International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Analysis of box culvert cost optimization for different aspect ratios of celleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The lecture is in support of:
(1) The Design of Building Structures (Vol.1, Vol. 2), rev. ed., PDF eBook by Wolfgang Schueller, 2016
(2) Building Support Structures, Analysis and Design with SAP2000 Software, 2nd ed., eBook by Wolfgang Schueller,
The SAP2000V15 Examples and Problems SDB files are available on the Computers & Structures, Inc. (CSI) website: http://www.csiamerica.com/go/schueller
Mathematical analysis of section properties of a platform integrated with veh...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
The present work depicts mathematical behavior of a vehicle mounted platform/frame integrated with chassis structure in terms of plane stresses and plane strains for non-uniform loads. The load type considered in present work is concentrated load for which the mathematical model is formulated. A different type of combination of longitudinal and cross members in platform/frame design is formulated. The dimensions of platform members are determined using IS standards. After analysis of all possible combinations of longitudinal and cross members present design is anticipated. Section properties of longitudinal and cross members of the platform are determined & deduction of bending stress and shear force based on the load pattern are the fundamental steps in design and analysis of platform structure. The peculiarity of this analysis is the calculation of combined section modulus of three members. These are evaluated by excel programs developed indigenously.
seismic response of multi storey building equipped with steel bracingINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Steel bracing has proven to be one of the most effective systems in resisting lateral loads. Although its use to upgrade the lateral load capacity of existing Reinforced Concrete (RC) frames has been the subject of numerous studies, guidelines for its use in newly constructed RC frames still need to be developed. In this paper the study reveals that seismic performance of moment resisting RC frames with different patterns of bracing system. The three different types of bracings were used i.e. X - bracing system, V - bracing system and Inverted V - bracing system. This arrangement helped in reducing the structural response (i.e. displacement, interstorey drift, Shear Forces & Bending Moments) of the designed building structure. An (G+6) storey building was modelled and designed as per the code provisions of IS-1893:2002. And linear analysis is been carried out in the global X direction. The analysis was conducted with a view of accessing the seismic elastic performance of the building structure.
A Comparative Study on Effects of Regular and Irregular Structures Subjected ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This paper aims in thoroughly examine and have a comparative study of the behavior of regular and irregular R.C building with and without shear wall for seismic and wind load activities in different zones of India through equivalent static method and response spectrum method. For this purpose, regular and irregular R.C structures are taken and analyzed against earthquake and wind forces in different zones of India. Further shear wall is introduced in both regular and irregular structure and again analyzed in different zones. For structural irregularity, vertical irregularity and plan irregularity are taken into account. These irregularities are taken as per Indian standard code, IS 1893 (Part I): 2002. The whole models were analysed with the help of CYPE Software. In current study drifts has been considered in both X and Y directions and are compared with structure shear wall.
Lec.1 introduction to the theory of structures. types of structures, loads,Muthanna Abbu
The student will learn the determination of internal forces in different structures and the
kind of forces distribution due to external & internal effects .He will also learn about the
structures deformation due to these effects .
Analysis of box culvert cost optimization for different aspect ratios of celleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The lecture is in support of:
(1) The Design of Building Structures (Vol.1, Vol. 2), rev. ed., PDF eBook by Wolfgang Schueller, 2016
(2) Building Support Structures, Analysis and Design with SAP2000 Software, 2nd ed., eBook by Wolfgang Schueller,
The SAP2000V15 Examples and Problems SDB files are available on the Computers & Structures, Inc. (CSI) website: http://www.csiamerica.com/go/schueller
Mathematical analysis of section properties of a platform integrated with veh...Dr.Vikas Deulgaonkar
The present work depicts mathematical behavior of a vehicle mounted platform/frame integrated with chassis structure in terms of plane stresses and plane strains for non-uniform loads. The load type considered in present work is concentrated load for which the mathematical model is formulated. A different type of combination of longitudinal and cross members in platform/frame design is formulated. The dimensions of platform members are determined using IS standards. After analysis of all possible combinations of longitudinal and cross members present design is anticipated. Section properties of longitudinal and cross members of the platform are determined & deduction of bending stress and shear force based on the load pattern are the fundamental steps in design and analysis of platform structure. The peculiarity of this analysis is the calculation of combined section modulus of three members. These are evaluated by excel programs developed indigenously.
