in carcinoma breast patients Post breast conserving surgery with equivalent outcome, less duration & less burden on the patient.
Radiation therapy can enhance anti-tumor immunity through several mechanisms like increasing antigen visibility and activating the cGAS-STING pathway. However, it can also induce immunosuppressive effects by modifying the tumor microenvironment. The combination of radiation therapy with immunotherapy may provide synergistic effects by stimulating both local and systemic tumor control. Some challenges in combining these approaches include optimizing the timing and dose of radiation therapy to maximize its immune stimulatory effects while minimizing direct effects on T cells. Further studies are still needed to determine the best approaches.
This document summarizes key landmark clinical trials in breast cancer. It discusses trials related to prevention using tamoxifen and raloxifene, radiation therapy trials for DCIS and early stage breast cancer, breast-conserving therapy including accelerated whole-breast irradiation, neoadjuvant chemotherapy trials, and HER2 targeted neoadjuvant therapy trials. The trials demonstrated the effectiveness of tamoxifen and radiation therapy in breast cancer prevention and treatment, and showed that hypofractionated radiation regimens and partial breast irradiation are not inferior to standard radiation protocols. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was found to increase breast-conserving surgery rates and pathologic complete response rates. Dual HER2 blockade neoadjuvant regim
Contouring in breast cancer current practice and future directions Anil Gupta
Contouring guidelines for breast cancer radiation therapy aim to define target volumes to adequately treat while minimizing toxicity. The RTOG and ESTRO guidelines provide consensus on contouring clinical target volumes (CTVs) for the breast/chest wall, lymph nodes, and organs at risk. However, some recurrences occur outside these guidelines. A study mapping 243 nodal recurrences found most were within RTOG or ESTRO CTVs, but out-of-field recurrences were often in the lateral and posterior supraclavicular region, particularly for young, triple-negative patients. While contouring guidelines provide standardization, individualized risk assessment may be needed to optimize local control versus toxicity.
Radiotherapy in Early stage invasive breast carcinomaastha17srivastava
This document discusses radiotherapy treatment for early stage invasive breast carcinoma. It provides details on diagnostic workup, treatment options including mastectomy and breast conserving therapy. It describes different types of mastectomies and details on breast conserving therapy including whole breast radiotherapy and tumor bed boost. It summarizes key studies showing no overall survival advantage of mastectomy over breast conserving therapy with radiotherapy and the benefit of tumor bed boost in reducing local recurrence. It also discusses techniques for delivering radiotherapy to different treatment volumes.
This document discusses a trial investigating the role of local radiation therapy for metastatic prostate cancer. The main findings were:
1. No overall survival benefit was seen with radiation therapy, but survival improved in patients with low metastatic burden.
2. Failure-free survival improved with radiation therapy overall and in the low metastatic burden group.
3. Adverse effects from radiation therapy were modest.
The trial provides evidence that radiation therapy to the prostate improves outcomes for men with metastatic prostate cancer who have a low metastatic burden and does not negatively impact side effects.
ROLE OF NEOADJUVANT CHEMORADIATION IN LOCALLY ADVANCED BREAST CANCERKanhu Charan
This retrospective study analyzed 187 breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by mastectomy from 1970-1984. It found that the 10-year locoregional control, disease-free survival, and overall survival rates were 91%, 47%, and 55% respectively. Only pathological nodal involvement was an independent negative prognostic factor for disease-free and overall survival. The study demonstrates comparable long-term locoregional control with this approach compared to other trials, suggesting neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by mastectomy can achieve good outcomes.
This document summarizes several landmark clinical trials in breast cancer treatment. It describes trials that tested chemoprevention drugs like tamoxifen to reduce breast cancer risk. It also summarizes radiation therapy trials comparing lumpectomy alone to lumpectomy with radiation. Further, it summarizes trials comparing breast-conserving surgery and radiation to mastectomy. The document finds that radiation after lumpectomy and mastectomy radiation for node-positive patients improve outcomes.
Randomized comparison of adjuvant aromatase inhibitor exemestane (E) plus ovarian function suppression (OFS) vs tamoxifen (T) plus OFS in premenopausal women with hormone receptor positive (HR+) early breast cancer (BC):
RADIOTHERAPY IN CARCINOMA BREAST (EARLY AND LOCALLY ADVANCED)DrAnkitaPatel
This document discusses radiation therapy for breast cancer. It begins by outlining the important role of radiation therapy at various stages of breast cancer, including as part of breast conservation and after mastectomy. It then discusses indications for adjuvant radiation therapy based on factors like tumor size and lymph node involvement. The document reviews evidence from clinical trials demonstrating the benefits of radiation therapy after breast-conserving surgery in reducing recurrence rates and improving survival. It also discusses techniques, dosing, and toxicity considerations for radiation therapy delivery.
This document summarizes several key studies on the use of concurrent chemo-radiation therapy for carcinoma of the cervix. Five randomized controlled trials from the 1980s-1990s showed significantly improved progression-free and overall survival when cisplatin-based chemo-radiation was used compared to radiation alone. Subsequent larger trials like GOG 120 and RTOG 9001 reinforced these findings. Long term follow up data continued to show survival benefits with acceptable toxicity rates for concurrent chemo-radiation, which is now the standard of care for locally advanced cervical cancer.
Preoperative chemoradiotherapy is commonly used to treat rectal cancer. It can reduce the tumor size and increase the likelihood of sphincter-sparing surgery. Studies have shown that preoperative chemoradiotherapy results in lower local recurrence rates compared to postoperative chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy alone, without increasing distant metastases or mortality. Short-course radiotherapy followed by surgery within a week is also effective at reducing local recurrence compared to surgery alone, especially when combined with total mesorectal excision.
Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) delivers radiation to only the portion of the breast at highest risk of recurrence rather than the whole breast. This allows radiation to be delivered in a significantly shortened period. Several techniques for APBI exist including brachytherapy using catheters implanted in the breast, balloon brachytherapy, and external beam radiotherapy. Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating outcomes and toxicities of APBI compared to whole breast irradiation in appropriately selected patients with early-stage breast cancer.
Overview about evolution of the term Oligometastases,the paradigm and various states of oligometastases,treat options ,clinical trials and relevance in current clinical practice
Landmark trials in breast Cancer surgery - NSABP 04,06,MILAN,EORTC 10853, ECO...Dr.Bhavin Vadodariya
1) The document summarizes key landmark trials in breast cancer surgery including the Halsted theory, Fisher theory, and results from NSABP B04, B06, and B17 trials which established breast conservation as a standard of care for early stage breast cancer.
2) It also discusses a trial evaluating cryoablation as a non-surgical option for small breast cancers and results showing 92% successful ablation with no residual disease after surgical resection.
