Gunpowder
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Gunpowder is an explosive material made of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate. It originated in China around 800 AD and has spread around the world. Gunpowder is used as a propellant in firearms, for mining explosives, military bombs, fireworks, and igniting matches. It ignites very quickly and can reach temperatures of 800 degrees Celsius. Today, gunpowder is still used in ammunition, fireworks, and some household items like matches.
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GUN POWDER
Gunpowder, also known as black powder, is an explosive mixture of sulfur, charcoal and potassium nitrate that was invented in China in the 9th century and later spread worldwide. It functions as a propellant by producing hot gases when ignited, and was widely used in firearms until being replaced by smokeless powder in the late 19th century. Traces of gunpowder residues can be detected on the hands and clothing of someone who fires a gun through various chemical tests and analytical techniques like atomic absorption spectroscopy. Finding these residues is an indicator that the person discharged a firearm. Unburnt gunpowder residues can also penetrate the skin and cause tattooing injuries.
Primer & Propellant
This document discusses primers and propellants used in firearms. It defines a primer as the chemical or device that initiates propellant combustion, propelling a projectile out of the gun barrel. There are two main types of primers: Boxer and Berdan. The primer contains an impact-sensitive lead styphnate igniter that ignites when struck by the firing pin. Propellants like black powder or smokeless powder fill the cartridge and generate gas pressure when ignited by the primer to push the bullet down the barrel. Forensic analysis of primers and propellants can help identify bullets and link firearms to crime scenes.
Firearms
This document discusses principles and practices of firearm identification in forensic science. It defines key ballistics terms and describes how class and individual characteristics can be used to identify firearms. Specific characteristics examined include rifling marks, firing pin impressions, breech face marks, and striations. Methods of comparing bullets and cartridge cases using comparison microscopes, stereomicroscopes, test firing, and automated databases like NIBIN and IBIS are summarized. The document provides an overview of the field of forensic ballistics and firearm identification.
Fibre and hair analysis
Fibres and hairs are important evidence that can be collected at crime scenes. Fibres come from clothing, carpeting, and other materials and can be natural like cotton, silk, and wool or man-made like polyester and nylon. Hairs come from humans and animals. Analysis of fibres and hairs examines characteristics like cuticle patterns, medullas, pigmentation, and damage to help determine type, match samples, and provide clues in criminal investigations. While not definitive, fibre and hair evidence combined with other factors can help corroborate relationships between suspects, victims, and crime scenes.
Gunpowder
Gunpowder was first created by Chinese alchemists in the 9th century as a result of their quest for an elixir of life, and was originally composed of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur. It was primarily used for fireworks until the 10th century when it saw its first military applications in rocket propelled arrows used against the Mongolians. When combusted, gunpowder will deflagrate instead of detonate, producing enough force for a bullet to be shot from a weapon without rupturing the barrel. It remained a Chinese monopoly until the 13th century when it began spreading to Europe and the Middle East via the Silk Road, where it was mainly used in cannons before being incorporated
Internal ballistic
This document discusses the topic of internal ballistics, which is the science of what occurs inside a firearm when it is discharged. It begins with a brief history of ballistics and defines internal ballistics. Some key phenomena of internal ballistics discussed include ignition, combustion of propellants, barrel length, atmospheric conditions, the shape of cartridge cases, and heat problems during combustion. Lock time and barrel time are also defined. The document provides details on each of these topics as they relate to internal ballistics and ballistic performance.
Ballistics & Toolmark Analysis
The document discusses the history and development of gunpowder, firearms, bullets, and ballistics technology from ancient China to the 19th century. It describes how gunpowder was refined for use in firearms and the development of matchlock, wheel lock, flintlock, and percussion cap firing mechanisms. It also discusses the introduction of rifling in gun barrels and how this improved accuracy. Finally, it summarizes different bullet types, construction methods, and how ballistics analysis can identify class and individual characteristics of firearms and bullets.
