Highway Maintenance

1. 1
Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Civil and Infrastructure Engineering Department
"Highway Maintenance"
"Term Project"
Second Semester 2018-2019
Instructor: Dr. Akram S. Suleiman
Ibrahem Ashraf Ahmad
201510353
Maryam Hamdallah
201420657

2. 2
Abstract:
The pavement condition index (PCI) is a simple, convenient and inexpensive way to monitor
the condition of the surface of roads, identify maintenance and rehabilitation needs as well as
ensure that road maintenance budgets are spent wisely. In this research, the pavement
condition was evaluated in terms of the surface distresses existing at the time of the field
evaluation. The PCI procedure was used in this research because it deals with the subject of
pavement distress identification most comprehensively and is based on a sound statistical
technique of pavement sampling.
Based on our work we found that the main causes of these distresses is the climate change as
we are going to describe it in details in this report.

3. 3
Ch1. Background
1.1 Introduction:
The overall purpose of highway maintenance is to fix defects and preserve the pavement's
structure and serviceability. Defects must be defined, understood, and recorded in order to
create an appropriate maintenance plan. Maintenance planning is solving an optimization
problem and it can be predictive. In predictive maintenance planning empirical, data-driven
methods give more accurate results than mechanical models.
Pavement Condition Index (PCI) is a numeric index ranging from (0) as a failed pavement to
(100) to a perfect pavement condition rating.
The PCI is calculated based on the results of a visual condition survey in which distress type,
Severity and quantity are identified.
1.2 Description of study area
This road is used for transporting goods and people, with a large percentage of heavy vehicles
moving on it. This road is located at Al-Zaytoonah University, which is 2 km (1.24 miles)
long. It is a two-lane road, with one lane in each direction, and it is an asphalt pavement road,
constructed 10 years ago.
Fig1.1 Location of Site

4. 4
Fig1.2 Location of site from Google Earth
Fig1.3 Site plan for AL-Zaytoonah University (Project Location).

5. 5
1.3 Objectives:
The purpose of this project is to learn how to:
1. Divide the pavement in to sections and divide the section into sample units.
2. Inspect sample units and determine distress types, severity levels and quantity.
3. Compute Pavement Condition Index (PCI) for each sample unit.
4. Compute Pavement Condition Index (PCI) for each Section.
5. Determine Pavement Condition Index (PCI) rating of the section.
6. Determine the main causes of the existing pavement distresses.
7. Comparing between this year PCI with three past years and indicate the difference.
8. Determine the repair methods.
1.5 Pavement distress types:
There are 19 Pavement distress types for asphalt pavements include:
1. Alligator Cracking
2. Bleeding
3. Block Cracking
4. Bumps and Sags
5. Corrugation
6. Depression
7. Edge Cracking
8. Joint Reflection Cracking
9. Lane/Shoulder Drop Off
10. Longitudinal & Transverse Cracking
11. Patching & Utility Cut Patching
12. Polished Aggregate
13. Potholes
14. Railroad Crossing
15. Rutting
16. Shoving
17. Slippage Cracking

6. 6
18. Swell
19. Weathering and Raveling
The existing distresses in our site found in the road samples during the inspection process are
listed below:
1. Alligator Cracking
Fig1.4 Alligator Cracking with (M) severity.
2. Bleeding
Fig1.5 Bleeding & with (L) Severity

7. 7
3. Block Cracking
Fig1.6 Block Cracking with (M) severity
4. Pumps and Sags:
Fig1.7 Pump and Sag (M) severity

8. 8
5. Depression
Fig1.8 Depression (M) severity
6. Longitudinal & Transverse Cracking
Fig1.9 Longitudinal & Transverse Cracking with (L & M) severity.

9. 9
7. Patching & Utility Cut Patching
Fig1.10 shows Patching & with (M) severity.
8. Polished Aggregate
Fig1.11 Polished Aggregate.