3) Going forward, the document envisions more individualized and targeted breast cancer treatment based on genomic profiling of each tumor to identify markers and select the most appropriate targeted therapies or ablative procedures.
Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy For Postmenopausal Breast CancerEmad Shash
Questions Covered in the presentation:
• Should patients receive an AI or Tamoxifen?
• Should patients receive monotherapy (AI or Tamoxifen alone) or sequential
therapy using both?
• 5 vs 10 years of therapy?
• If More than 5 years of endocrine therapy, which class to be used
1) The document discusses various techniques for radiation therapy treatment planning and delivery for breast cancer, including tangential field planning, supraclavicular field matching, electron boosts, and accelerated partial breast irradiation.
2) Techniques for accelerated partial breast irradiation discussed include multi-catheter interstitial brachytherapy, balloon-based brachytherapy using devices like Mammosite, and external beam radiation therapy.
3) Factors that determine suitability for accelerated partial breast irradiation include patient age, tumor size and characteristics, and nodal involvement. Dosage schedules and advantages and disadvantages of different techniques are also reviewed.
The document discusses the role of chemotherapy in carcinoma of the stomach. It outlines several key trials investigating neoadjuvant, adjuvant and perioperative chemotherapy approaches. The MAGIC trial showed significantly improved 5-year survival with perioperative chemotherapy compared to surgery alone. The French FNCLCC trial also demonstrated improved disease-free and overall survival with perioperative chemotherapy. Adjuvant chemoradiation was shown in the INT0116/SWOG 9008 trial to improve 5-year overall and disease-free survival compared to surgery alone. The Japanese S-1 trial found significant benefit in 5-year disease-free and overall survival with adjuvant S-1 chemotherapy compared to observation after surgery.
1) Preoperative chemoradiotherapy improves local control rates and tumor downstaging for rectal cancer compared to postoperative chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy alone.
2) The addition of chemotherapy to radiotherapy, whether in the preoperative or postoperative setting, improves local control and disease-free survival compared to radiotherapy alone.
3) For patients who achieve a clinical complete response after preoperative chemoradiotherapy, observation without surgery may be feasible, with local recurrence rates of approximately 30% that can often be successfully salvaged.
1. Resection offers the only chance for cure of pancreatic cancer, but most patients are unresectable at diagnosis. For resectable patients, surgery without delay followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation improves survival compared to surgery alone.
2. For unresectable locally advanced disease, chemoradiation provides a survival benefit over chemotherapy alone. Median survival is approximately 11-12 months with chemoradiation versus 9 months with chemotherapy.
3. Post-operative chemoradiation following pancreatic cancer resection reduces the risk of recurrence and improves long-term survival compared to surgery or chemotherapy alone. The 2-year survival rate is approximately 40-50% with adjuvant chemoradiation versus 20-30
Radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas by improving local control rates when used adjuvantly with surgery. Post-operative radiotherapy reduces local recurrence rates compared to surgery alone, even for low-grade tumors. Pre-operative radiotherapy may provide a better chance of limb salvage for large or unresectable tumors but risks delaying wound healing. Positive surgical margins are associated with higher local recurrence rates, but margins within 1mm do not significantly impact outcomes. Adjuvant radiotherapy should be considered for all high-grade soft tissue sarcomas based on its ability to improve local control.
This document summarizes adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. It discusses the rationale for adjuvant chemotherapy based on the Fisher hypothesis that breast cancer is a systemic disease at diagnosis. Evidence from large meta-analyses shows that adjuvant chemotherapy improves outcomes compared to no treatment or CMF chemotherapy alone. The addition of anthracyclines or taxanes to chemotherapy regimens provides further benefits. Molecular profiling tools can help select patients who will most benefit from chemotherapy based on tumor biology. Guidelines recommend chemotherapy for higher risk patient subgroups based on tumor characteristics and gene expression profiles.
This document discusses evidence-based management of rectal malignancy. It provides an overview of preoperative staging for rectal cancer, TNM staging criteria, the importance of total mesorectal excision surgery, and the role of adjuvant radiation therapy and chemotherapy based on randomized controlled trials. For locally advanced rectal cancer, it reviews evidence that preoperative radiation therapy with chemotherapy provides benefits of downstaging and reduced local recurrence compared to postoperative treatment.
This presentation is intended to refer while doing planning of SBRT Prostate for all practical aspects from Simulation - contouring - planning - treatment. I am sure it will be very useful presentation for any radiation oncologist who are willing to start workflow of SBRT Prostate in the department of radiation oncology
Ewing sarcoma is the second most common bone tumor in children. Radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of both localized and metastatic Ewing sarcoma. For localized disease, radiotherapy is recommended for patients who cannot undergo surgery or have unresectable tumors. It is also used post-operatively if there is residual disease. For metastatic disease, radiotherapy can help control the primary tumor and reduce pulmonary metastases when combined with chemotherapy. Advances in radiotherapy planning and techniques have improved outcomes while reducing long-term side effects.
Breast cancer risk factors include reproductive factors like early menarche, late menopause, late age at first childbirth, lack of breastfeeding, and use of oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy. Genetic factors such as family history and mutations in BRCA1/2 genes also increase risk. Breast cancer is classified based on location within the breast, histological type, grade, stage, and receptor status. Treatment may involve surgery to remove all or part of the breast, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or biological therapy targeting receptors like HER2. Surgical options range from breast-conserving procedures to full or partial mastectomy.
ROLE OF NEOADJUVANT CHEMORADIATION IN LOCALLY ADVANCED BREAST CANCERKanhu Charan
This retrospective study analyzed 187 breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by mastectomy from 1970-1984. It found that the 10-year locoregional control, disease-free survival, and overall survival rates were 91%, 47%, and 55% respectively. Only pathological nodal involvement was an independent negative prognostic factor for disease-free and overall survival. The study demonstrates comparable long-term locoregional control with this approach compared to other trials, suggesting neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by mastectomy can achieve good outcomes.
This document summarizes several landmark clinical trials in breast cancer treatment. It describes trials that tested chemoprevention drugs like tamoxifen to reduce breast cancer risk. It also summarizes radiation therapy trials comparing lumpectomy alone to lumpectomy with radiation. Further, it summarizes trials comparing breast-conserving surgery and radiation to mastectomy. The document finds that radiation after lumpectomy and mastectomy radiation for node-positive patients improve outcomes.
