The document discusses various methods of artificial groundwater recharging including (1) spreading method, (2) injection well method, and (3) river bank filtration method. It also covers subsurface drainage system layouts such as natural system, grid iron system, herringbone system, and double main system. Managing groundwater is important for irrigation and preventing issues like waterlogging.
Water Resources Engineering types of wells with figures Denish Jangid Open we...Denish Jangid
Water Resources Engineering types of wells with figuresOpen wells (Dug wells) Tube wells Wells and Tube Wells Irrigation in India Merit & Wells with Impervious lining CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN WELL BASED ON TYPE
OF Lining
Well with pervious lining : These type of wells are suitable in coarse formations these are constructed by masonry of dry bricks or stones without any binding materials. So the water supply enters from the wall of well therefore the flow is radial. Such wells are provided with bottom plug so the flow is not combination of radial and spherical.well with pervious lining CLASSIFICATION OF TUBE WELL BASED ON SUPPLY SYSTEM Strainer type tube well Cavity tube well
Slotted Type Tube well
Water Resources Engineering types of wells with figures Denish Jangid Open we...Denish Jangid
Water Resources Engineering types of wells with figuresOpen wells (Dug wells) Tube wells Wells and Tube Wells Irrigation in India Merit & Wells with Impervious lining CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN WELL BASED ON TYPE
OF Lining
Well with pervious lining : These type of wells are suitable in coarse formations these are constructed by masonry of dry bricks or stones without any binding materials. So the water supply enters from the wall of well therefore the flow is radial. Such wells are provided with bottom plug so the flow is not combination of radial and spherical.well with pervious lining CLASSIFICATION OF TUBE WELL BASED ON SUPPLY SYSTEM Strainer type tube well Cavity tube well
Slotted Type Tube well
GROUND WATER RECHARGE TECHNIQUES BY CH.APPARAO (Research Associate, ARS, ATP)Apparao Chodisetti
Ground water recharge is the process whereby the amount of water present in or flowing through the interstices of the sub-soil increases by natural or artificial means. Rainfall is the principal source for replenishment of recharge of ground water. Other sources include recharge from rivers, streams, irrigation water etc. An unconfined aquifer is recharged directly by local rainfall, rivers, and lakes, and the rate of recharge will be influenced by the permeability of overlying rocks and soils. A confined aquifer, on the other hand, is characterized by an overlying bed that is impermeable, and local rainfall does not influence the aquifer. It is normally recharged from lakes, rivers, and rainfall that may occur at distances ranging from a few kilometers to thousands of kilometers.
GROUND WATER RECHARGE TECHNIQUES BY CH.APPARAO (Research Associate, ARS, ATP)Apparao Chodisetti
Ground water recharge is the process whereby the amount of water present in or flowing through the interstices of the sub-soil increases by natural or artificial means. Rainfall is the principal source for replenishment of recharge of ground water. Other sources include recharge from rivers, streams, irrigation water etc. An unconfined aquifer is recharged directly by local rainfall, rivers, and lakes, and the rate of recharge will be influenced by the permeability of overlying rocks and soils. A confined aquifer, on the other hand, is characterized by an overlying bed that is impermeable, and local rainfall does not influence the aquifer. It is normally recharged from lakes, rivers, and rainfall that may occur at distances ranging from a few kilometers to thousands of kilometers.
When the conditions are so created that the crop root-zone gets deprived of proper aeration due to the presence of excessive moisture or water content, the tract is said to be Waterlogged.
To create such conditions it is not always necessary that under ground water table should enter the crop root-zone. Sometimes even if water table is below the root-zone depth the capillary water zone may extent in the root-zone depth and makes the air circulation impossible by filling the pores in the soil.
An agricultural land is said to be waterlogging when the soil pores within the roof zone of the crops are saturated to such an extent that normal circulation of air within the soil pores is totally cut off and productivity of soil is affected. Waterlogging generally occurs because of over-irrigation , high water table and the poor water management.
The yield of crop is adversely affected when the depth of water table is equal to or less then the one given below.
chapter 5.pptx: drainage and irrigation engineeringmulugeta48
Increased aeration of the soil;
Stabilized soil structure;
Higher and more diversified crop production;
Better workability of the land;
Earlier planting dates;
Reduction of peak discharges by an increased temporary storage of water in the soil
decomposition of organic matter;
soil subsidence;
reduced irrigation efficiency;
increased risk of drought. excessive leaching of valuable nutrients from the soil;
downstream environmental damage by salty or otherwise polluted drainage water;
the presence of ditches, canals, and structures impending accessibility and interfering with other infrastructural elements of the land.
Irrigation development in India, necessity, scope, benefits
and ill effects of irrigation, types of irrigation systems, methods of irrigation, physical
and chemical properties of soils, soil nutrients, classification of irrigable soils, suitability
of soils for irrigation, quality of irrigation water, soil water plant relations in irrigation,
measurement of soil moisture, field capacity, wilting point, available water , hydraulic
conductivity, water movement through soils.
irriggation is the main contibution of food to the humans and we need to know how difficult it is to raise a crop and its failures in respective seasons . A small help to farmers to know the techiques used in farming.
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3. 1)Groundwater is the underground water which
occurs in the saturated zone of earth surface.
2)Cracks and pores in existing rocks makes
this ground water reservoir.
3)Ground water utilized through wells and tube
wells.
4. 1)When two or more wells are constructed near
to each other and their cones of depression
interact they are said to be interfere.
2)Due to interference of wells discharge gets
decreases among these well.
5. 1)Developing of artificial underground
reservoir by artificial recharging for storing
water underground called recharging of
underground water.
2)It is quite advantages as compared with
dams,reservoiers etc.