10. 11
9. Potholes
Fig1.12 Potholes with (M) severity.
10. Weathering and Raveling
Fig1.13 Weathering and Raveling & with (L) severity

11. 11
1.6 Samples to be inspected:
Sample# Start End
30 11+43.4 11+84.4
31 11+84.8 12+18.6
32 12+18.6 12+52.4
33 12+52.4 13+20
34 13+20 13+46.3
35 13+46.3 13+91.3
36 13+91.5 14+32.3
37 14+32.3 14+65
38 14+65 15+00
39 15+00 15+13.2
40 15+13.2 15+63.1
41 15+63.1 16+06
42 16+06 16+48.4
43 16+48.4 16+84.4
44 16+84.4 17+20.7
45 17+20.7 17+51
46 17+51 17+81.8
47 17+81.8 18+01
48 18+01 18+18.6
49 18+18.6 18+33
50 18+33 18+47.5
51 18+47.5 18+93
52 18+93 19+83
84 11+42 11+96.7
85 11+96.7 12+52.5
86 12+52.5 12+74.7
87 12+74.7 13+00
88 13+00 13+20

12. 12
89 13+20 13+47
90 13+47 14+13.7
91 14+13.7 14+74.8
92 14+74.8 14+97
93 14+97 15+13.7
94 15+13.7 15+45.2
95 15+45.2 15+77
96 15+77 16+08
97 16+08 16+45
98 16+45 17+00
99 17+00 17+34.5
100 17+34.5 17+58.4
101 17+58.3 17+82.9
102 17+82.9 18+12.1
103 18+12.1 18+42
104 18+42 18+85.3
105 18+85.3 19+38

13. 13

14. 14
Sections:
Section ID Sample. #
10R
30
31
32
11R 33
12R 34
13R
35
36
37
38
14R 39
15R 40
16R
41
42
43
44
45
46
17R 47
18R
48
49
50
51
52
31L
84
85
32L
86
87
88
33L 89
34L
90
91
92
35L 93
36L
94
95
37L
96
97

15. 15
98
38L
99
100
39L 101
40L
102
103
104
41L 105
Families:
Family Sec.
1 10R, 31L
2 11R, 12R, 13R, 14R, 32L, 33L, 34L
3 15R, 16R, 17R, 35L, 36L, 37,L 38L, 39L
4 18R, 40L
5 41L

16. 16
Ch.2 PCI Production Model
2.1 Inspected PCI
PCI for 2016 & 2017
May-16 Mar-17
Section ID Sample. # Sample PCI SEC. PCI Sample PCI SEC. PCI
10R
30 87
57
78
72.66666667
31 31 80
32 53 60
11R 33 15 15 46 46
12R 34 18 18 28 28
13R
35 34
23
38
33.25
36 18 32
37 20 13
38 20 50
14R 39 24 24 36 36
15R 40 35 35 52 52
16R
41 77
78
76
72.33333333
42 77 66
43 78 80
44 79 78
45 78 58
46 79 76
17R 47 11 11 54 54
18R
48 20
27
64
38
49 47 22
50 45 10
51 16 58
52 7 36
31L
84 29
32.5
38
26
85 36 14
32L
86 19
35.33333333
40
38.66666667
87 28 28
88 59 48
33L 89 50 50 38 38
34L
90 94
93
25
41.33333333
91 95 45
92 90 54

17. 17
35L 93 82 82 54 54
36L
94 80
83.5
90
91
95 87 92
37L
96 83
73.66666667
92
86.66666667
97 82 84
98 56 84
38L
99 39
47.5
82
78
100 56 74
39L 101 37 37 60 60
40L
102 44
42
66
46.66666667
103 42 38
104 40 36
41L 105 39 39 36 36
PCI for 2018 & 2019
Apr-18 FEB 2019
Section ID Sample. # Sample PCI SEC PCI Sample PCI SEC. PCI
10R
30 68
67.33333333
83
84
31 65 90
32 69 79
11R 33 90 90 97 97
12R 34 95 95 83 83
13R
35 81
84
97
95.5
36 81 96
37 88 94
38 86 95
14R 39 28 28 49 49
15R 40 28 28 35 35
16R
41 64
73.16666667
84
81.83333333
42 75 86
43 74 85
44 72 66
45 78 81
46 76 89
17R 47 48 48 88 88
18R 48 60 68 58 66

18. 18
49 50 58
50 34 52
51 95 65
52 100 97
31L
84 26
56
56
63.5
85 85 71
32L
86 86
93
97
93.33333333
87 100 92
88 92 91
33L 89 87 87 79 79
34L
90 91
81
94
87.33333333
91 88 84
92 64 84
35L 93 48 48 78 78
36L
94 90
84
77
83
95 78 89
37L
96 80
77
90
91.33333333
97 86 98
98 66 86
38L
99 64
69
72
80.5
100 74 89
39L 101 32 32 83 83
40L
102 44
77.33333333
93
77
103 96 46
104 92 92
41L 105 88 88 80 80