Randomized comparison of adjuvant aromatase inhibitor exemestane (E) plus ovarian function suppression (OFS) vs tamoxifen (T) plus OFS in premenopausal women with hormone receptor positive (HR+) early breast cancer (BC):
RADIOTHERAPY IN CARCINOMA BREAST (EARLY AND LOCALLY ADVANCED)DrAnkitaPatel
This document discusses radiation therapy for breast cancer. It begins by outlining the important role of radiation therapy at various stages of breast cancer, including as part of breast conservation and after mastectomy. It then discusses indications for adjuvant radiation therapy based on factors like tumor size and lymph node involvement. The document reviews evidence from clinical trials demonstrating the benefits of radiation therapy after breast-conserving surgery in reducing recurrence rates and improving survival. It also discusses techniques, dosing, and toxicity considerations for radiation therapy delivery.
This document summarizes several key studies on the use of concurrent chemo-radiation therapy for carcinoma of the cervix. Five randomized controlled trials from the 1980s-1990s showed significantly improved progression-free and overall survival when cisplatin-based chemo-radiation was used compared to radiation alone. Subsequent larger trials like GOG 120 and RTOG 9001 reinforced these findings. Long term follow up data continued to show survival benefits with acceptable toxicity rates for concurrent chemo-radiation, which is now the standard of care for locally advanced cervical cancer.
Preoperative chemoradiotherapy is commonly used to treat rectal cancer. It can reduce the tumor size and increase the likelihood of sphincter-sparing surgery. Studies have shown that preoperative chemoradiotherapy results in lower local recurrence rates compared to postoperative chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy alone, without increasing distant metastases or mortality. Short-course radiotherapy followed by surgery within a week is also effective at reducing local recurrence compared to surgery alone, especially when combined with total mesorectal excision.
Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) delivers radiation to only the portion of the breast at highest risk of recurrence rather than the whole breast. This allows radiation to be delivered in a significantly shortened period. Several techniques for APBI exist including brachytherapy using catheters implanted in the breast, balloon brachytherapy, and external beam radiotherapy. Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating outcomes and toxicities of APBI compared to whole breast irradiation in appropriately selected patients with early-stage breast cancer.
Overview about evolution of the term Oligometastases,the paradigm and various states of oligometastases,treat options ,clinical trials and relevance in current clinical practice
Landmark trials in breast Cancer surgery - NSABP 04,06,MILAN,EORTC 10853, ECO...Dr.Bhavin Vadodariya
1) The document summarizes key landmark trials in breast cancer surgery including the Halsted theory, Fisher theory, and results from NSABP B04, B06, and B17 trials which established breast conservation as a standard of care for early stage breast cancer.
2) It also discusses a trial evaluating cryoablation as a non-surgical option for small breast cancers and results showing 92% successful ablation with no residual disease after surgical resection.
3) Going forward, the document envisions more individualized and targeted breast cancer treatment based on genomic profiling of each tumor to identify markers and select the most appropriate targeted therapies or ablative procedures.
Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy For Postmenopausal Breast CancerEmad Shash
Questions Covered in the presentation:
• Should patients receive an AI or Tamoxifen?
• Should patients receive monotherapy (AI or Tamoxifen alone) or sequential
therapy using both?
• 5 vs 10 years of therapy?
• If More than 5 years of endocrine therapy, which class to be used
1) The document discusses various techniques for radiation therapy treatment planning and delivery for breast cancer, including tangential field planning, supraclavicular field matching, electron boosts, and accelerated partial breast irradiation.
2) Techniques for accelerated partial breast irradiation discussed include multi-catheter interstitial brachytherapy, balloon-based brachytherapy using devices like Mammosite, and external beam radiation therapy.
3) Factors that determine suitability for accelerated partial breast irradiation include patient age, tumor size and characteristics, and nodal involvement. Dosage schedules and advantages and disadvantages of different techniques are also reviewed.
The document discusses the role of chemotherapy in carcinoma of the stomach. It outlines several key trials investigating neoadjuvant, adjuvant and perioperative chemotherapy approaches. The MAGIC trial showed significantly improved 5-year survival with perioperative chemotherapy compared to surgery alone. The French FNCLCC trial also demonstrated improved disease-free and overall survival with perioperative chemotherapy. Adjuvant chemoradiation was shown in the INT0116/SWOG 9008 trial to improve 5-year overall and disease-free survival compared to surgery alone. The Japanese S-1 trial found significant benefit in 5-year disease-free and overall survival with adjuvant S-1 chemotherapy compared to observation after surgery.
1) Preoperative chemoradiotherapy improves local control rates and tumor downstaging for rectal cancer compared to postoperative chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy alone.
2) The addition of chemotherapy to radiotherapy, whether in the preoperative or postoperative setting, improves local control and disease-free survival compared to radiotherapy alone.
3) For patients who achieve a clinical complete response after preoperative chemoradiotherapy, observation without surgery may be feasible, with local recurrence rates of approximately 30% that can often be successfully salvaged.
1. Resection offers the only chance for cure of pancreatic cancer, but most patients are unresectable at diagnosis. For resectable patients, surgery without delay followed by adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation improves survival compared to surgery alone.
2. For unresectable locally advanced disease, chemoradiation provides a survival benefit over chemotherapy alone. Median survival is approximately 11-12 months with chemoradiation versus 9 months with chemotherapy.
3. Post-operative chemoradiation following pancreatic cancer resection reduces the risk of recurrence and improves long-term survival compared to surgery or chemotherapy alone. The 2-year survival rate is approximately 40-50% with adjuvant chemoradiation versus 20-30
Radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas by improving local control rates when used adjuvantly with surgery. Post-operative radiotherapy reduces local recurrence rates compared to surgery alone, even for low-grade tumors. Pre-operative radiotherapy may provide a better chance of limb salvage for large or unresectable tumors but risks delaying wound healing. Positive surgical margins are associated with higher local recurrence rates, but margins within 1mm do not significantly impact outcomes. Adjuvant radiotherapy should be considered for all high-grade soft tissue sarcomas based on its ability to improve local control.
This document summarizes adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. It discusses the rationale for adjuvant chemotherapy based on the Fisher hypothesis that breast cancer is a systemic disease at diagnosis. Evidence from large meta-analyses shows that adjuvant chemotherapy improves outcomes compared to no treatment or CMF chemotherapy alone. The addition of anthracyclines or taxanes to chemotherapy regimens provides further benefits. Molecular profiling tools can help select patients who will most benefit from chemotherapy based on tumor biology. Guidelines recommend chemotherapy for higher risk patient subgroups based on tumor characteristics and gene expression profiles.
This document discusses evidence-based management of rectal malignancy. It provides an overview of preoperative staging for rectal cancer, TNM staging criteria, the importance of total mesorectal excision surgery, and the role of adjuvant radiation therapy and chemotherapy based on randomized controlled trials. For locally advanced rectal cancer, it reviews evidence that preoperative radiation therapy with chemotherapy provides benefits of downstaging and reduced local recurrence compared to postoperative treatment.