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This document discusses forensic ballistics and ammunition. It begins by defining forensic ballistics as the branch of science dealing with shooting incidents for legal purposes. It then discusses different types of ammunition such as rimfire, centerfire, caseless, and blank ammunition. It describes the components of ammunition including primers, propellants, and bullets. Various bullet types are outlined like full metal jacket, hollow point, ballistic tip, open tip, dum-dum, wire patched, rubber, and incendiary bullets. Improvised ammunition is also briefly discussed.
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Gunpowder, also known as black powder, is an explosive mixture of sulfur, charcoal and potassium nitrate that was invented in China in the 9th century and later spread worldwide. It functions as a propellant by producing hot gases when ignited, and was widely used in firearms until being replaced by smokeless powder in the late 19th century. Traces of gunpowder residues can be detected on the hands and clothing of someone who fires a gun through various chemical tests and analytical techniques like atomic absorption spectroscopy. Finding these residues is an indicator that the person discharged a firearm. Unburnt gunpowder residues can also penetrate the skin and cause tattooing injuries.
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Fibre and hair analysis
Fibres and hairs are important evidence that can be collected at crime scenes. Fibres come from clothing, carpeting, and other materials and can be natural like cotton, silk, and wool or man-made like polyester and nylon. Hairs come from humans and animals. Analysis of fibres and hairs examines characteristics like cuticle patterns, medullas, pigmentation, and damage to help determine type, match samples, and provide clues in criminal investigations. While not definitive, fibre and hair evidence combined with other factors can help corroborate relationships between suspects, victims, and crime scenes.
Gunpowder
Gunpowder was first created by Chinese alchemists in the 9th century as a result of their quest for an elixir of life, and was originally composed of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur. It was primarily used for fireworks until the 10th century when it saw its first military applications in rocket propelled arrows used against the Mongolians. When combusted, gunpowder will deflagrate instead of detonate, producing enough force for a bullet to be shot from a weapon without rupturing the barrel. It remained a Chinese monopoly until the 13th century when it began spreading to Europe and the Middle East via the Silk Road, where it was mainly used in cannons before being incorporated
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This document discusses forensic ballistics and ammunition. It begins by defining forensic ballistics as the branch of science dealing with shooting incidents for legal purposes. It then discusses different types of ammunition such as rimfire, centerfire, caseless, and blank ammunition. It describes the components of ammunition including primers, propellants, and bullets. Various bullet types are outlined like full metal jacket, hollow point, ballistic tip, open tip, dum-dum, wire patched, rubber, and incendiary bullets. Improvised ammunition is also briefly discussed.
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Internal Ballistics_Ryan Begley.pptx (1)
Internal ballistics refers to the science of what occurs inside a firearm from ignition until the projectile exits the barrel. It involves three phases: lock time, ignition time, and barrel time. Factors that influence internal ballistics include propellant type and burn rate, bore size, bullet size, loading density, chamber pressure, and barrel length. Understanding internal ballistics helps maximize a firearm's accuracy, range, rate of fire, and damage potential.
Introduction to Forensic Ballistics
1. Ballistics is the science dealing with the motion, impact, launching and flight behavior of projectiles. It includes interior, exterior and terminal ballistics.
2. A firearm uses an assembly of a primer, propellant and projectile(s) to generate power and discharge the projectile(s) at high velocity. Common firearms include revolvers, self-loading rifles, and shotguns.
3. A cartridge contains the primer, propellant and projectile(s) assembled into a container. It uses the energy from burning propellant gases to launch the projectile(s) down the barrel of the firearm.
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introductory information related to the field of firearms identification; the evidences, the principles involeved in their examination and the categories of guns.
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This presentation contains all about the forensic analysis of gunshot residue, basics of GSR formation, tracing methods, collection and examination methods.
