civil engineering lectures

1. CT-301 Hydrology
Lecture# 01
(5th semester Civil)
By: Engr. Hayat Hussain
Lecturer Saidu polytechnic institute saidu sharif Swat

2. Contents
• Hydrology
• Hydraulics
• Difference between hydraulics and hydrology
• Scope of hydrology
• Branches of hydrology
• Hydrological cycle
• Stages of hydrological cycle

3. Hydrology
• It is the science dealing with water at its origin (sources, through its
circulation (Transportation) and at its destination. It also covers its
physical, chemical properties and its interaction with the environment

4.  Hydraulics
The branch of engineering that focuses on the practical problem of
collecting, storing, measuring, transporting, controlling using of water
and other liquids is called hydraulics.

5.  Difference between hydraulics and
hydrology
• Design of spillway to pass a specified design discharge is hydraulic
problem. To determine the magnitude of that design discharge as a result of
the study of rainfall-runoff relationship u/s basin and probable interval of its
recurrence is hydrologic problem.
• Determine the storage requirement of reservoir for domestic water supply
and irrigation during droughts lie in the domain of hydraulics but the
required draft through the dry season, depends on the availability of water
into the reservoir from river which is the hydrologic problem.
• Stream flow is basically a problem of open channel hydraulics, however the
effect of rainfall, occurring in the basin on magnitude of flow in the stream
is analyze using the concept of hydrology
• Forecasting of floods and the effect of reservoir storage on d/s flood flow
are hydrologic problem.

6. Scope of Hydrology
The study of hydrology helps us to know:
• The maximum probable flood that may occur at a given site and its
frequency; this is required for the safe design of drains and culverts, dams
and reservoirs, channels and other flood control structures.
• The water yield from a basin—its occurrence, quantity and frequency, etc.;
this is necessary for the design of dams, municipal water supply, water
power, river navigation, etc.
• The ground water development for which a knowledge of the hydrogeology
of the area, i.e., of the formation soil, recharge facilities like streams and
reservoirs, rainfall pattern, climate, cropping pattern, etc. are required.
• The maximum intensity of storm and its frequency for the design of a
drainage project in the are

7. Branches of Hydrology
• Ground water hydrology: the study of water resources below the
ground surface is called ground water hydrology.
• Surface water hydrology: the study of surface water resources is
called surface water hydrology.
• Hydrography: the study of mapping of large surface bodies of water,
including oceans and lakes is called hydrography.
• Hydrometry :the study of surface water in particular , the
measurement of its flow and volume is called hydrometry.
• Hydrometeorology: the study of water in lower atmosphere is called
hydro metrology.

8. The Hydrological Cycle
it is the journey water takes as it circulates from the land to the sky and
back again. It is also known as water cycle.
The total amount of water on the earth and in its atmosphere does not
change but the earth’s water is always in movement. Oceans, rivers,
clouds and rain, all of which contain water, are in a frequent state of
change and the motion of rain and flowing rivers transfers water in a
never-ending cycle. This circulation and conservation of earth’s water as
it circulates from the land to the sky and back again is called the
‘hydrological cycle’ or ‘water cycle’.

9. Explanation:
The sun’s heat provides energy to evaporate water from the earth’s
surface (oceans, lakes, etc.). Plants also lose water to the air – this is
called transpiration. The water vapor eventually condenses, forming tiny
droplets in clouds.
When the clouds meet cool air over land, precipitation (rain, sleet, or
snow) is triggered, and water returns to the land (or sea). Some of the
precipitation soaks into the ground. Some of the underground water is
trapped between rock or clay layers – this is called groundwater. But
most of the water flows downhill as runoff (above ground or
underground), eventually returning to the seas as slightly salty water.

11. • Stages of hydrological cycle
• Evaporation
• Transport
• Condensation
• Precipitation
• Groundwater
• Run-off

12. • Evaporation
Water is transferred from the surface to the atmosphere through
evaporation, the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas.
The sun’s heat provides energy to evaporate water from the earth’s
surface. Land, lakes, rivers and oceans send up a steady stream of water
vapor and plants also lose water to the air (transpiration).
Approximately 80% of all evaporation is from the oceans, with the
remaining 20% coming from inland water and vegetation.

13. • Transport
The movement of water through the atmosphere, specifically from over the
oceans to over land, is called transport. Some of the earth’s moisture transport
is visible as clouds, which themselves consist of ice crystals and/or tiny water
droplets.
Clouds are propelled from one place to another by either the jet stream,
surface-based circulations like land and sea breezes or other mechanisms.
However, a typical cloud 1 km thick contains only enough water for a milli
meter of rainfall, whereas the amount of moisture in the atmosphere is usually
10-50 times greater than this.
Most water is transported in the form of water vapor, which is actually the
third most abundant gas in the atmosphere. Water vapor may be invisible to
us, but not to satellites which are capable of collecting data about moisture
patterns in the atmosphere.

14. • Condensation
The transported water vapor eventually condenses, forming tiny droplets
in clouds.

15. • Precipitation
The primary mechanism for transporting water from the atmosphere to
the surface of the earth is precipitation.
When the clouds meet cool air over land, precipitation, in the form of
rain, sleet or snow, is triggered and water returns to the land (or sea). A
proportion of atmospheric precipitation evaporates.

16. • Groundwater
Some of the precipitation soaks into the ground and this is the main source of the
formation of the waters found on land – rivers, lakes, groundwater and glaciers.
Some of the underground water is trapped between rock or clay layers – this is
called groundwater. Water that infiltrates the soil flows downward until it encounters
impermeable rock and then travels laterally. The locations where water moves
laterally are called ‘aquifers’. Groundwater returns to the surface through these
aquifers, which empty into lakes, rivers and the oceans.
Under special circumstances, groundwater can even flow upward in artesian wells.
The flow of groundwater is much slower than run-off with speeds usually measured
in centimeters per day, meters per year or even centimeters per year.

17. • Run-off
Most of the water which returns to land flows downhill as run-off. Some of it
penetrates and charges groundwater while the rest, as river flow, returns to the
oceans where it evaporates. As the amount of groundwater increases or
decreases, the water table rises or falls accordingly. When the entire area
below the ground is saturated, flooding occurs because all subsequent
precipitation is forced to remain on the surface.
Different surfaces hold different amounts of water and absorb water at
different rates. As a surface becomes less permeable, an increasing amount of
water remains on the surface, creating a greater potential for flooding.
Flooding is very common during winter and early spring because frozen
ground has no permeability, causing most rainwater and meltwater to become
run-off.

18. Questions and answers

19. Thanks