seismic response of multi storey building equipped with steel bracingINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Steel bracing has proven to be one of the most effective systems in resisting lateral loads. Although its use to upgrade the lateral load capacity of existing Reinforced Concrete (RC) frames has been the subject of numerous studies, guidelines for its use in newly constructed RC frames still need to be developed. In this paper the study reveals that seismic performance of moment resisting RC frames with different patterns of bracing system. The three different types of bracings were used i.e. X - bracing system, V - bracing system and Inverted V - bracing system. This arrangement helped in reducing the structural response (i.e. displacement, interstorey drift, Shear Forces & Bending Moments) of the designed building structure. An (G+6) storey building was modelled and designed as per the code provisions of IS-1893:2002. And linear analysis is been carried out in the global X direction. The analysis was conducted with a view of accessing the seismic elastic performance of the building structure.
A Comparative Study on Effects of Regular and Irregular Structures Subjected ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This paper aims in thoroughly examine and have a comparative study of the behavior of regular and irregular R.C building with and without shear wall for seismic and wind load activities in different zones of India through equivalent static method and response spectrum method. For this purpose, regular and irregular R.C structures are taken and analyzed against earthquake and wind forces in different zones of India. Further shear wall is introduced in both regular and irregular structure and again analyzed in different zones. For structural irregularity, vertical irregularity and plan irregularity are taken into account. These irregularities are taken as per Indian standard code, IS 1893 (Part I): 2002. The whole models were analysed with the help of CYPE Software. In current study drifts has been considered in both X and Y directions and are compared with structure shear wall.
Lec.1 introduction to the theory of structures. types of structures, loads,Muthanna Abbu
The student will learn the determination of internal forces in different structures and the
kind of forces distribution due to external & internal effects .He will also learn about the
structures deformation due to these effects .
Evaluation of the Seismic Response Parameters for Infilled Reinforced Concret...IOSRJMCE
RC frames with unreinforced masonry infill walls are a common form of construction all around the world. Often, engineers do not consider masonry infill walls in the design process because the final distribution of these elements may be unknown to them, or because masonry walls are regarded as non-structural elements. Separation between masonry walls and frames is often not provided and, as a consequence, walls and frames interact during strong ground motion. This leads to structural response deviating radically from what is expected in the design. The presence of masonry infills can result in higher stiffness and strength and it is cheap and built with low cost labor. Under lateral load, Masonry walls act as diagonal struts subjected to compression, while reinforced concrete confining members (Frames) act in tension and/or compression, depending on the direction of lateral earthquake forces. The main objective of this research is to develop a realistic matrix for the response modification factors for medium-rise skeletal buildings with masonry infills. In this study, the contribution of the masonry infill walls to the lateral behavior of reinforced concrete buildings was investigated. For this purpose, a five, seven and ten stories buildings are modelled as bare and infilled frames. The parameters investigated were infill ratio, panel aspect ratio, unidirectional eccentricity, bidirectional eccentricities. A Parametric study was developed on the behavior of medium rise infilled frame buildings under lateral loads to investigate the effect of these parameters as well as infill properties on this behavior
A study on behaviour of outrigger system on high rise steel structure by vary...eSAT Journals
Abstract The outrigger system is one of the most efficient system used for high rise structures to resist lateral forces. In the present study an attempt has been made to study the static and dynamic behavior of the outrigger structural system on steel structure by reducing the depth of outrigger.5X5 bay 40 story 3D steel structures is modeled in ETABS v2013 software. Steel structure with central core and steel structure with outrigger structural system of varied depth of outrigger are compared. The depth of the outrigger is reduced to 2/3rd and 1/3rd of the story height along with the full story height. The depth of the belt-truss is equal to the height of the typical story and maintained same in all the structures. The key parameters discussed in this paper include lateral deflection and storey drift. From the analysis results it has been found that the comparative performance of outrigger with depth of full storey height and decreased depth shows minor difference in resistance towards lateral loads. Keywords: Outrigger system, Lateral Displacement, Inter story drift
Analysis of outrigger system for tall vertical irregularites structures subje...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Analysis of the tall building is carried out to find the optimum position of outrigger system and belt truss by using lateral loads. The three dimensional model is considered and designed for the gravity load and placing of first and second position of the outrigger. Considering the design of Wind load is calculated by using IS 875 (Part 3) and Design of Earthquake load is calculated by using code IS 1893(part-1): 2000 in order to achieve reduction in drift, Deflection and story shear. The analysis is done by considering tall vertical irregularity of 30th storey of 7 X 7 bay for 1 to 10th storey and 7X6 bay 11th to 20th storey and 7X5 Bay 21st to 30th storey. Keywords: vertical irregularities, outrigger, linear static analysis Wind and earthquake load.
