Chromosomes are known as hereditary vehicles
They are formed of strands of DNA molecules which contain information for the development of different characteristics and performance of various metabolic activities of the cells
The coordination of various function is brought about through the formation of enzymes which are complex protein molecules
Chromosomes are known as hereditary vehicles
They are formed of strands of DNA molecules which contain information for the development of different characteristics and performance of various metabolic activities of the cells
The coordination of various function is brought about through the formation of enzymes which are complex protein molecules
Creating Digital Content for Learning Purposes in Sciences using Project Base...Chole Richard
This is an infant project that attempts to provide answers to fundamental problems facing the study of sciences in Uganda and the rest of Africa. Its main trust is project based learning concept that aims at empowering the participating young people with knowledge, skills and attitudes to enable them become problem solvers of identified needs in the study of sciences rather than passive learners. The project aims beyond learner excellence of attaining set standards through mere memorizing or rote learning to pass exams.
Unlike the traditional mode of teaching and learning in most schools in Africa, here the learners remain the driving force and creators of content for learning purposes. Young people are very curious, very imaginative and fearless at trying new grounds - three very important ingredients for innovation in sciences but largely over looked or - worst still - killed off by schools of today. This project seeks to appeal to these important elements to capture the young learners’ interests in coming up with creative ideas for the project. In the whole process the educator is more of a guide, facilitator or mentor - creating the necessary environment and support that the learners may need to experience learning.
Once a problem area in sciences has been identified, the learners generally use the multimedia production stages to execute their task backed by research work, consulting and soliciting for expert input of resource persons. This from time to time is punctuated by self-evaluations or reflections. Once the product is completed, it is made available on DVD’s and uploaded on Multimedia website (YouTube) to be utilized for free. The learners are also given opportunity to share their work at exhibitions whenever the opportunity avails itself or they create it themselves.
While the main thrust is digital creation of learning contents for sciences, the project is actually broad and diverse in the skills it develops. The project is conscious of individual difference among the learners so that each of them discovers his/her potentials and interest that can be utilized in the project and may determine the learners’ career goals. The project subjects the learners to very crucial skills and appreciation of team work, collaboration, negotiating in a group, communication skills, research mentality, learning to take advantage of available technology, working with minimum supervision, self-evaluation, social responsibility and global citizenship. The ultimate test is not so much in the end products of the project but the change brought about in the learner by the whole process. The learner’s level of involvement in the project is therefore very vital.
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Pbl learners in digital content creation in sciencesChole Richard
Presentation on a newly thought out project using concept of project based learning program to engage learners in digital content creation for learning purposes in sciences.The presentation was made with objective of sharing a new concept in learning and to subject the project to teacher evaluation.
1. Group E By: Cassandra Taraska Samantha Brown Evelyn Sotis Matthew Ledburry Taylor Merloni
2. DNA DNA- Deoxyribonucleic Acid, DNA is a nucleic acid and is the hereditary material in all humans. DNA is located in the cell nucleus. It is a double helix formed by the bases and a sugar phosphate backbone.
3. DNA stores information in a special code using the four types of bases. -Thymine -Cytosine -Adenine -Guanine Thymine pairs with Adenine and Cytosine pairs with Guanine.
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5. Replication -DNA is replicated during Interphase of the cell cycle. Interphase is when a cell is prepared to duplicate and copy most of its contents. -Helicase separates the strands of the DNA molecule -When the DNA strand unwinds the bases of nucleotides break apart from eachother DNA Polymerase brings new nucleotides to form pairs with the existing bases. -This creates two DNA molecules. -DNA is replicated so that cells can divide and create new cells. New cells are used when an organism is growing.
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7. TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION Bookdefinition- manufacturing a complementary RNA from DNA Literal definition – acquiring information from DNA in order to make proteins by using RNA
8. STEPS OF TRANSCRIPTION and TRANSLATION Specific DNA sequences outside the actual genes signal the enzyme RNA polymerase to put the nitrogen bases in the right order to make a specific protein and create (messenger RNA) mRNA by pairing the nitrogen bases together. RNA polymerase where the information begins/ends as well as the correct direction to read the sequence. Once RNA polymerase has attained the code, mRNA is formed and transcription is complete. mRNA carries the gene’s message out of the nucleus through pores to the large and small ribosome’s where the sequence will be decoded to synthesize proteins. (reason- protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm and your DNA is found inside the cells nucleus) Codonswhich are sets of three nucleotides of a mRNA molecule corresponding to a particular enzyme, when at the ribosome will be translated from "the language of nucleic acids to the language of amino acids". Translation is complete when this process is complete.
9. Cont. The codons provide the information as to where the gene starts. The universal start code is AUG. tRNAbrings amino acids together into a polypeptide that will later fold up to be an active protein. Ribosomes attach complementary anticodon sequences of mRNA to RNA to decode the DNA sequences. mRNA travels through the endoplasmic reticulum and is read b the ribosomes.
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11. Mitosis A process by which a cell separates the chromosomes into 2 identical sets. There are 6 steps for this cell division.
12. Interphase DNA has replicated, but has not formed the condensed structure of chromosome.
13. Prophase The DNA molecules progressively shorten and condense by coiling, to form chromosomes.
14. Metaphase The spindle fibres attach themselves to the centromeres of the chromosomes and align the the chromosomes at the equatorial plate.
15. Anaphase The spindle fibres shorten and the centromere splits, separated sister chromatids are pulled along behind the centromeres.
16. Telephase The chromosomes reach the poles of their respective spindles. Nuclear envelope reform before the chromosomes uncoil. The spindle fibres disintegrate.
17. Cytokinasis This is the last stage of mitosis. It is the process of splitting the daughter cells apart. A furrow forms and the cell is pinched in two. Each daughter cell contains the same number and same quality of chromosomes.
18. Meiosis The process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in reproductive cells from diploid to haploid, leading to the production of gametes in animals and spores in plants. There are 2 types – Asexual and Sexual There are 9 steps in Meiosis’s cell division.
19. Cont. Fertilization - combination of genetic information from two separate cells that have one half the original genetic information. Gametes for fertilization usually come from separate parents Female- produces an egg Male produces sperm Both gametes are haploid, with a single set of chromosomes The new individual is called a zygote, with two sets of chromosomes. Reproductive Asexual produces its own plants are asexual, they produce on their own Produces only genetically identical offspring since all divisions are by mitosis. -Sexual -Formation of new individual by a combination of two haploid sex cells.
20. Cont. Chromosome/Chromatids: A threadlike linear strand of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that carries the genes and functions in the transmission of hereditary information. Kinetochores/centromere: The most condensed and constricted region of a chromosome, to which the spindle fiber is attached during mitosis. Cell Division: The process by which a cell divides to form two daughter cells. Upon completion of the process, each daughter cell contains the same genetic material as the original cell and roughly half of its cytoplasm.
21. Cell Division In Meiosis there are 2 divisions. The first division has 5 steps and which its consider Mitosis. In Meiosis its called Meiosis 1 And then there's Meiosis 2
22. Meiosis 2- Prophase 2 The nuclear membrane and nuclei break up while the spindle network appears. Chromosomes do not replicate any further in this phase of meiosis.
23. Meiosis 2 – Metaphase 2 The chromosomes line up at the metaphase II plate at the cell's center. The kinetochores of the sister chromatids point toward opposite poles.
24. Meiosis 2 – Anaphase 2 The sister chromatids separate and move toward the opposite cell poles.
25. Meiosis 2 – Telephase 2 Distinct nuclei form at the opposite poles and cytokinesis occurs. At the end of meiosis II, there are four daughter cells each with one half the number of chromosomes of the original parent cell.