This document provides guidelines for writing noncognitive measurement items. It discusses the importance of having a strong conceptual framework to define the construct being measured. Good frameworks are presented in scholarly journals and provide clear descriptions and factors of the variable. The document also discusses characteristics of good items such as being consistently understood by respondents. Response formats that can be used are also presented such as Likert scales, checklists, and ranking scales. Presurvey evaluation through focus groups and testing is recommended to ensure respondents understand the questions.
This short SlideShare presentation explores a basic overview of test reliability and test validity. Validity is the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. Reliability is the degree to which a test consistently measures whatever it measures. Examples are given as well as a slide on considerations for writing test questions that demand higher-order thinking.
This short SlideShare presentation explores a basic overview of test reliability and test validity. Validity is the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. Reliability is the degree to which a test consistently measures whatever it measures. Examples are given as well as a slide on considerations for writing test questions that demand higher-order thinking.
This presentation is related to tools of Educational Research. This presentation slides deals various tools of educational research likes rating scale, opionnaire, checklist, aptitude test, inventory, observation, interview, schedule etc. This presentation slides also describe the item analysis, steps for item analysis and online survey tools.
This presentation is related to tools of Educational Research. This presentation slides deals various tools of educational research likes rating scale, opionnaire, checklist, aptitude test, inventory, observation, interview, schedule etc. This presentation slides also describe the item analysis, steps for item analysis and online survey tools.
Hello is a new form of media that allows brands to find a self-identified audience on social media platforms, and engage in one-on-one conversations with that audience in real time, at scale.
This presentation discusses the following topics:
1. the three types of mobile architecture that are available in the market today
2. Oracle MAF
3. Impact on your services
4. Impact on security
5. Impact on scalability
6. Three uses cases to illustrate the previous topics
7. Summary
El modelo de servicios compartidos ha demostrado ser un modelo altamente eficaz para la provisión de servicios de back office de mayor calidad, menor costo y mejor control. Sin embargo, existen muchas organizaciones que aún no consiguen operar de manera óptima. Únete a nosotros en este taller para explorar algunas de las lecciones que hemos aprendido a partir de diversas implementaciones en todo el mundo y obtener ideas para un rendimiento eficiente de tu organización de servicios compartidos.
A most wonderful characteristic of the Bible is its perfect consistency. That is, the entire Bible is perfectly true and trustworthy. Therefore, when any truth has been correctly learned from the Bible, that truth will never be negated or compromised by other Bible citations. This perfect consistency of the Bible is to be expected because the Bible is God’s Word.
presentazione sintetica della tesi di alberto.garniga@gmail.com sul PBL come leva per l'innovazione organizzativa, metodologica e tecniologica nella scuola italiana.
These slides were produced by Emma Angell (SAPPHIRE group, University of Leicester) for a presentation to the University's Bioscience Pedagogical Research meeting in November 2011.
This presentaion is about technique of quetioninhg.
Garbage in, garbage out, is a popular truth, often said in relation to computer systems: If you put the wrong information in, you’ll get wrong information out.
The same principle applies to Communications in general: If you ask the wrong questions, you’ll probably get the wrong answer, or at least not quite what you’re hoping for.
This presentation tries to inform about the nitty gritties of the skill of questioning.
A mini workshop designed to prepare teams with the knowledge and practice they need to better understand their problems and project gaps, determine appropriate participants, ask the right qualitative questions, and gather information in an unbiased and thoughtful way.
This session answers the following questions: (1) What are the implications of the 4IR on Educational Assessment and Education as a whole? (2) What skills do we need to assess given the landscape of the 4IR? (3) How do we assess such skills to prepare students in the 4IR? (4) What standards should schools adapt to prepare students in the 4IR?
The objectives of this session are: (1) Identify the characteristics of an effective research mentor, (2) Identify issues and problems in thesis/research mentoring. (3) Make a flowchart of the mentoring process
Managing technology integration in schoolsCarlo Magno
This session answers the following questions: (1) How do we integrate technology in teaching and learning? (2) Is technology integration effective? (3) How do we support technology integration in our schools? (4) How do we know we are in the right track on technology integration?
This session first describes 21st century learning. Technology integration is described, shift in the use of technology in learning, the use of LMS, and the flipped classroom.