Overall gusset plate due to its advantages in the
design, manufacture, installation, widely used in large span steel
bridge, but for the whole gusset plate of local stress mechanism
few scholars study. With the development of computer
technology, often in practical projects through the finite element
software to simulate, domestic scholars about the boundary
conditions of the simulation is roughly divided into three kinds,
that is, one end of the consolidation, center consolidation and
simply supported at both ends, the principle of selecting the
three boundaries often do not mention, for later users bring
distress, In this paper, through theoretical analysis and finite
element software simulation, illustrates the principle of three
kinds of boundary selection, And according to the viewpoint of
stress nephogram real simulation presents a recommended
boundary conditions which formed at both ends simply
supported constraints.
Determination of period of vibration of buildings with open stilt floor and s...eSAT Journals
Abstract To estimate the natural period of vibration, codes consign the empirical formula that solely relies on height of the structure. Present dissertation is carried out considering aspects such as building material, type of structure and structural dimensions. The foremost objective of the present systematic study has led to a simplified period-height equation for use in the seismic evaluation of reinforced concrete structures, taking due significance of the existence of stilt floors and shear walls. Current study also highlights the criteria that affects the period of vibration. The period of vibration which has been procured in this study represents the time period of first mode of vibration. This article comprises the seismic response of structures on different types of soil. The parameters considered for the given study are three different types of soil i.e., soft soil, medium soil and hard rock for high seismic zone and different building irregularities as per IS: 1893-2002 for 10, 15, 20 storey buildings. The analytical models for the modulus study are modeled through ETABS.V.9.2. Various parametric studies are carried out to determine the fundamental time period of the structures. These ameliorate formulas to determine the fundamental time period are developed using nonlinear regression analysis through ORIGIN pro software. The generalized equation finally obtained can be used in general form to calculate the time period of structures with open stilt floor and shear walls irrespective of soil types, seismic zone or building height. Keywords- Time period, open stilt floor, Shear walls, Irregularities in buildings, nonlinear regression
Effect of steel bracing on vertically irregular r.c.c building frames under s...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Earthquakes are one of the most life threatening, environmental hazardous and destructive natural phenomenons that causes
shaking of ground. This result in damage to the structures, hence we need to design the buildings to withstand these earthquakes
which may occur at least once in the life time of the structure. Structures possess less stiffness and strength in case of irregular
configured frames; to enhance this, lateral load resisting systems are introduced into the frames. In this study, G+5 storey
building model has been analyzed considering different types of vertical geometric irregularities and steel bracings using
pushover analysis with the help of ETABS 9.7 software. Addition of X type brace, V type Brace and Inverted V/K type brace shows
that use of X-type of bracing is found more suitable to enhance the performance of the irregular buildings.
Key Words: pushover analysis, vertical irregularity, steel bracings, performance point.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Evaluation of the Seismic Response Parameters for Infilled Reinforced Concret...IOSRJMCE
RC frames with unreinforced masonry infill walls are a common form of construction all around the world. Often, engineers do not consider masonry infill walls in the design process because the final distribution of these elements may be unknown to them, or because masonry walls are regarded as non-structural elements. Separation between masonry walls and frames is often not provided and, as a consequence, walls and frames interact during strong ground motion. This leads to structural response deviating radically from what is expected in the design. The presence of masonry infills can result in higher stiffness and strength and it is cheap and built with low cost labor. Under lateral load, Masonry walls act as diagonal struts subjected to compression, while reinforced concrete confining members (Frames) act in tension and/or compression, depending on the direction of lateral earthquake forces. The main objective of this research is to develop a realistic matrix for the response modification factors for medium-rise skeletal buildings with masonry infills. In this study, the contribution of the masonry infill walls to the lateral behavior of reinforced concrete buildings was investigated. For this purpose, a five, seven and ten stories buildings are modelled as bare and infilled frames. The parameters investigated were infill ratio, panel aspect ratio, unidirectional eccentricity, bidirectional eccentricities. A Parametric study was developed on the behavior of medium rise infilled frame buildings under lateral loads to investigate the effect of these parameters as well as infill properties on this behavior
A study on behaviour of outrigger system on high rise steel structure by vary...eSAT Journals