This presentation is intended to refer while doing planning of SBRT Prostate for all practical aspects from Simulation - contouring - planning - treatment. I am sure it will be very useful presentation for any radiation oncologist who are willing to start workflow of SBRT Prostate in the department of radiation oncology
Ewing sarcoma is the second most common bone tumor in children. Radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of both localized and metastatic Ewing sarcoma. For localized disease, radiotherapy is recommended for patients who cannot undergo surgery or have unresectable tumors. It is also used post-operatively if there is residual disease. For metastatic disease, radiotherapy can help control the primary tumor and reduce pulmonary metastases when combined with chemotherapy. Advances in radiotherapy planning and techniques have improved outcomes while reducing long-term side effects.
Breast cancer risk factors include reproductive factors like early menarche, late menopause, late age at first childbirth, lack of breastfeeding, and use of oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy. Genetic factors such as family history and mutations in BRCA1/2 genes also increase risk. Breast cancer is classified based on location within the breast, histological type, grade, stage, and receptor status. Treatment may involve surgery to remove all or part of the breast, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or biological therapy targeting receptors like HER2. Surgical options range from breast-conserving procedures to full or partial mastectomy.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. There are several types including ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and invasive ductal carcinoma. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage. For early-stage disease, lumpectomy with radiation or mastectomy are equivalent options. Lumpectomy is preferred for cosmetic reasons when possible. Reconstruction options are available for patients undergoing mastectomy.
This document discusses several types of cancers that affect the female reproductive system. It notes that breast cancer is the most common non-skin cancer in women, with risk factors including age, family history, reproductive history, and lifestyle factors. It also describes different types of breast cancer surgery and treatments. Cervical cancer is discussed as being linked to HPV infection, with screening and vaccination helping to prevent it. Endometrial and ovarian cancers are also summarized, along with more rare cancers like leiomyosarcoma. Risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic tools and common treatments are outlined for each cancer type.
CARCINOMA OF THE BREAST for mbbs 600L studentsIgbashio
This document summarizes information about carcinoma of the breast, including:
- It is the most common malignancy affecting women worldwide, with risk factors including age, family history, reproductive factors, and lifestyle.
- Types include ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, and invasive lobular carcinoma.
- Signs and symptoms include painless breast lumps, nipple discharge or retraction, and potential metastases.
- Staging uses TNM and Manchester systems and involves investigations like biopsy, imaging and blood tests.
- Treatment involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy and other targeted approaches.
1) Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), also known as stage 0 breast cancer, accounts for 20% of breast cancers in the US and represents the earliest non-invasive form.
2) Treatment options for DCIS include lumpectomy with or without radiation or total mastectomy. Factors such as tumor size, grade, and margin status help determine a patient's risk of recurrence and guide treatment decisions.
3) Short term side effects of breast radiation for DCIS typically include skin irritation, breast tenderness, and fatigue. Long term risks are generally low but may include lymphedema, lung inflammation, and fibrosis. Radiation reduces the risk of local recurrence by 50% compared to lumpectomy alone
Breast cancer is the most common female cancer in the US and the second most common cause of cancer death in women. Risk factors include age, family history, lifestyle factors, and reproductive history. Evaluation of breast complaints requires a thorough history, physical exam including triple assessment with mammography, ultrasound and biopsy. Staging involves assessing tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastasis. Treatment may involve neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgery such as mastectomy or lumpectomy with radiation, and adjuvant systemic therapy.
breast cancer- nurses responsibility and advoacyssuser002e70
Breast cancer is an uncontrolled growth of breast cells. It is the most common cancer among women in India, with over 150,000 new cases estimated in 2016. Risk factors include age, family history, lifestyle factors like alcohol use and obesity. Symptoms may include a painless breast lump or nipple discharge. Diagnosis involves mammography, biopsy and staging. Treatment options include surgery like lumpectomy or mastectomy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy and targeted therapies. The goal of treatment is to cure the cancer and prevent recurrence and spread to distant sites.
Ca breast ug lecture ajay khanna department of surgery. ims, bhu, varanasuDivya Khanna
Carcinoma of the breast has several risk factors including age, family history, and benign breast diseases. Pathologically, it can be ductal or lobular carcinoma in situ or invasive. It commonly spreads to lymph nodes, bones, liver, lungs and brain. Staging involves tumor size, nodal involvement and metastasis. Investigations include imaging, biopsies and markers. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, hormone and targeted therapies depending on stage and biomarkers. Prognosis depends on stage, with 5 year survival rates from 90% in stage 1 to 20% in stage 4 metastatic disease.
Treatment of breast cancer by Dr.Syed Alam ZebSyed Alam Zeb
The document discusses various methods for classifying, staging, and treating breast cancer, including surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and monoclonal antibodies. Treatment options depend on factors like cancer type and stage, age, hormone receptor status, and menopausal status. Guidelines are provided for adjuvant systemic treatment based on node status and other risk factors for both premenopausal and postmenopausal women.
Organ preservation in kenyan breast cancer patients by peter birdKesho Conference
Breast cancer poses a significant burden in developing countries like Kenya. At Kijabe Hospital in Kenya, most breast cancer patients present with locally advanced disease and the median age of patients is younger than in Western countries. Treatment options are limited by costs and available resources. For poorer patients, treatment typically involves a mastectomy with adjuvant therapies if the tumor can be removed, while wealthier patients may receive breast conserving surgery and more comprehensive adjuvant treatment. Radiotherapy, an important part of breast conservation, is often not available locally and requires travel to Nairobi. Management strategies in low-resource settings must be tailored to the economic realities of individual patients.
Organ preservation in kenyan breast cancer patients by peter birdKesho Conference
Breast cancer poses a significant burden in developing countries like Kenya. At Kijabe Hospital in Kenya, most breast cancer patients present with locally advanced disease and the median age of patients is younger than in Western countries. Treatment options are limited by costs and available resources. For poorer patients, treatment typically involves a mastectomy with adjuvant therapies if the tumor can be removed, while wealthier patients may receive breast conserving surgery and more comprehensive adjuvant treatment. Radiotherapy, an important part of breast conservation, is often not available locally and requires travel to Nairobi. Management strategies in low-resource settings must be tailored to the economic realities of individual patients.
BREST CARSINOMA and its anatomy,resources.pptxomkarnunna1
1. Breast cancer refers to a malignant tumor that develops from cells in the breast, most commonly beginning in the milk-producing lobules or ducts.
2. The most common types of breast cancer are invasive ductal carcinoma (79% of cases) and invasive lobular carcinoma (10% of cases), both of which can spread to other tissues and organs.
3. Risk factors for breast cancer include age, family history, certain breast changes, reproductive and menstrual history, hormone therapy, obesity, lack of exercise, and alcohol consumption.