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Gun shot residue (GSR) comprises gases and particles that are ejected from a firearm when it is discharged. GSR can be found on the hands of the shooter, clothing of victims, and other surfaces near the firearm. It is composed of inorganic particles like lead, antimony, and barium as well as organic compounds from the propellant. GSR is collected using wet or dry methods and analyzed using chemical tests that detect specific elements or compounds, or instrumental methods like scanning electron microscopy, neutron activation analysis, and x-ray fluorescence which can identify elemental components. Analyzing GSR is forensically relevant for determining the firing range, reconstructing crime scenes, identifying the firearm and cartridge used, and linking suspects
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The document discusses the classification of firearms. It describes firearms as being classified based on their bore (smooth bore vs rifled), loading mechanism (muzzleloader, breechloader, magazine loader), action (lever, bolt, self-loading), firing capability (single shot vs repeater), how they are handled (handguns vs shoulder arms) and their use (service vs sporting). Primitive firearms discussed include matchlock, wheel-lock, flintlock and muzzleloaders. Modern firearms are classified based on these various characteristics.
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Bullets
The document discusses different bullet shapes and designs. It describes that bullets must form a tight seal with the gun's bore while also engaging the rifling without damage. This allows for high accuracy. Several bullet shapes are then outlined, including spitzer bullets which are aerodynamic for accuracy at long ranges. Boat tail bullets provide accuracy, and hollow point boat tail bullets are primarily used for hunting big game at long distances. Different bullet materials and designs trade off velocity, accuracy and intended uses.
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Ricochet refers to a bullet deflecting off a hard surface rather than penetrating it. Many factors influence ricochet behavior, including bullet shape, material, velocity, spin, target material, and angle of incidence. High velocity rifle bullets have a greater chance of penetrating rather than ricocheting. Elongated rifle bullets have higher sectional density than handgun bullets, influencing penetration. Harder target materials like bone are more likely to cause ricochet. The angle of ricochet is difficult to predict due to bullet deformation. Ricochets can cause unintended damage and be lethal if the bullet or fragments strike a person. Wounds from ricocheting bullets will have ragged, irregular edges. Ricoche
History of firearm and mechanism
The document traces the history and development of firearms from their origins in China in the 13th century to modern times. It discusses early firearms like the fire lance and the matchlock gun invented in the 14th century. Later mechanisms included the wheel lock gun of the 15th century and flintlock gun of the 16th century. Important developments were the percussion cap which replaced the flintlock and Samuel Colt's revolving firearms in the 1830s. Breech-loaded and repeating firearms became more common in the latter half of the 19th century, and the first automatic pistol was created in 1892.
Chemical tests for GSR
Gunshot residue analysis examines tiny particles of primer and gunpowder that are expelled from guns when fired. These particles can be detected on clothing using chemical tests that identify compounds like barium, antimony, and lead which are components of primer, as well as nitrates from gunpowder. The sodium rhodizonate, Walker, Greiss, Marshall, and Tewari tests are chemical methods used to detect these compounds and determine if gunshot residue is present. If found, the location, shape, and appearance of any gunshot residue patterns on clothing can provide information about a shooting incident.
Classes of questioned documents
The document outlines 7 classes of questioned documents that handwriting experts commonly examine:
1) Documents with questioned signatures or thumb impressions like checks or contracts
2) Documents with alleged fraudulent alterations through erasures, additions, or substitutions
3) Holograph documents where the entire authorship is questioned like letters or certificates
4) Documents where the age or date is questioned
5) Documents where the materials used like paper, ink, or typeface are questioned
6) Documents investigated based on typewriting to determine the source, date, or alterations
7) Documents identified through anonymous or disputed handwriting like letters
The expert analyzes each document and compares the questioned areas to standards to
Scope of Forensic Anthropology
Forensic anthropologists apply their expertise in physical anthropology to legal investigations. Their work includes identifying human remains, estimating age, sex, stature and ancestry to create a biological profile. They also analyze trauma to determine cause and manner of death. Forensic anthropologists help in mass disasters by separating and identifying commingled remains. They also use their archaeological skills to locate buried evidence at crime scenes. Anthropometry, the systematic measurement of the human body, is another tool used for individual identification in forensic investigations.