Abstract The outrigger system is one of the most efficient system used for high rise structures to resist lateral forces. In the present study an attempt has been made to study the static and dynamic behavior of the outrigger structural system on steel structure by reducing the depth of outrigger.5X5 bay 40 story 3D steel structures is modeled in ETABS v2013 software. Steel structure with central core and steel structure with outrigger structural system of varied depth of outrigger are compared. The depth of the outrigger is reduced to 2/3rd and 1/3rd of the story height along with the full story height. The depth of the belt-truss is equal to the height of the typical story and maintained same in all the structures. The key parameters discussed in this paper include lateral deflection and storey drift. From the analysis results it has been found that the comparative performance of outrigger with depth of full storey height and decreased depth shows minor difference in resistance towards lateral loads. Keywords: Outrigger system, Lateral Displacement, Inter story drift
Analysis of outrigger system for tall vertical irregularites structures subje...eSAT Journals
Abstract The Analysis of the tall building is carried out to find the optimum position of outrigger system and belt truss by using lateral loads. The three dimensional model is considered and designed for the gravity load and placing of first and second position of the outrigger. Considering the design of Wind load is calculated by using IS 875 (Part 3) and Design of Earthquake load is calculated by using code IS 1893(part-1): 2000 in order to achieve reduction in drift, Deflection and story shear. The analysis is done by considering tall vertical irregularity of 30th storey of 7 X 7 bay for 1 to 10th storey and 7X6 bay 11th to 20th storey and 7X5 Bay 21st to 30th storey. Keywords: vertical irregularities, outrigger, linear static analysis Wind and earthquake load.
Overall gusset plate due to its advantages in the
design, manufacture, installation, widely used in large span steel
bridge, but for the whole gusset plate of local stress mechanism
few scholars study. With the development of computer
technology, often in practical projects through the finite element
software to simulate, domestic scholars about the boundary
conditions of the simulation is roughly divided into three kinds,
that is, one end of the consolidation, center consolidation and
simply supported at both ends, the principle of selecting the
three boundaries often do not mention, for later users bring
distress, In this paper, through theoretical analysis and finite
element software simulation, illustrates the principle of three
kinds of boundary selection, And according to the viewpoint of
stress nephogram real simulation presents a recommended
boundary conditions which formed at both ends simply
supported constraints.
Determination of period of vibration of buildings with open stilt floor and s...eSAT Journals
Abstract To estimate the natural period of vibration, codes consign the empirical formula that solely relies on height of the structure. Present dissertation is carried out considering aspects such as building material, type of structure and structural dimensions. The foremost objective of the present systematic study has led to a simplified period-height equation for use in the seismic evaluation of reinforced concrete structures, taking due significance of the existence of stilt floors and shear walls. Current study also highlights the criteria that affects the period of vibration. The period of vibration which has been procured in this study represents the time period of first mode of vibration. This article comprises the seismic response of structures on different types of soil. The parameters considered for the given study are three different types of soil i.e., soft soil, medium soil and hard rock for high seismic zone and different building irregularities as per IS: 1893-2002 for 10, 15, 20 storey buildings. The analytical models for the modulus study are modeled through ETABS.V.9.2. Various parametric studies are carried out to determine the fundamental time period of the structures. These ameliorate formulas to determine the fundamental time period are developed using nonlinear regression analysis through ORIGIN pro software. The generalized equation finally obtained can be used in general form to calculate the time period of structures with open stilt floor and shear walls irrespective of soil types, seismic zone or building height. Keywords- Time period, open stilt floor, Shear walls, Irregularities in buildings, nonlinear regression
Effect of steel bracing on vertically irregular r.c.c building frames under s...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Earthquakes are one of the most life threatening, environmental hazardous and destructive natural phenomenons that causes
shaking of ground. This result in damage to the structures, hence we need to design the buildings to withstand these earthquakes
which may occur at least once in the life time of the structure. Structures possess less stiffness and strength in case of irregular
configured frames; to enhance this, lateral load resisting systems are introduced into the frames. In this study, G+5 storey
building model has been analyzed considering different types of vertical geometric irregularities and steel bracings using
pushover analysis with the help of ETABS 9.7 software. Addition of X type brace, V type Brace and Inverted V/K type brace shows
that use of X-type of bracing is found more suitable to enhance the performance of the irregular buildings.