Empowering educators on technology integrationCarlo Magno
This presentation answers the following questions: (1) What is the status of technology integration among private schools? (2)What is needed among teachers to implement well technology integration? (3) What is needed among school administrators to make technology integration work? (4) What are the indicators of successful practice in ICT integration?
This slide tackles the steps, guidelines, and parts of an online lesson. A checklist is provided to assess whether the online lesson conform to quality standards.
This presentation provides an overview of K to 12 Curriculum in the Philippines. The different principles to be considered in teaching and learning the curriculum based on the best teaching and learning practices of the APA is tackled.
Accountability in Developing Student LearningCarlo Magno
This slide emphasizes on the role of instructional leaders to support instruction that would eventually lead to student learning. Different strategies on instructional leadership is tackled in order to achieve student progress overtime.
The Instructional leader: TOwards School ImprovementCarlo Magno
This slide contains (1) Purpose of instructional leadership, (2) What is instructional leadership? (3) Curriculum involvement
Functions of an instructional leader, (4) Roles of the instructional leader (5) Characteristics of instructional leadership, (5) Activities of instructional leadership, (6) Effective instructional leaders, (7) Instructionally effective schools, and (8)
Philippine Professional Standards for Teaching.
Guiding your child on their career decision makingCarlo Magno
This presentation provides perspective for parents to understand the career development of their child and how they get involved in their child's career development.
This presentation emphasizes on assessing science based on learning competencies, selecting appropriate forms of assessment and developing written and performance based tasks on science.
Assessment in the Social Studies CurriculumCarlo Magno
This presentation contains two assessment competencies of teachers in social studies: (1) Constructive alignment and (2) and making decisions as to give written works or performance-based assessment in class. Some guidelines in making paper and pencil items and performance-based task are presented.
This presentation covers new perspectives in using books in the classroom. The utility of books are integrated with pedagogical practices such as essential questions, inquiry-based approach, authentic-based tasks, and learner-centeredness
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
2. How do I start writing items?
What variable do you want to measure?
You need a conceptual framework
Good conceptual frameworks are presented in
scholarly journals
A scale becomes faulty if the framework is faulty or
not well-grounded on a theory or model
The framework should provide the description,
definition, and factors of the variable you want to
study.
Get a framework from the original author of the
construct
3. Examples of Framework
Passion by Vallerance et al. (2003)
Obsessive passion
Harmonious passion
Epistemological beliefs by Schommer (1993)
Fixed ability
Simple knowledge
Quick learning
Certain learning
4. Examples of Framework
Achievement emotions by Pekrun (2006)
Positive activating emotions: enjoyment, hope,
pride
Positive deactivating emotions: relief
Negative activating emotions: anger, anxiety,
shame
Negative deactivating emotions: hopelessness,
boredom
5. Look for the definition in the framework
There are good definitions
There are also bad definitions
6. Using definitions
• Good definitions
– Accurate
– Easily understood
– Provides behavioral
manifestation of the
construct
– No contradictions
• Bad definitions
– Overlaps with other
constructs
– Highly technical
– Difficult to frame
examples
– Parsimonious
(exemption to the rule)
7. What is a good item?
Items need to be consistently understood
Items need to be consistently administered or
communicated to respondents
Unless measuring knowledge is the goal of the
question, all respondents should have access to the
information needed to answer the item accurately
Respondents must be willing to provide the
responses called for in the item
8. Gathering factual data
Ensures that respondents have the same
understanding of what is to be reported.
Faulty: I ate butter in the past week.
Better: I ate butter in the past 7 days not counting
any margarine.
Faulty: My income is 1,000 Php.
Better: My total family income including from all
sources, before deductions for taxes, for me and
my family members living with me for 2008 is
1,000 Php.
9. Knowing and remembering
Form of an answer:
Faulty: In the past 30 days, were you able to climb a flight
of stairs with no difficulty, with some difficulty, or were you
not able to climb the stairs at all?
Better: How many miles are you from the nearest hospital?
Reducing social desirability:
Ensure confidentiality
Emphasize in the introduction and in other ways the
importance of the accuracy of answers
Use self-administration rather than interviewer
administrator, or have respondents enter their answers
directly into the computer.