Gunpowder
Gunpowder was first developed in China and spread via trade routes to Europe and other parts of the world. Its introduction revolutionized warfare by enabling the use of firearms and artillery. European powers then used their military advantages to colonize vast areas globally, exploiting resources and populations. While colonialism had some benefits in infrastructure and trade, it largely involved oppression, cultural destruction, and exploitation that outpaced any advantages. The document discusses these topics from a critical perspective on the impacts and ethics of colonialism.
Gunpowder in China
Gunpowder was invented in China in the 9th century during the Tang Dynasty and was originally used for fireworks and celebrations. It contains saltpeter, charcoal, and sulfur and releases a large amount of energy during detonation. The Chinese developed many early gunpowder weapons and used them for both military defense against invaders and for creating fireworks displays. Some of the earliest weapons included hand cannons, flame throwers, grenades, and smoke bombs. The Chinese were the first to develop and apply gunpowder technology.
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This document defines ammunition and its key components. It discusses that ammunition consists of a case, propellant, projectile, and initiation mixture contained in a shell or cartridge. It then describes the main parts of rifle cartridges including the cartridge case, primer, propellant, projectile, and lubricants. The cartridge case houses the other components and comes in different materials like brass. The primer ignites the propellant which propels the projectile through the barrel. Projectiles can be non-jacketed, semi-jacketed, or fully-jacketed bullets made of various materials. Lubricants are also used to reduce friction when fired.
Internal Ballistics_Ryan Begley.pptx (1)
Internal ballistics refers to the science of what occurs inside a firearm from ignition until the projectile exits the barrel. It involves three phases: lock time, ignition time, and barrel time. Factors that influence internal ballistics include propellant type and burn rate, bore size, bullet size, loading density, chamber pressure, and barrel length. Understanding internal ballistics helps maximize a firearm's accuracy, range, rate of fire, and damage potential.
Introduction to Forensic Ballistics
1. Ballistics is the science dealing with the motion, impact, launching and flight behavior of projectiles. It includes interior, exterior and terminal ballistics.
2. A firearm uses an assembly of a primer, propellant and projectile(s) to generate power and discharge the projectile(s) at high velocity. Common firearms include revolvers, self-loading rifles, and shotguns.
3. A cartridge contains the primer, propellant and projectile(s) assembled into a container. It uses the energy from burning propellant gases to launch the projectile(s) down the barrel of the firearm.
Disguised writing
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To know more about this topic, click on the link- https://youtu.be/qhBBGXGJ5RQ
Types of Bullet
Bullets come in a variety of shapes, constructions, and materials depending on their intended application. They can be categorized based on their manufacturing process or shape. In terms of manufacturing, bullets include unjacketted bullets made of hardened lead, jacketed bullets with a metallic jacket enclosing a lead core, wire-patched bullets with a copper wire envelope, and paper-patched bullets formerly made with paper jackets. They also include armor-piercing, tracer, and incendiary bullets. Bullets are further distinguished by their shape, such as hollow-point, sharp nose, round nose, boat-tailed, and split-nose bullets. The type of bullet chosen depends on the gun used and its intended range.
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Hair can provide class evidence but not individual identification unless follicle cells are attached for DNA analysis. Hair is tough and can be left at crime scenes, adhering to clothes and surfaces. Chemical analysis of hair can provide information about drug use, toxins, and nutrition. Forensic analysis of hair as trace evidence began in the 1800s and comparison microscopy was first used in 1934.
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- Arson is the intentional, unlawful burning of property. It may include buildings, vehicles, land, and more.
- Elements of arson include the malicious burning of another's dwelling. Degrees depend on factors like occupancy and intent (e.g. first degree involves occupied structures).
- Arson investigations follow protocols to determine origin and cause, looking at factors like burn patterns and witness accounts. It aims to distinguish intentional from accidental fires.
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This presentation contains all about the forensic analysis of gunshot residue, basics of GSR formation, tracing methods, collection and examination methods.