Key Words: pushover analysis, vertical irregularity, steel bracings, performance point.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
enfermedades ,daños y control de la popilia japonica.
El insecto fue encontrado por primera vez en el Estados Unidos en 1916 en un vivero cerca de Riverton, New Jersey . Desde esta fecha su hábitat se ha extendido; se ha establecido en muchas colonias aisladas en distintos lugares.
Determination of load transfer in reinforced concrete solid slabs by finite e...IOSR Journals
According to the ACI building code, the concrete slab can be divided into two types depending on
the ratio of the long side to the short side. Regarding the results of the ratio, the concrete slab can be divided as
one-way and two-way slabs. The main objective of this paper is to study the stress or moments distribution in
solid slab panel in its two directions and compare with ACI code assumption that the load is transferred mainly
in short direction and most of the load is transferred in one direction only if the ratio of the longer span to the
shorter span is greater than one. This will be discussed by analyzing one panel of solid slab using the computer
software SAP2000. Two types of panels will be used; the first one a panel that is supported simply on its four
sides and the second panel is supported only by four pin supports and beams. This paper shows that the gravity
load on the slab is transferred to long and short direction. This means that one-way concrete solid slab doesn't
exist and all concrete solid slabs work as a two-way concrete slab.
The Effect of Structure -Soil Interaction on Eccentrically Loaded FrameIJERD Editor
The interaction among structures, their foundations and the soil medium below the foundations alter
the actual behaviour of the structure considerably than what is obtained from the consideration of the structure
alone. Thus, a reasonably accurate model for the soil–foundation–structure interaction system with
computational validity, efficiency and accuracy is needed in improved design of important structures. The
framed structures are normally analyzed with their bases considered to be either completely rigid or hinged.
However, the foundation resting on deformable soils also undergoes deformation depending on the relative
rigidities of the foundation, superstructure and soil. Interactive analysis is, therefore, necessary for the accurate
assessment of the response of the superstructure.
Numerical modeling and analysis of slabsIjrdt Journal
This paper presents numerical modelling of slabs, linear modelling and analyzing of two way slab in a finite element based programming software ATENA and comparing with SAP for accuracy, The difference in result came to 14.3% hence, tolerable. Considering this, further nonlinear modelling and analysis is done in ATENA for one way and two way rectangular slabs, which includes both material and geometric modelling.Flexural load is applied for analysis of one way and two way slab. The displacement contour and crack pattern of slabs is presented which shows the appropriate behavior of slabs.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
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Gu3412511258
1. Prof. A. J. MEHETRE, NAVALE B. R. / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1251-1258
1251 | P a g e
Analysis of pre-stressed floor grid system.
Prof. A.J.MEHETRE [1] NAVALE B.R. [2]
1
Prof.A.J.MEHETRE of the Amrutvahini college of Engineering sangamner. Maharastra.
2
Navale Balasaheb R. M.E. structure Student of Amrutvahini college of Engineering sangamner.
Maharastra.
Abstract—
the sequential pre-stressing of grid
structure is very important parameter in the
waffle slab. Such slabs have several advantages
over the more conventional slabs when used as
decks for concrete bridges and as process floors in
semiconductor manufacturing plants.Generally
waffle slab is a monolithically construction of slab
and beams, it may be one directional rib or in the
both direction. In the grid structure (i.e Beam) is
the key sectional properties which takes maximum
contribution of load carrying in the waffle slab.
This paper presents analysis in to two formats.
First format is sequential and immediate pre-
stressing of grid (waffle) slab for two selected
patterns. Second format is to take a single cross
beam from same grid (waffle) slab and analyze the
same beam for differential pre-stressed forces.
Here cross beam is analyzed by using direct
stiffness method which is based on finite element
method. Results was shows that while pre-
stressing of main beam with stretching of one
cable will reduce the bending moment and further
alternate stretching will case cracks propagations
in the secondary beam . In the waffle slab
immediate pre-stressing and sequential pre-
stressing were Comair in the form of bending
moment and deflections and such effect after all
losses occurs in the tendons were same in all such
cases. But on the same time it was observed that
while pre-stress a grid (waffle) slab it is very
important to select the pattern in such way that
the pre-stressing of any beam will not propagate
the high amount of concentrated bending stress in
other beams.
Keywords: Cross beam analysis, waffle slab, grid
structure, sequential pre-stressed.