3)Artificial recharging technique is under
intensive research and is being increasingly
used in france, Germany etc.
6. There are three methods of groundwater
recharging:
1)Spreading method:
In this method water is spreads over the
surface of permeable open land and pits from
where it is directly infiltrates to shallow
aquifer.
7. In this method water is stored in shallow
ditches or spread over open area by
constructing low earth dykes.
Rate of recharging depends upon permeability
of spreaded area and depth of water stored.
Also some chemicals are added in soil to
increase rate of recharging.
8. In this method water is injected into the bore
holes.
Water is fed into recharge wells by gravity or
pumped under pressure.
Ordinary wells also perform the work of
recharging water during off season.
9. In this method water table gradient is
increased from source of recharge.
In this method special type of wells are
constructed near the banks of river having
radial collector.
The percolating water is collected from radial
collector and the discharge as recharge in to
lower level aquifer ‘B’ as shown in fig.
10. 1)Rise of water table is called water-logging.
2)An agricultural land is said to be water-
logged when its productivity gets affected by
high water table.
3)Productivity gets affected when root zone of
plants gets flooded with water.
11. 1)OVER AND INTENSIVE IRRIGATION
Policy of intensive irrigation increases water
table.
To avoid this policy of extensive irrigation
should be used.
2)SEEPAGE OF WATER FROM ADJOINING HIGH
LANDS:
Water from adjoining high lands may seep
into subsoil of affected land and may raise
water table.
12. 3) SEEPAGE OF WATER THROUGH CANALS:
water may seep through beds and sides of
canals, reservoirs etc. which increase water table.
4)IMPERVIOUS OBSTRUCTION:
Due to impervious strata water table rises
from upstream side.
5)INADEQUATE MATURAL DRAINAGE:
Soil having less permeable substratum below
pervious soil will not able to drain water deep into
ground causes high water table.
13. 6)INADEQUATE SURFACE DRAINAGE:
If proper drainage is not provided then the
storm water constantly percolates and rise level
of water table.
7) EXCESSIVE RAIN:
Excessive rainfall may create temporary water
logging
8) IRREGULAR OR FLAT TOPOGRAPHY :
In steep terrain water is drained quickly but in
flat terrain drainage is poor which raise water
table.
14. Normal cultivation operations can not be
carried out easily in wet soil.
Free water may rise above the surface of the
land, making cultivation operation impossible
Certain water loving plants like grasses,
weeds etc grow fastly in water logged land
and affects the growth of the crops.
Water logging also leads salinity.
15. 1. Lining of canals and water course:
lining of canals reduces seepages of water.
2. Reducing the intensity of irrigation :
in area where there is possibility of water
logging,
intensity of irrigation should be reduced.
3. By introducing crop rotation:
certain crops require more water and others
requires
less water so by rotation of crops avoid high
water table.
16. 4. Optimum use of water:
Certain fixed amount of irrigation gives best
results. less than and more than that
reduces yield.
5. Providing intercepting drains:
Intercepting drains along canals should be
provided which prevent seeping canal water
from reaching the water logged area.
6. Provision of efficient drainage system:
A good drainage system provided for drain
storm water.
17. 7. Improving natural drainage of area:
to reduce percolation of water the water
should not be stand for longer period.
8. Introducing to lift irrigation:
it helps in lowering the water table through
tube wells.
18. In irrigated area two types of drainage can
be provided:
2. SURFACE DRAINAGE:
Surface drainage is the removal of excess
water by using and construction open
ditches, field drains, land grading, and
relative structures.
Open drains which used to remove water
from excess irrigated area and storm water
are broad and shallow called shallow
surface drains.
19. It carry runoff to outlet drains which large
enough to carry flood water these drains
called deep surface drains.
Land grading includes continuous land slope
towards field drains.
Shallow surface drains are trapezoidal in
cross section and constructed to carry normal
storm water.
Deep surface drains are constructed to carry
storm water plus excess irrigated water from
tile drains .
20.
21.
22.
23. Subsurface drains are required for soils with
poor internal drainage and high water table.
Construction of subsurface drainage is
given below:
1)ENVELOPE FILTER:
Tile drains are pipe drains and made up of
porous material circular in cross section.
Diameter may vary from 10 to 30 cm.
These drains laid below ground level and
connected with each other by open joints.
The trenches are back filled with sand and
excavated material.
24.
25.
26. The tile drains should not place below less
permeable strata.
When it situated below les permeable strata
then they are surrounded by graded gravels
called ‘Envelope filters’.
It prevent inflow of soil into drain and
increases effective tile diameter.
27. 2)Outlets for tile drains:
Water from tile drain is discharged into some
bigger drains called surface drains.
The water from tile drains may be discharged
by gravity or pumping.
a) Gravity outlets:
28.
29. Tile drains are
aligned in different
way depending
upon topography
of area’
Various types of
layout of tile
drains are shown
below:
30. NATURAL SYSTEM:
This system is
adopted in rolling
topography where
drainage of
isolated areas is
required.
31. GRID IRON SYSTEM:
In this system
laterals are provided
only on one side of
main. It is adopted
when land is
practically level.
32. HERRING BONE
SYSTEM:
in this system
laterals are joint the
main from each side
alternatively. It is
adopted when main
is laid depression.
33. DOUBLE MAIN
SYSTEM:
it has two mains
with separate laterals
for each main. It is
adopted when
bottom of
depression is wide.
34. INTERCEPTING TILE
DRAINS:
In this system
there is no laterals
drains. A main is
provided at toe of
slope. It is adopted
when main source
of drainage is from
hilly land.
35. www.wikipedia.org
Irrigation Engg. And Hydraulic Structure by
S. K. Garg