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Gun shot residue (GSR) comprises gases and particles that are ejected from a firearm when it is discharged. GSR can be found on the hands of the shooter, clothing of victims, and other surfaces near the firearm. It is composed of inorganic particles like lead, antimony, and barium as well as organic compounds from the propellant. GSR is collected using wet or dry methods and analyzed using chemical tests that detect specific elements or compounds, or instrumental methods like scanning electron microscopy, neutron activation analysis, and x-ray fluorescence which can identify elemental components. Analyzing GSR is forensically relevant for determining the firing range, reconstructing crime scenes, identifying the firearm and cartridge used, and linking suspects
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The document discusses the classification of firearms. It describes firearms as being classified based on their bore (smooth bore vs rifled), loading mechanism (muzzleloader, breechloader, magazine loader), action (lever, bolt, self-loading), firing capability (single shot vs repeater), how they are handled (handguns vs shoulder arms) and their use (service vs sporting). Primitive firearms discussed include matchlock, wheel-lock, flintlock and muzzleloaders. Modern firearms are classified based on these various characteristics.
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Internal ballistics is the study of a projectile's behavior from ignition until it exits the gun barrel. It examines factors like lock time, ignition time, and barrel time. Piobert's law states that gunpowder burns layer by layer. Newton's third law means that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, causing recoil. Recoil velocity can be calculated using the projectile and gun masses and velocities. Rusting and erosion over time degrade the gun barrel and reduce accuracy.
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This document provides information about the analysis of charred documents in 3 sections. It describes the characteristics of charred documents, the methodology for handling, stabilizing, separating, and preserving charred documents. It also discusses photographic and visual decipherment methods to analyze and extract information from charred documents.
RICOCHET
Ricochet refers to a bullet deflecting off a hard surface rather than penetrating it. Many factors influence ricochet behavior, including bullet shape, material, velocity, spin, target material, and angle of incidence. High velocity rifle bullets have a greater chance of penetrating rather than ricocheting. Elongated rifle bullets have higher sectional density than handgun bullets, influencing penetration. Harder target materials like bone are more likely to cause ricochet. The angle of ricochet is difficult to predict due to bullet deformation. Ricochets can cause unintended damage and be lethal if the bullet or fragments strike a person. Wounds from ricocheting bullets will have ragged, irregular edges. Ricoche
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The document traces the history and development of firearms from their origins in China in the 13th century to modern times. It discusses early firearms like the fire lance and the matchlock gun invented in the 14th century. Later mechanisms included the wheel lock gun of the 15th century and flintlock gun of the 16th century. Important developments were the percussion cap which replaced the flintlock and Samuel Colt's revolving firearms in the 1830s. Breech-loaded and repeating firearms became more common in the latter half of the 19th century, and the first automatic pistol was created in 1892.
Chemical tests for GSR
Gunshot residue analysis examines tiny particles of primer and gunpowder that are expelled from guns when fired. These particles can be detected on clothing using chemical tests that identify compounds like barium, antimony, and lead which are components of primer, as well as nitrates from gunpowder. The sodium rhodizonate, Walker, Greiss, Marshall, and Tewari tests are chemical methods used to detect these compounds and determine if gunshot residue is present. If found, the location, shape, and appearance of any gunshot residue patterns on clothing can provide information about a shooting incident.
Classes of questioned documents
The document outlines 7 classes of questioned documents that handwriting experts commonly examine:
1) Documents with questioned signatures or thumb impressions like checks or contracts
2) Documents with alleged fraudulent alterations through erasures, additions, or substitutions
3) Holograph documents where the entire authorship is questioned like letters or certificates
4) Documents where the age or date is questioned
5) Documents where the materials used like paper, ink, or typeface are questioned
6) Documents investigated based on typewriting to determine the source, date, or alterations
7) Documents identified through anonymous or disputed handwriting like letters
The expert analyzes each document and compares the questioned areas to standards to
Scope of Forensic Anthropology
Forensic anthropologists apply their expertise in physical anthropology to legal investigations. Their work includes identifying human remains, estimating age, sex, stature and ancestry to create a biological profile. They also analyze trauma to determine cause and manner of death. Forensic anthropologists help in mass disasters by separating and identifying commingled remains. They also use their archaeological skills to locate buried evidence at crime scenes. Anthropometry, the systematic measurement of the human body, is another tool used for individual identification in forensic investigations.