I. INTRODUCTION
Pre-stressed waffle slab is generally
constructed with monolithic connection between
beams and slab. Waffle slabs have a thin topping slab
and narrow ribs spanning in both directions between
column heads, slab generate a torsion moments in the
corner zone. In waffle slab maximum downward load
(i.e. due to dead load, live load etc.) is carried by
beams. Ribbed and Waffle slabs provide a lighter and
stiffer slab than an equivalent flat slab, reducing the
extent of foundations. They provide a very good form
where slab vibration is an issue, such as laboratories
and hospitals. Ribbed slabs are made up of wide band
beams running between columns with equal depth
narrow ribs spanning the orthogonal direction. A thin
topping slab completes the system.
Post-tensioned waffle slabs provide added economy
where waffle forms are readily available and concrete
is relatively expensive. Waffle slabs are analyses by
using frame analysis or finite element analysis
methods and designed using the concept of load path
designation. Tendon layout in waffle Slab
construction follows the same general procedure as
flat slabs. The preferred procedure is to place a
minimum of one tendon in each waffle stem in one
direction. In the perpendicular direction, the tendons
are banded along the support lines. Contrary to the
typical tendon layout for flat slabs, uniform
distribution of the tendons among the waffle stems in
both directions is also widely used.
II. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
The main objective is studied in this
dissertation for the grid floor by sequential pre-
stressing of orthogonal beams and its behavior. In
grid (waffle) slab beams are stretched one by one
on both directions and also stressed by immediate
pre-stressing of all beams and compare the
behavior of bending moment, shear force and
deflection for each alternate stretching of tendons.
III. METHODS OF ANALYSIS
The three methods commonly used for
analysis of concrete structures are: Simple Frame,
Equivalent Frame, and Finite Element analysis.
A. Simple frame method
In the Simple Frame method, the slab is
divided up into design strips. The geometry of the
structure is modeled exactly, i.e., the frames are
analyzed using the stiffness’s of the columns and
associated slabs as calculated from their geometries.
As a result, the analysis does not account for the
influence of biaxial plate bending.
B. Equivalent Frame method
Equivalent frame method is a refinement of
the Simple Frame method. It is somewhat more exact
than the Simple Frame method since the relative
column and slab stiffness’s are adjusted to account
2. Prof. A. J. MEHETRE, NAVALE B. R. / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1251-1258
1252 | P a g e
for the biaxial plate bending.
In typical design, most column-supported floors are
analyzed with the Equivalent Frame method. The
information required as far as geometry, loading and
boundary conditions is the same for both the Simple
Frame and the Equivalent Frame methods. Although
both methods are approximate they both yield lower
bound (safe) solutions. The degree of approximation
depends on the extent to which a floor system
deviates from a uniform, orthogonal support layout
and constant slab thickness.
C. Finite Element method
The third method of analysis, the Finite
Element method (FEM), is based on the division of
the structure into small pieces (elements) whose
behavior is formulated to capture the local behavior
of the structure. Each element’s definition is based on
its material properties, geometry, and location in the
structure, and relationship with surrounding elements.
The mathematical assemblage of these elements into
the complete structure allows for automated
computation of the response of the entire structure.
FEM inherently incorporates the biaxial behavior of
the floor system when determining the actions in the
floor.
D. Direct stiffness
method. D.1
axially loaded
member
Figure-1 shown an axially loaded member of constant
cross sectional area with element forces q1 and q2 and
displacement 1 and 2 they are shown in their respective
positive direction.
Fig.1 axially loaded member
With unit displacement 1 =1 at node 1, as shown in
Figure -1,
axial forces at nodes 1 and 2 are obtained as
In the same way by setting 2 =1 as shown in Figure
3.1 the corresponding forces are obtained as
k AE , k AE
2212
L L
The stiffness matrix is written as
q k k
21
1
1 11 ---------- (Equation 1)
q k k
22
2 2 12
A-2) Flexural Member
The stiffness matrix for the flexural element shown in
Figure-2 can be constructed as follows. The forces
and the corresponding displacements, namely the
moments, the shears, and the
Fig.2 Beam element stiffness matrix
Corresponding rotations and translations at the ends
of the member are defined in the figure. The matrix
equation that relates these forces and displacements
can be written in the form
q1 k11
k
12
k
13
k
14 1
q2
k
21
k
22
k
23
k
21
2
q3 k 31
k
32
k
33
k
34 3
q
k k k k
41 42 43 44
4 4
3. Prof. A. J. MEHETRE, NAVALE B. R. / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1251-1258
1253 | P a g e
The terms in the first column consist of the element
forces q1
through q
4
that result from displacement. 1 When
1
2 3
4 0 . This means that a unit vertical
displacement is imposed at the left end of the
member while translation at the right end and rotation
at both ends are prevented as shown in Figure-2. The
four member forces corresponding to this
deformation can be obtained using the moment-area
method.