1) Breast cancer is a major global health problem, with most cases occurring in developing countries. Ghanaian studies show that patients often present with advanced-stage disease and experience poor outcomes.
2) Early breast cancer is defined as stage 0, 1, or 2 based on tumor size and lymph node involvement. Treatment involves surgery such as breast-conserving therapy or mastectomy, followed by radiation and/or systemic therapies based on tumor biomarkers.
3) Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive proliferation of malignant cells within breast ducts. Diagnosis is often from mammography screening, and management involves surgery such as lumpectomy plus radiation therapy based on prognostic factors.
This document provides information about breast cancer including its epidemiology, risk factors, clinical examination, imaging, biopsy, pathology, staging, histological types, management of early and locally advanced breast cancer, and inflammatory breast cancer. Some key points include:
- Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women with a lifetime risk of 1 in 8.
- Risk factors include family history, late age of first pregnancy, obesity, radiation exposure, and genetic factors like BRCA1/2 mutations.
- Clinical examination involves inspection and palpation of the breasts and lymph nodes. Imaging includes mammography, ultrasound, and MRI.
- Biopsy is used to obtain a definitive diagnosis and can include fine needle aspiration
Breast Carcinoma.
Breast cancer is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that starts in the cells of the breast and spread to other tissues.
The most common form of cancer among women
It is estimated that each year more than 83,000 cases of breast cancer are reported in Pakistan. Nearly 40,000 women die, just due to this deadly disease
Carcinoma of the breast occurs commonly in the western world,accounting for 3–5% of all deaths in women. In developing countries it accounts for 1–3% of death
The most common form of cancer among women
The second most common cause of cancer related mortality
1 of 8 women (12.2%)
Locally advanced breast cancer is stage III breast cancer characterized by large primary tumors with involved lymph nodes. Key points:
- Suspensory ligaments can become invaded, leading to skin dimpling. Lymph nodes are divided into groups for staging.
- Axillary nodes are the primary drainage site and are divided into levels based on relation to pectoralis minor muscle.
- Internal mammary nodes also commonly involved with medial/central/lower tumors.
- Locally advanced breast cancer is usually treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy to downstage the tumor, followed by surgery and radiation. Molecular subtyping aids treatment planning.
Breast prognostic factors,imaging,diagnosis,stagingNilesh Kucha
This document provides information on various imaging modalities used in breast cancer diagnosis and staging. It discusses the use of ultrasound, mammography, MRI, and elastography. For mammography, it outlines standard views, additional views, BI-RADS assessment categories, limitations, and the role of digital breast tomosynthesis. For MRI, it covers indications, enhancement curves, advantages, disadvantages and sensitivity. Elastography is described as a technique that detects changes in tissue elasticity caused by disease.
1) Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, with 1 in 8 women developing it and 1 in 3 breast cancer patients dying from the disease.
2) Risk factors include long-term estrogen exposure, family history, older age, obesity, alcohol consumption, and radiation exposure.
3) Breast cancer can be ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, or other less common subtypes.
4) Staging uses TNM criteria and considers tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis to determine prognosis and guide treatment.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
1. RECENT ADVANCES IN SURGERY
TOPIC: INTRA-OPERATIVE RADIOTHERAPY FOR
CARCINOMA BREAST(IORT)
SPEAKER: DR. ABHISHEK KUMAR THAKUR
PG general surgery
2.
3.
4.
5. Breast cancer
Breast cancer remains the
most common cancer that
affects women.
Despite the evolution of
treatment, breast cancer
persists as the second most
common cause of cancer
death in women.
Treatment modalities for
breast cancer have evolved
significantly over the past 25
years.
6. GENDER - All
women are
at risk
Age
Family/Personal
History
Reproductive
History
Menstrual
HistoryRace
Genetic
Factors
Breast Cancer Risk Factors
unalterable factors
Radiation
Treatment with
DES
7. All
women are
at risk
Obesity
Breastfeeding
Not having
children
Birth Control
Pills
Alcohol
Hormone
Replacement
Therapy
Exercise
All
women are
at risk
Obesity
Breastfeeding
Not having
children
Birth Control
Pills
Alcohol
Hormone
Replacement
Therapy
Breast Cancer Risk Factors
that can be controlled
Exercise
8. Causes of Hereditary
Susceptibility to Breast Cancer
Gene
BRCA1
BRCA2
TP53
PTEN
Undiscovered genes
Contribution to
Hereditary Breast
Cancer
20%–40%
10%–30%
<1%
<1%
30%–70%
5 to 10% of breast cancers can be attributed to inherited factors
16. Signs and Symptoms
16
Most common:
lump or
thickening in
breast. Often
painless
Change in color
or appearance
of areola
Redness or pitting
of skin over the
breast, like the
skin of an orange
Discharge
or
bleeding
Change in size
or contours of
breast
17.
18.
19.
20. Mammography
• Use a low-dose x-ray system to examine breasts
• Digital mammography replaces x-ray film by solid-
state detectors that convert x-rays into electrical
signals. These signals are used to produce images
that can be displayed on a computer screen (similar
to digital cameras)
• Mammography can show changes in the breast up
to two years before a physician can feel them
20
25. What Mammograms Show
Two of the most important mammographic indicators of
breat cancers
– Masses
– Microcalcifications: Tiny flecks of calcium – like grains of salt –
in the soft tissue of the breast that can sometimes indicate an
early cancer.
25
26. Detection of Malignant Masses
Malignant masses have a more spiculated
appearance
26malignant benign
27. Impression
• Overall assessment of the radiological findings
often includes a classification of the
mammogram using the BI-RADS system
developed by the American College Of
Radiology(ACR)
28. Breast Imaging Reporting and Data
System(BI-RADS)
• Category0: additional view or ultrasound and
or compare prior film
• Category1: negative
• Category2: benign(noncancerous)
• Category3:probably benign,repeat in
6mth
29. BI-RADS category
• Category4: suspicious abnormality
consider biopsy
4A: finding with low suspicion of being cancer.
4B: finding with an intermediate suspicion of
being cancer
4C: finding of moderate concern of being cancer
but not as high as category5
30. BI-RADS category
• Category5: highly suggestive of malignancy,
biopsy is recommended
• Category6: known biopsy proven malignancy,
appropriate action should be taken. It is only
to see how well the cancer is responding to
treatment
31. Mammogram – Difficult Case*
• Heterogeneously dense breast
• Cancer can be difficult to detect
with this type of breast tissue
• The fibroglandular tissue (white
areas) may hide the tumor
• The breasts of younger women
contain more glands and ligaments
resulting in dense breast tissue
31
32. Mammogram – Easier Case*
• With age, breast tissue
becomes fattier and has
fewer glands
• Cancer is relatively easy to
detect in this type of breast
tissue
32
34. Breast Biopsy:
– Image-guided
– Fine-needle aspiration
(FNA) biopsy
• cytological evaluation
– Core-needle biopsy
• alternative to open
biopsy
• low complication rate,
avoidance of scarring,
and a lower cost.
