1. 1.
Students' Work
Hashem Ahmad Al-zawareh 2213271
2. Tareq Zeyad Al-kharabsheh 2214005
Geology project titled: Structural Geology
Supervised by Dr. Akram Suleiman
https://youtu.be/yQKinboHF8A
Video Link :
2. Structural Geology
Structural geology is the study of how rocks are formed, deformed, and
distributed in the Earth's crust. It examines the processes that create
geological features such as mountain ranges, faults, and earthquakes.
3. Structural Geology Basics
Structural geology is the study of the composition and formation of the Earth's crust, including rocks, faults,
and deformations. Studying these elements helps to understand the shape, history, and evolution of the
Earth over time. This information can be used in civil engineering, environmental sciences, and other fields.
4. Rock Formations
Volcanic Rocks
Volcanic rocks are formed from magma or lava that
has cooled.
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are formed from compressed
deposits and fossils.
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rocks are formed when previous rocks
are exposed to high temperatures and pressures.
Rock Cycle
Rocks are continuously formed, broken down, and
reformed in the rock cycle.
5. Plate Tectonics
Earth's Crust
The Earth's crust is divided into several solid plates.
Convergent Plate Boundaries
Where two plates collide and push upwards to form
mountains.
Divergent Plate Boundaries
Where two plates move away from each other,
creating a gap that is filled with volcanic magma.
Transform Plate Boundaries
Where two plates slide past each other,
generating
earthquakes.
6. Faults and Folds
1
Reverse Faults
Where the hanging wall moves up relative to the
footwall
2 3
Normal Faults
Where the hanging wall moves down relative to
the footwall
Strike Slip Faults
A fault with a low-angle fault surface
monoclines
Where rocks are folded into a
simple arch
Anticlines &Synclines
Where rocks are folded into
troughs and basins
Overturned Folds
Where one limb of the fold is
tilted more than the vertical
7. Unconformity
An unconformity is a buried erosional or non-depositional surface separating two rock masses or strata of
different ages, indicating that a gap of time exists in the deposition.
Angular Unconformity
When sedimentary rocks are
deposited on top of tilted or
folded sedimentary or
metamorphic rocks.
Disconformity
When sedimentary rocks are
deposited on top of horizontal
sedimentary rocks that have
been eroded.
Nonconformity
When sedimentary rocks are
deposited on top of either
igneous or metamorphic
rocks.
1 Conformable Beds
Continuous layers of sedimentary rocks
Inconformable Beds
Interruption in the deposition of
sedimentary rocks due to erosion or non-
deposition.
2 that are deposited without interruption.
8. Mountain Building
Mountains form when tectonic plates move and collide with each other. The
rocks can bend, fold, and break during this process, resulting in the formation
of mountain ranges, plains, and valleys.
1 Geography
Mountains are one of the
most important natural
features in the world, and they
affect the geographical,
environmental, and cultural
patterns of the areas where
they are located.
2 Topography
Mountain topography varies
greatly, including mountain
peaks, sharp edges, sloping
foothills, deep valleys, and
caves.
9. Geologic Time Scale
Quaternary The current epoch, which began about 2.6 million
years ago
Neogene Extends from 23.03 to 2.6 million years ago
Paleogene Extends from 65.5 to 23.03 million years ago
Cretaceous Extends from 145.5 to 65.5 million years ago
Fossils
Fossils are used to identify
geological rock layers
Relative Dating
Determining geological rock
layers by studying the rock layers
and different types of rocks within
those layers
Absolute Dating
Determining geological rock
layers by radiometric dating
10. Deformation
1 Hooke's Law
Deformation is directly proportional to the applied force
2 Elastic Deformation
Deformation that occurs in a plastic manner in response to stress
3 Brittle Deformation
Deformation that occurs in a manner that involves little or no plastic deformation
4 Folding
Deformation that occurs when rocks are bent and twisted
Fracture
The tendency of rocks to
break along planes of
weakness
Fracture
Characteristics
The factors that affect how
rocks behave under stress
Deformation
Mechanisms
The way in which rock
materials change in shape or
size
11. Geological Maps
Topographic Maps Geological Maps Satellite Images
Maps showing surface features
such as mountains, valleys, and
rivers
Maps showing types of rocks,
geological structures, and mineral
deposits
Images of the Earth obtained by
satellite or high-altitude aircraft
12. Geological Resources
1
Oil and Gas
Fossil fuel used as
an energy source
2
Iron
Metallic element
3
Coal
Fossil fuel used for
electricity
generation
4
Uranium
Metallic element
used in nuclear
power
Phosphorus
Chemical element used in
fertilizers and food
production
Copper
Metallic element used in
electrical wiring and piping
systems
Gold and Silver
Metallic elements used in
jewelry and currency
13. Geological Hazards
Earthquakes
Sudden shaking of the Earth's
surface caused by movement
of tectonic plates
Volcanoes
Underground gases and
magma erupting from the
Earth's surface
Landslides
Rapid movement of rocks,
soil, or debris down a slope
1 Floods
Heavy rainfall and snowmelt causing rivers and lakes to overflow
2 Tsunamis
Giant waves caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or landslides in the ocean
14. Environmental Geology
Climate Change
Changes in global climate patterns
due to human activity
Land Degradation
Loss of soil fertility and plant
productivity
Pollution
Presence of harmful substances in
the environment
Sustainability
Responsible use of natural
earth resources to create
sustainable and livable
environments
Green Energy
Production of renewable
energy sources such as solar
and wind energy
Waste Management
Collection, transportation,
and disposal of waste
materials from homes,
businesses, and industries
15. Practical Applications of
Structural Geology in Civil
Engineering
Structural geology plays an important role in civil engineering, where
geological information can be used to determine suitable locations for
building structures and designing roads, bridges and tunnels. It can also be
used to determine the locations of mines and sources of raw materials.
1 Geological Design
Geological information can be
used to design buildings,
roads, bridges, tunnels and
hydraulic works in a way that
avoids problems arising from
changes in terrain and ground
conditions.
2 Mineral Exploration
Geological information can be
used to locate mines and
potential sources of metals,
minerals, and raw materials
and design exploration and
mining operations.