10. Questions to measure subjective states
Defining what is to be rated:
Example: In general, do you think government
officials care about your interest a lot, some, only a
little, or not at all?
Example: Do you consider crime to be a big problem,
some problem, or no problem at all?
Response task:
Overall, how would you rate your health?-excellent,
very good, good, fair, poor?
11. Questions to measure subjective states
Agree-disagree format:
Example: My health is excellent
Example: I like my mother
Rank order:
Which candidate do you prefer?
Here are some factors some people consider when
deciding where to live. Which is most important to
you?
Proximity to work
Quality of school
Parks
Safety
Access to shopping
12. Questions to measure subjective states
Narrative answer
What do you consider to be the most important
problem facing your local city government today?
Measuring responses to ideas:
Higher taxes generally hurt the rich and benefit the
poor. Do you agree or disagree?
In general, would you like to have more money
spent on the parks and playgrounds in your
neighborhood area or not?
13. General rules for designing good survey
instruments
The strength of the survey research is asking people about
their firsthand experiences. Ask questions to which most
people have informed answer.
Beware of asking about information that is only acquired
second-hand.
Beware of hypothetical questions.
Beware of asking about solutions to complex problems.
Questions should be asked one at a time.
Avoid asking two questions at once.
Avoid questions that impose unwarranted assumptions.
Beware of questions that include hidden contingencies.
14. General rules for designing good survey
instruments
A survey question should be worded so that all respondents
are answering the same questions.
To the extent possible, choose the words in questions so
that all respondents understand their meaning and all
respondents have the same sense of what the meaning is.
To the extent that words or terms must be used that have
meanings that are likely not to be shared, provide
definitions to all respondents.
The time period referred to by a question should be
unambiguous.
If what is to be covered is too complex to be included in a
single question, ask multiple questions.
15. General rules for designing good survey
instruments
If a survey is to be interviewer administered, wording of the
questions must constitute a complete and adequate script
such that when the interviewer reads the question as
worded, the respondent will be fully prepared to answer the
question.
If definitions are to be given, give them before the question
itself is asked.
A question should end with the question itself. If there are
response alternatives, arrange the questions so that they
constitute the final part.
All respondents should understand the kind of answer that
constitutes an adequate answer to a question.
16. General rules for designing good survey
instruments
Avoid questions that begin with adverbs: how when,
where, where, why, to what extent. Such questions do
not specify the terms of an adequate answer.
Specify the number of responses to be given to
question for which more than one answer is possible.
Survey instruments should be designed so that the task
of reading questions, follow instructions, and recording
answers are as easy as possible for interviewers and
respondents.
17. Presurvey evaluation questions
Before the actual survey is done, testing should be
done to find out if respondents can understand it, if
they can perform the tasks required, and if interviewers
will read it as recorded.
Some steps:
Focus group discussion
Do the questions appropriately cover what respondents
are suppose to describe?
Are the response tasks that the questions will pose tasks
that respondents are able and willing to perform?
Do the words or descriptions proposed in the questions
convey consistent meaning, so that respondents have a
common understanding of question they are to answer?
18. Presurvey evaluation questions
Intensive individual interview
Find out how respondents understand the questions
Respondents are brought to special settings like the
laboratory
Reading questions to respondents
Field pretesting
19. Guide to questionnaire construction
Match your objectives with your questions
Keep the language pitched to the level of the
respondents.
Try to pick words that have the same meaning for
everyone.
Avoid long questions
Do not assume that that your respondents possess
factual information, or first hand opinions.
Establish the frame of reference you have in mind.
In forming a question, either suggest all possible
alternatives to the respondent or don’t suggest any.
20. Presurvey evaluation questions
Protect your respondents ego.
If you’re after unpleasant orientations, give your
respondent a chance to express his positive feelings
first so that he’s not put in an unfavorable light.
Ex. What do you like about X?
What don’t you like about X?
Decide whether you need a direct question, an indirect
question, or an indirect followed by a direct question.
Decide whether the question should be open or
closed.
Decide whether general or specific questions are
needed.
21. Presurvey evaluation questions
Avoid biased or leading questions
Phrase questions so that they are not unnecessarily
objectionable.
Decide whether a personal or impersonal question will
obtain the better response.
Questions should be limited to a single idea or a single
reference.