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Gunshot residue, forensic analysis and interpretation ppt 03
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Gunpowder was invented in China in the 9th century during the Tang Dynasty and was originally used for fireworks and celebrations. It contains saltpeter, charcoal, and sulfur and releases a large amount of energy during detonation. The Chinese developed many early gunpowder weapons and used them for both military defense against invaders and for creating fireworks displays. Some of the earliest weapons included hand cannons, flame throwers, grenades, and smoke bombs. The Chinese were the first to develop and apply gunpowder technology.
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Gunpowder is a mixture of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur that burns rapidly and produces a great volume of hot gas. It was likely invented in China in the 9th century and came to Europe in the 13th century. Gunpowder is used in firearms, ammunition, rockets, missiles, fireworks, and explosives and has had widespread military and industrial applications. While it enabled new technologies, gunpowder also poses health and environmental risks when produced and used.
Gunpowder powerpoint base
This document discusses gunpowder, including its composition of potassium nitrate, charcoal, and sulfur. It explores when gunpowder was first invented, how it has been modified over time, and its uses in firearms as well as issues related to health, the environment, and its impact on the world. The document also examines debates around whether gunpowder is a good or bad invention and mentions important figures like Arthur Schopenhauer, Thomas Carlyle, William Cobbett, and Alfred Nobel in relation to gunpowder.
Final gunpowder powerpoint
Gunpowder is a mixture of 75% potassium nitrate, 15% charcoal, and 10% sulfur that was first invented in China and has been used for warfare, entertainment like fireworks, and industry. It has influenced the world through changing how wars were fought with the introduction of guns and cannons, driving innovations in ordnance over centuries as metallurgy and ballistics advanced, and shaping global politics and history through military conquests and conflicts.
The Renaissance
The Renaissance began in Italy in the late Middle Ages as a period of cultural, scientific, and intellectual growth. This was sparked by increasing wealth from trade which allowed for patronage of the arts, and the rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman texts which challenged the dominant scholastic thinking. Notable figures included Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Copernicus, and Galileo who made significant contributions across multiple disciplines and helped usher in new ways of thinking. The printing press was also a major development, allowing for the spread of ideas. Over time, the Renaissance ideals spread throughout Europe, marking the transition to modernity.
Cloud Foundry and Microservices: A Mutualistic Symbiotic Relationship
As delivered to the Cloud Foundry Summit 2014 in San Francisco, CA:
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Why did we hear so much about “Digital Transformation” in 2016, and frankly what does it mean? While it's easy to dismiss the phrase with an eye-roll, there's no better phrase to represent improving how IT is used to help drive business innovation...and the huge changes organizations must go through to be successful. This webinar with Nick Patience, Research Vice President for 451 Research's software team, and Michael Coté of Pivotal will discuss a pragmatic definition and approach to Digital Transformation as seen through the experiences of organizations who've lived through it.
Digital Transformation is about fundamentally rebuilding business and IT processes, not just about building apps. 451 Research defines Digital Transformation as “a result of IT innovation that is aligned with and driven by a well-planned business strategy, with the goal of transforming how organizations serve customers, employees and partners.” Some main features of a successful transformation include the ability to quickly react to market demands, and use information to make better decisions and serve constituents more effectively.
In this webinar Nick Patience of 451 Research and Pivotal’s Michael Cote will discuss:
- Why now is the time for Digital Transformation
- How the balance of power between customer and provider contributes to this new revolution
- Shifting priorities that require new practices and processes and the technical tools and platforms that support them
- Real-world examples of organizations that have been there (we’ll share all the gorey details, including what worked and didn't work for them)
View the webinar here: https://www.brighttalk.com/webcast/14891/242781
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