38. TNM Staging System for Breast Cancer
Primary tumor (T)
TX - Primary tumor cannot be assessed
T0 - No evidence of primary tumor
Tis - Carcinoma in situ
Tis (DCIS) Ductal carcinoma in situ
Tis (LCIS) Lobular carcinoma in situ
Tis (Paget's) Paget's disease of the nipple with no
tumor (NOTE: Paget's disease associated
with a tumor is classified according to
the size of the tumor)
39.
40.
41.
42.
43. T2 - Tumor >2 cm but not >5 cm in greatest dimension
T3 - Tumor >5 cm in greatest dimension
T4 - Tumor of any size with direct extension to (a) chest
wall and/or (b) skin(ulceration or skin nodules)
T4a Extension to chest wall, not including only
pectoralis muscle
T4b Edema (including peau d'orange), or ulceration of
the skin of the breast, or satellite skin nodules
confined to the same breast
T4c Both T4a and T4b
T4d Inflammatory carcinoma
44.
45. Regional lymph nodes—Clinical (N)
NX - Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed (e.g.,
previously removed)
N0 - No regional lymph node metastasis
N1 - Metastasis to movable ipsilateral axillary lymph
node(s)
N2 - Metastases in ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes fixed
or matted, or in clinically apparent ipsilateral
internal mammary nodes in the absence of
clinically evident axillary lymph node metastasis
46. N2a - Metastasis in ipsilateral axillary lymph nodes
fixed to one another (matted) or to other
structures.
N2b - Metastases only in clinically apparent ipsilateral
internal mammary nodes in the absence of
clinically evident axillary lymph node metastasis
N3 - Metastasis in ipsilateral infraclavicular
lymphnode(s), or in clinically apparent ipsilateral
internal mammary node(s) and in the presence of
clinically evident axillary lymph node metastasis;
47. N3a-metastasis in ipsilateral infraclavicular lymph node
N3b-metastasis in ipsilateral internal mammary lymph
node(s) and axillary lymph node(s)
N3(c)-metastasis in ipsilateral supraclavicular lymph
node(s)
Distant metastasis (M)
MX - Distant metastasis cannot be assessed
M0 - No distant metastasis
M1 - Distant metastasis
58. RADIATION THERAPY
• Adjuvant
• High energy rays used to kill cancer
cells
• Usually effective in killing fast growing
cells such as breast cancer cells
59. • 6 ½ weeks, daily treatments,
Monday through Friday
• 4500-5000 cGy to whole
Breast followed by a 1000–
2100 cGy boost to the
lumpectomy site bringing the
entire dose to the surgical bed
to between 6000 and 6600 cGy
External Beam Radiotherapy Treatment Course
60. Radiation treatment - Front view
Radiation treatment - Side view
Radiation treatment - Cross-sectional view
61. External Beam Radiotherapy;
indications
• After breast conservation surgery
• T3 tumor
• Positive margins
• High risk groups
• Inflammatory carcinoma
• 4 or more positive nodes
63. BRACHYTHERAPY
• Small infiltrating duct cancers with uninvolved
nodes.
• Treated with interstitial brachytherapy with
radioactive wires.
• Recurrence rate is 0–4% at 2–5-year follow-up.
• This technique was found to be equivalent to
whole-breast radiotherapy at 30-month
follow-up
64.
65. DRAWBACKS
• These techniques need after-loading of the
radioactive source in the wire or balloon
templates.
– This typically is done in 5–7 fractions delivered in
the postoperative period, over 4–5 days.
• uses interstitial implants necessitates the
treatment to be carried out in a specially
shielded room.
• cumbersome
66.
67. Y IORT?
• Until the 1970s, surgical management of breast cancer
was based on the Halsted mastectomy, with minor
modifications. From the 1970s, studies showed that
breast-conserving surgery plus radiotherapy resulted in
much the same outcomes as the Halsted mastectomy for
tumours up to 5 cm in size; however, when radiotherapy
was omitted, women had an increased likelihood of local
recurrence.
68. • Many RCT have shown that more than 90% of
recurrent disease occurring in the breast is within
the index quadrant
• Thus, breast-conserving surgery followed by
whole breast irradiation became the mainstay of
surgical treatment for small breast carcinoma.
• In the past 10 years, studies have shown that the
duration of whole breast irradiation can be
abbreviated from 6 weeks to 3 weeks and partial
breast irradiation has reduced the irradiation field
to the quadrant in which the carcinoma arose.
69. • Despite these advances, most women are still
required to attend postoperative radiotherapy
for about 30 days consecutively. Many women
living a substantial distance from a
radiotherapy centre have serious difficulties
attending every day, especially those living in
small villages, mountainous regions, or
islands
70. • One striking fact about local recurrence after breast-
conserving surgery is that most occurs in the area of
breast immediately next to the primary tumour;
Thus, only the area adjacent to the tumour may
need treatment with radiotherapy.
• On the basis of this premise, clinical scientists have
used new technology to administer radiotherapy to
the area at greatest risk of local recurrence, with the
aim of completing the whole local treatment in one
sitting.
• If this approach is validated by the results of current
randomised trials, it could save time, money, and
breasts.
71. THE TECHNOLOGY:-
• The technique employs a miniature electron-
beam driven X-ray source that emits soft X-
rays (50 kV) from within the breast.
72. It employs a miniature electron-beam-driven X-ray source
called INTRABEAM TM(PeC) that emits soft X-rays (50 kV)
from within the breast. The X-rays are emitted from the
tip of a 10 cm ,63.2 mm diameter probe, that is enclosed
in a spherical applicator (available in 2.5±5 cm diameter
sizes), which in turn is inserted in the tumour bed and
intraoperative radiotherapy is delivered in about 25 min.
74. THE INTRABEAM SYSTEM
• Radiation in the form of soft X-
rays (low energy 50 kV) is emitted
from the point source and is
modulated by spherical applicators
to give a uniform dose of
radiotherapy in a spherical field in
the tumour bed.
• There is quick attenuation of the
radiation within tissues which
reduces the damage to
surrounding normal tissues and
minimises the need for radiation
protection by the operating
personnel.
75. • Depending upon the size of the
surgical cavity, various sizes of
applicator spheres are available and,
for each size, the radiation received is
proportional to the time the machine
is switched on and left in situ.