19. 19
2.2 PCI family charts:
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Jan-16 Aug-16 Mar-17 Sep-17 Apr-18 Oct-18 May-19 Dec-19
May-16
Mar-17
Apr-18
Apr-19
Family 1
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Jan-16 Aug-16 Mar-17 Sep-17 Apr-18 Oct-18 May-19 Dec-19
May-16
Mar-17
Apr-18
Apr-19
Family 2

20. 21
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Jan-16 Aug-16 Mar-17 Sep-17 Apr-18 Oct-18 May-19 Dec-19
May-16
Mar-17
Apr-18
Apr-19
Family 3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Jan-16 Aug-16 Mar-17 Sep-17 Apr-18 Oct-18 May-19 Dec-19
May-16
Mar-17
Apr-18
Apr-19
Family 4

21. 21
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Jan-16 Aug-16 Mar-17 Sep-17 Apr-18 Oct-18 May-19 Dec-19
May-16
Mar-17
Apr-18
Apr-19
Family 5

22. 22
2.3 Distresses Classifications:
Distress Classification
Section ID Load Climate Other
10R 0 39 61
11R 0 56 44
12R 92 0 8
13R 0 100 0
14R 29 39 32
15R 48 52 0
16R 36 53 11
17R 0 40 60
18R 13 21 66
31L 0 67 33
32L 0 100 0
33L 0 26 74
34L 0 56 44

23. 23
35L 0 100 0
36L 23 70 7
37L 0 86 14
38L 0 100 0
39L 0 100 0
40L 0 36 64
41L 0 100 0

24. 24
Ch.3 Quantities
3.1 Quantities & Options for Repair
Description Severity Quantity Units M&R
Family
1
L & T CR M 25 M Seal crack
L & T CR L 102 M Seal crack
L & T CR H 33 M Partial depth patch
PATCH/UT CUT M 25 SqM Replace patch
PATCH/UT CUT L 31 SqM Do nothing
WEATH/RAVEL L 7 SqM Do nothing
WEATH/RAVEL H 3 SqM Surface treatment
Family
2
WEATH/RAVEL L 59 SqM Surface seal
POTHOLE L 1 Count Partial depth patch
BLEEDING L 1 SqM Do nothing
L & T CR L 173 M Seal crack
ALLIGATOR CR M 1 SqM Partial depth patch
BLOCK CR M 36 SqM Seal crack
PATCH/UT CUT L 59 SqM Do nothing
DEPRESSION L 25 SqM Do nothing
Family
3
ALLIGATOR CR L 10 SqM Surface seal
ALLIGATOR CR M 3 SqM Partial depyh patch
ALLIGATOR CR H 5 SqM Full depth patch
L & T CR L 895 M Seal crack
L & T CR M 86 M Seal crack
L & T CR H 46 M Partial depyh patch
BLOCK CR L 596 SqM Surface seal
PATCH/UT CUT L 19 SqM Do nothing
PATCH/UT CUT M 5 SqM Replace patch
RUTTING M 6 SqM Shallow depth patch
WEATH/RAVEL L 4 SqM Do nothing
WEATH/RAVEL H 5 SqM Surface treatment
BLEEDING L 8 SqM Do nothing
BUMPS/SAGS L 3 M Do nothing
Family ALLIGATOR CR L 4 SqM Surface seal

25. 25
4 BLEEDING L 4 SqM Do nothing
BUMPS/SAGS L 2 M Do nothing
DEPRESSION L 42 SqM Do nothing
L & T CR M 10 M Seal crack
L & T CR L 161 M Seal crack
PATCH/UT CUT L 253 SqM Do nothing
WEATH/RAVEL L 16 SqM Surface seal
BLOCK CR M 26 SqM Seal crack
PATCH/UT CUT M 57 SqM Replace patch
Family
5
BLOCK CR L 155 SqM Seal crack
POLISHED AG N 1 SqM Do nothing
3.2 Conclusion and Recommendations:
 The main cause of the asphalt distresses in our site is the climate change.
 Most of our repair recommendation is a seal cracking.
 We should do maintenance before the section reach to the critical point.
 Uses of Paver will help us to know the time of maintenance needed.
 We should change the asphalt grades to get more resistance for the climate change.