The change in slope between the two ends of the
member is zero and the area of the M/EI diagram
between these points must, therefore, vanish. Hence,
And k 21 k41-------- (Equation 2)
The moment of the M=EI diagram about the left end
of the member is equal to unity. Hence,
k 41 L 2L
k 21L L
1
32 EI 2 EI 3
And in view of Equation 2,
k
21
k
41
6EI
2
L
Finally, moment equilibrium of the member about the
right end leads to
And from equilibrium in the vertical direction we
obtain
Forces act in the directions indicated in Figure -2. To
obtain the correct signs, one must compare the forces
with the positive directions defined in Figure -2a.
Thus,
k 12 EI , k 6 EI , k 12 EI , k 6EI
L3 L2 L3 L211 21 31 41
The second column of the stiffness matrix is obtained
by letting 2 1 and setting the remaining three
displacements equal to zero as indicated in Figure-2c.
The area of the M/EI diagram between the ends of the
member for this case is equal to unity, and hence,
The moment of the M/EI diagram about the left end
is zero, so that
k 22 L L
k 42 L 2L
0
2 EI 3 2 EI 3
Therefore, one obtains
k
22
4 EI
, k42
2EI
L L
From vertical equilibrium of the member,
k
12
k
32
And moment equilibrium about the right end of the
member
leads to
k12
k
22 k42
6EI
L L2
Comparison of the forces in Figure-2c with the
positive directions defined in Figure-2a indicates that
all the influence coefficients except k12 are positive.
Thus,
k 6 EI , k 4 EI , k 6 EI , k 2EI
L
2
L
2
12 22 L 32 42 L
Using Figures-2d and e, the influence coefficients for
the third and fourth columns can be obtained. The
results of these calculations lead to the following
element-stiffness matrix:
12 EI
3
L
q1 6 EI q2
L
2
q3
12 EI
3
q
4 L
6 EI
L
2
---- (Equation 3.3)
IV. PROBLEM FORMULATION AND
MODELING.
Format-1. Analysis of cross beam.
Span 15m , Live load = 10KN/m on beam B1 , Beam
size 450 x 800 mm for both beam , concrete grade
M40, Cables 7wires of 5mm dia. with pre-stressed
with 1488Mpa . Pre-stress loss 10.265%.
6 EI
12 EI
6EI
2 3 2
L L L
4 EI 6 EI 2EI 1
L
2
L L 2
-----
6 EI 12 EI 6EI 3
2 3 2
L L L
4
2 EI 6 EI 4EI
L L
2
L
4. Prof. A. J. MEHETRE, NAVALE B. R. / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1251-1258
1254 | P a g e
Fig. 3 Simply supported cross beam.
Analysis Results.
Bending moment and Shear force results of
pre-stressed member before all losses.
DL = Dead load; LL = Live load; PTT = Pre-stressed
in transfer; PTT T1= Pre-stressed in transfer with 1
tendons. (i.e 1,4,8,12 indicate no. of tendons in the
beam); PTF = Pre-stressed after losses (final).
Bending moment and Shear force results of pre-
stressed member after all losses.
Format-2. Analysis of grid (waffle) slab for
sequential pre-stressing.
Section properties
1) Span of 20m. 2)
Slab thickness considered 100mm. 3)
Live load =10KN/m. 4)
Beam size = Width 400mm, Overall depth800mm. 5)
Eccentricity at support is zero in both directions. 6)
Eccentricity at mid-span in x direction is 350mm. 7)
Eccentricity at mid-span in y direction is 300mm. 8)
Pre-stress losses = 16.255%
Material properties
1) Freyssinet cables (7-5)mm diameter with pre-
stressing stress of 1488MPa.
2) Concrete grade M40.
Patterns for analysis of sequential pre-stressing.
5. Prof. A. J. MEHETRE, NAVALE B. R. / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1251-1258
1255 | P a g e
Fig.4 Plan area 20m x 20m
Fig.5 Sequential pre-stress pattern-1
Fig.6 Sequential pre-stress pattern-2
P1’’’ = P indicates pre-stressing; 1, 2, 3.... Indicates
sequence of pre-stressing beam and comma ’’’
Indicates increasing order of sequential pre-stressed
of individual beam number.