• If necessary, the chest wall and skin
can be protected (95% shielding) by
radio- opaque, tungsten-filled
polyurethane caps, which can be cut
to size on the operation table –
another advantage of using soft X-
rays.
76. • A range of applicators from 2.5 cm to 5 cm
have been developed for use in the breast
• Its been found the shape of the cavity after
wide local excision resembles a multisided
pyramid with the base resting on the
posterior/deep wall. However, this cavity
could easily be made spherical if the pliable
breast tissue were wrapped around a rigid
applicator so that the tissue immediately
beyond the surgical excision would be closely
applied to the surface of the applicator and
thus get the highest dose of radiation
77. • The prescribed dose is 5 Gy at 1 cm.
This delivers a physical dose of about 20 Gy at
the surface of the applicator. The time to
deliver this dose depends upon the size of the
applicator Generally larger the applicator,
longer the duration.
• For a 3.5 cm applicator, it usually takes 24± 25
minutes and for a 5 cm applicator about 38
minutes. It is important that the X-ray source
(XRS) does not move at all during the
treatment since even a millimetre movement
can change the dosimetry.
78. Intraoperative Technique
Distance
Surface
PE probe (Gy) Conventional EBRT
Physical
Dose
BED Physical
Dose
BED
0.1 cm 15 165 50 60
0.5 cm 8.75 59 50 60
1.0 cm 5.0 21.7 50 60
BED= Physical Dose x [1+ (dose/fx) / a/b)]
a/b = 10 (early effects conventional EBRT)
a/b= 1.5 (assumed for TARGiT device)
Physical Dose Profile
Vaidya et al, Annals of Oncol, 2001; 12: 1075-1080
79.
80.
81. Operative technique:-
• A single prophylactic dose of intravenous
antibiotic (Cefuroxime l.5 gm) is given at
induction of anaesthetic.
• The wide local excision (WLE) is carried out in the
usual way and immaculate haemostasis
achieved.
• One or two gauze pieces are left in the breast
wound and axillary surgery is performed . This
consists of either the usual axillary dissection or
sentinel node biopsy
82. • Haemostasis of the breast wound is now
rechecked. This is very important because
even a tiny ooze from capillaries can collect
significant amount of blood over the duration
of radiotherapy and this could potentially
cause a distortion of the cavity around the
applicator. Distortion of the cavity can change
the dose that the target tissues receive.
83. • The diameter of the
cavity is now measured
with a disposable tape
measure cut to 4 cm or
5 cm This and the
judgement of how well
the breast wraps
around the applicator ±
actually inserting the
applicators in the
wound and visualizing
the apposition is very
useful ± will determine
the size of the
applicator. The usual
size of the applicator is
3.5, 4 or 4.5 cm Cavity is measured with a cut tape (above) and
the applicator is inserted in the cavity to assess
the closeness of fit
(below
84. • A purse-string stitch is now taken with a No 1 silk
mounted on a hand-held needle. This stitch should be
taken deep to the whole cavity edges, through the
breast tissue and not in the subcutaneous tissues,
such that on tightening the purse string, the skin
should not get pulled too close (1 cm) to the
applicator; at the same time, on pulling the purse
string, the breast tissue should appose to the surface
of the applicator and wrap around it.
Purse string suture
taken with a No 1
silk on a hand-held
needle
85. • If the tumour is on the left side, a tungsten-
impregnated rubber shield is used to cap the
applicator, to protect the heart and coronary vessels
• The applicator cap needs to be positioned such that it
apposes the bare muscle on the chest wall. Since the
Intrabeam device is not sterile, it is wrapped in a
sterile polyethylene bag. At first, a hole is cut at the
closed end of the bag for the applicator sphere to
come out which is taped at its neck.
86. • Once the purse string and position of the
gantry is ready, Intrabeam is attached to the
applicator and the bag reversed over the
Intrabeam to cover it and taped in place
88. • Once the applicator is in place, the position of
the chest wall shield is ascertained, the purse
string is tightened carefully
• Care is taken to ensure that all breast tissue in
the cavity apposes applicator and no part of
skin is less than 1 cm from the applicator
Purse
string is
now
tied
securely
89. • Three Thermo-Luminescent Detectors (TLD) and a
sheet of Radio-chromatic paper (RCP) is placed
adjacent to the skin edges and kept in place with
transparent tapes
• The minimum distance between skin at the site of
TLD/RCP and the applicator is measured. Care is taken
that this is not less than 1 cm
Prolene stitch everting skin edges Placement of purse-string, RCP and TLD.
90. • The position of the XRS should be usually
vertical and stay in its position once it is left
free to hang. Once the XRS and the applicator
is inserted and well balanced, a Tungsten
impregnated sheet covers the wound around
the applicator . This blocks 95% of radiation
and reduces the amount of radiation in the
operating theatre to very low levels and that
in the corridor to near zero levels.
91. • The anaesthesiologist wearing a lead gown
sits behind a portable lead shield and the
physicists are located just outside the
operating theatre, along with the portable
computer and monitoring equipment. The
surgeons and nurses un-scrub and go out of
the theatre
93. • Once the radiotherapy is completed, the
shield is removed, the purse-string cut and the
XRS delivered to the Physics team. The TLDs
and Radiochromatic paper is handed over,
carefully mapping the position of each of the
TLD. Haemostasis is re-confirmed and wound
closed
94. [S4-2] Targeted Intraoperative Radiotherapy for
Early Breast Cancer: TARGIT-A Trial- Updated
Analysis of Local Recurrence and First Analysis of
Survival
Lancet 2010
95. • What is TARGIT IORT for breast cancer?
The TARGIT technique uses
the Intrabeam device for delivering precise
and timely dose of intraoperative
radiotherapy accurately to the tumour bed.
• Collaborative effort between University
College London and the Photoelectron
Corporation in 1990s.
It was first used on 2 July 1998 in the
Middlesex Hospital, UCL, London. Intrabeam is
currently manufactured by Carl Zeiss
96. What was done in the TARGIT-A trial
• The TARGIT-A trial was a randomised trial
testing an individualised approach of radiation
after lumpectomy for breast cancer.
• The comparison in the TARGIT-A trial was
between standard radiation therapy that is
given over several weeks after a lumpectomy
vs. a risk-adapted approach using single dose
of TARGeted Intraoperative radioTherapy
(TARGIT) given at the time of lumpectomy.
97. • The risk-adapted protocol recommended that
if the patients who had received TARGIT were
found to have high risk factors
postoperatively, they also received whole
breast radiation – which occurred in 15-20%
of cases as expected in the protocol;
otherwise, about 80% of such patients
completed their treatment (surgery and
radiation) during their lumpectomy.
98. • The pre-specified non-inferiority margin was an
absolute difference in local recurrence of breast
cancer between TARGIT and EBRT of 2.5% — in
simple terms, if the absolute difference in local
recurrence between the two treatments being
compared was less than 2.5%, they would be
considered non-inferior to each other in terms of
local control of breast cancer.
• Patient preference studies have suggests
majority of patients consider such a 2.5% margin
as appropriate.
• 3451 patients from 33 centres in 11 countries
participated in the TARGIT-A trial (UK, USA,
Germany, Italy, France Poland , Switzerland,
Norway, Denmark, Canada and Australia) from 24
March 2000 to 25 June 2012
99.
100. What was found? Results of the
TARGIT-A trial
• When TARGIT is given with lumpectomy, the 5-year
local recurrence of breast cancer is similar to EBRT
• Breast cancer mortality with TARGIT were similar to
EBRT
• Mortality from other causes was significantly lower
with TARGIT due to fewer deaths from cardiovascular
causes and other cancers.
• The results remain stable with longer follow up. The
results were the same for the large number (1222)
patients who were treated between 2000-2008 and
had a median follow up of 5 years.
101.
102.
103.
104. Is the follow up of the TARGIT-A trial
long enough?
• Although breast cancer can continue to recur beyond 5
years, the peak hazard is in the first 2-3 years.
• Thus, for local recurrence in radiotherapy trials, the 5-
year results are indicative of longer term results.
• The TARGIT-A trial has a large number of patients
(n=1222) with a median follow up of 5 years and even
larger 2232 with a median follow up of nearly 4 years.
• Therefore, these results can be relied upon to guide
the application of TARGIT using Intrabeam in routine
clinical practice in appropriate patients.
105. Intraoperative radiotherapy versus external
radiotherapy for
early breast cancer (ELIOT): a randomised controlled
equivalence trial
Umberto Veronesi, Roberto Orecchia, Patrick
Maisonneuve, Giuseppe Viale, Nicole Rotmensz, Claudia
Sangalli, Alberto Luini, Paolo Veronesi,
Viviana Galimberti, Stefano Zurrida, Maria Cristina
Leonardi, Roberta Lazzari, Federica Cattani, Oreste
Gentilini, Mattia Intra, Pietro Caldarella,
Bettina Ballardini
106. Background:-
• Intraoperative radiotherapy with electrons
allows the substitution of conventional
postoperative whole breast irradiation with
one session of radiotherapy with the same
equivalent dose during surgery. However, its
ability to control for recurrence of local
disease requires confirmation in a randomised
controlled trial.
110. 1305 patients were randomised (654 to external radiotherapy
and 651 to intraoperative radiotherapy) between
Nov 20, 2000, and Dec 27, 2007.
The 5-year event rate for IBRT was 4・4% (95% CI 2・7–6・1)
in the intraoperative radiotherapy group and 0・4% (0・0–1
・0) in the external radiotherapy group During the same
period, 34 women allocated to intraoperative radiotherapy
and 31 to external radiotherapy died (p=0・59).
5-year overall survival was 96・8% in the intraoperative
radiotherapy group and 96・9% in the external radiotherapy
group. In patients with data available (n=464 for intraoperative
radiotherapy; n=412 for external radiotherapy) we noted
signifi cantly fewer skin side-eff ects in women in the
intraoperative radiotherapy group than in those in the external
radiotherapy group (p=0·0002).
111. • other systems are mobile linear accelerators –
– the Novac-7 System (Hitesys SpA, Italy).
112.
113. THE NOVAC-7 SYSTEM
• Novac-7 (Hitesys SpA, Italy) is a mobile, dedicated,
linear accelerator.
• Its radiating head can be moved by an articulated
arm which can work in an existing operating room.
• It only delivers electron beams at four different
nominal energies – 3, 5, 7, and 9 MeV radiation.
114.
115. • Beams are collimated by means of a hard-docking
system, consisting of cylindrical perspex
applicators available in various diameters (4, 5, 6,
8, and 10 cm).
• The source-to-surface distance is 80–100 cm.
• For reasons of radiation protection, a primary
beam stopper (consisting of a lead shield, 15 cm
thick) mounted on a trolley and three mobile
barriers (100 cm length, 150 cm height and 1.5
cm lead thickness) are provided.
116.
117.
118. EARLY RESULTS
• introduced in July 1998, the technique of intra-
operative radiotherapy that is delivered as a
single-dose treatment using low energy X-rays,
• targeted to the peri-tumoural tissues from within
the breast.
– In patients with small breast cancers (now the
majority), this could be the sole treatment.
– In those with high risk of local recurrence, it would
avoid any geographical miss and,
– in combination with external beam radiotherapy, may
further reduce local recurrence.
119. HEALTH ECONOMICS
• Delivering intra-operative radiotherapy with
Intrabeam™ prolongs the primary operation
by 15–45 min and adds 1–2 h of radiotherapy
physicists’ time in preparation of the device.
• External beam radiotherapy, on the other
hand, costs about 9 man-hours, 6 h of
radiotherapy room time and 30–60 h of
patient time.
120. Discussion
• This large, international randomised trial provides
robust and mature evidence that substantiates
previous findings showing that targeted
intraoperative radiotherapy is safe.
• Rates of overall complications and major
complications were similar in the targeted IORT
and EBRT groups.
• Although there was a higher risk of seroma needing
aspiration in patients assigned to targeted
intraoperative radiotherapy than in those assigned
to conventional treatment, this event was more than
compensated for by significantly lower radiotherapy-
related complications in the targeted intraoperative
radiotherapy group (RTOG toxicity grade 3 or 4)
121. Key points for clinical practice
• The usual 6-week course of postoperative
radiotherapy after breast conserving surgery has
several disadvantages that reduces its general
applicability to a wide population, even amongst
the most advanced health economies.
• Since local recurrence after breast-conserving
surgery occurs mainly in the area around the
original primary tumour, it may be sufficient to
target adjuvant radiotherapy to peri-tumoural
tissues.
122. Key points for clinical practice
(continued)
• Modern technology has allowed development
of portable, powerful radiotherapy devices
that can be used in standard unmodified
operation theatres.
• Radiobiology of single-dose, intra-operative
radiotherapy is still being studied and the
optimum dose has not been established as
yet.
123. Key points for clinical practice
(continued)
• Results of pilot studies using modern intra-
operative radiotherapy techniques are
encouraging and several collaborating
international groups are recruiting patients in
randomised trials
• Used as a boost, targeted intra-operative
radiotherapy can avoid geographical miss and has
the potential to reduce local recurrence. Used as
a sole treatment for good prognosis breast
cancers, it could replace the whole 6-week course
of postoperative radiotherapy.
124. Key points for clinical practice
(continued)
• Unlike most modern medical technology,
some intra-operative systems may actually
save money for the health system.