Analysis Results
Graphical results for format-1
300
200
B.M
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-100
TENDONS
Graph-1. Comparison between bending moment of
B1 and B2 beam in transfer case 1.0(DL+PT).
300
250
200B.M
150
100
50
0
-50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
TENDONS
Graph-2 Comparison between bending moment of B1
and B2 beam in transfer case after all losses
1.0(DL+PT) (-ve) sig. Indicate compressive stress.
Graph-3 Comparison between bending moment of B1
and B2 beam in service case 1.0(DL+LL+PT).
Graph-6 Comparison of bending moment in between
immediate pre-stressing and sequential patters for
transfer case 1.0(DL+PT) in X-dir.
6. Prof. A. J. MEHETRE, NAVALE B. R. / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1251-1258
1256 | P a g e
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
STRESS
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
TENDONS
Graph-4 Comparison of flexural stress on top fibre in
transfer case 1.0(DL+PT)
Graph-5 Comparison of flexural stress on bottom
fibre in transfer case 1.0(DL+PT)
Graphical results for format-2
6
4
2
STRESS
0
-2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-4
-6
-8
TENDONS
7. Prof. A. J. MEHETRE, NAVALE B. R. / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1251-1258
1257 | P a g e
18.00
16.00
2
14.00
12.00
N/MM
10.00
8.00
IN
6.00
STRESS
4.00
2.00
0.00
-2.00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920
-4.00
-6.00
SEQUENCE OF PT
Graph-13 Comparison of bending stress in between
sequential pre-stress pattern 1 and pattern 2 in Y –
direction for beam number 17.
V. DISCUSSION
1) It is observed that stretching of one cable in the
loaded beam will reduces the bending moment in the
same beam as well as in the unloaded beam (i.e. B2
beam).
2) When the pre-stressing force is increases (i.e. no
of cables are more than 1 will cause sudden reduction
in bending moment and shear force in the unloaded
beam. Further increasing the forces moments changes
it’s sign by sagging moment to hogging moment in
the unloaded beam in transfer
case 1.0(DL +PT) . But in the loaded beam moment
is in the sagging (+
ve
) condition.
3) While sudden increase in stresses in the transfer
case 1.0(DL+PT) for unloaded beam will case
increase in strain in the same beam as stress is
proportional to the strain. Therefore as long as
increasing the pre-stress force will cause cracking in
the unloaded beam.
4) While in the transfer case development of final
bending moment in the immediate pre-stressing of
grid (waffle) slab is lower than the pre-stressing of
sequential patterns as incorporated in this
dissertation.
5) Immediate pre-stressing and sequential patterns
for pre-stress as incorporated in this dissertation are
same bending moment and deflection after pre-stress
losses.
6) After pre-stress losses deflection is same in the
immediate pre-stressing and sequential pre-stressing.
7) Individual behavior of pattern 1 and 2 creates a
differential stress concentration while pre-stressing of
beam. In pattern 1 stress concentration is
approximately parabolic in nature while on the same
time pattern-2 creates differential stress behavior
in the beams.
VI. CONCLUSION
As pre-stress forces is increases moments
changes it’s sign by sagging moment to
hogging moment in the unloaded beam in
8. Prof. A. J. MEHETRE, NAVALE B. R. / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 3, Issue 4, Jul-Aug 2013, pp.1251-1258
1258 | P a g e
transfer case 1.0(DL +PT) , that beam will be
Sudden increasing the stresses will accelerate
the strain and such strain will be propagating
In the grid structure while pre-stressing the
main beam, behavior on secondary beam
While selecting a sequence pattern for grid
(waffle) slab such development of differentia
stress concentration should be avoid. i.e. in the
pattern-2 such concentration will be avoided
by pre-stressing the alternate beam with
smaller pre-stress force.
VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I deem it my proud privilege to express my
heartfelt gratitude to Prof. P.W.Kubde, of the
Structural Engineering Department, Veermata
Jijabai Technological Institute, Mumbai. I take
this opportunity to express my profound
gratitude to them for their invaluable guidance,
continuous encouragement, suggestions, and
discussions at various stages of work. These
words are formal thanks, which cannot express
the real depth of feeling and affection that I
have towards them.
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