This document contains information about the design of an irrigation and drainage conveyance system project being conducted by students at Brindavan Institute of Technology and Science. It provides background on irrigation systems in India and the importance of canals for irrigation. It then summarizes different irrigation methods like surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation. It also discusses drainage systems and provides details on the Kurnool Canal system and the rivers in the Kurnool district. The document explains Kennedy's and Lacey's theories for designing irrigation canals and provides steps for canal design using these theories.

2. BRINDAVAN INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

3. BATCH MEMBERS
T .PAVAN KALYAN (162N1A0176)
B. RAGHAVA (172N5A0103)
ZAKIR (172N5A0143)
C. VENKATESH (172N5A0109)
E. VINAY GOUD(162N1A0184)
VENKATA KRISHNA (172N5A0137)

4. DESIGN OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
CONVEYANCE SYSTEM

5. ABSTRACT
In a country like India, the agriculture is mainly based on Irrigation system. In spite of
new models of irrigation systems there is lack of facility of water to the fields. A Canal is an
artificial channel constructed to carry water from a reservoir or from a river for various
purposes like navigation, irrigation, power generation etc. For the effective efficiency of the
canal in Irrigation the bed slope should be satisfied.
The Irrigation channels are basically designed by using KENNEDYS THEORY and
LACEYS THEORY .In which Lacey theorem is only in practice due to some limitations .
The different types of irrigation systems in practice are Surface Irrigation and sub-Surface
Irrigation . The different types of techniques used in the irrigation are Drip Irrigation, Free
Flooding, Border Flooding, Check Flooding, Furrow Irrigation, Sprinkler Irrigation etc.
The one and only Irrigation canal which satisfies the thirst of many fields in Kurnool
city is K.C Canal . Which is constructed in between 1863 and 1870.The project will be
discussed regarding the importance, advantages and the remaining uses of the canal. The
overall project will be discussed in detail regarding all the aspects.

6. INTRODUCTION:
Irrigation is the application of controlled amounts of water to plants at needed
intervals. Irrigation helps to grow agricultural crops, maintain landscapes,
and revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of less than average
rainfall. Irrigation also has other uses in crop production, including frost
protection, suppressing weed growth in grain field and preventing soil consolidation.
In contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is referred to as rain-fed
or dry land farming.

7. SYSTEMS OF
IRRIGATION:
IRRIGATION METHODS
SURFACE IRRIGATION SUB-SURFACE IRRIGATION
SPRINKLER
IRRIGATION
FLOODING
FURROW
METHOD
CONTOUR FARMING
WILD FLOODING CONTROLLED FLOODING
FREE
FLOODING
BORDER
STRIP
FLOODING
CHECK BASIN
FLOODING
BASIN
FLOODING
ZIG ZAG
MATHOD

8.  Surface irrigation:
In this method, irrigation water is
distributed to the agricultural land through the
small channels which flood the area up to the
required depth. The surface method is further
subdivided into:
A)Furrow method:
In this method, the irrigated water is supplied to the land by digging narrow
channel known as furrows at regular intervals. The water flows through the
furrows and infiltrates into the soil and spreads laterally to saturate the root zone
of the crops. This method is suitable for the crops which are sown in rows. The
crops are potato, groundnut, tobacco, sugarcane, etc.

10. B) CONTOUR FARMING:
This method is adopted in hilly areas where the land has steep slope.
Here, the land is divided into series of horizontal strips which are known as terraces.
Small bunds are provided at the end of each terrace to hold water up to the required
depth.

11. FLOODING METHOD:
This method is suitable for the agricultural land which exist in flat
topography. In this method, the field is flooded with water with the help of
field channel. The flooding method may be of two types .
1) Uncontorlled flooding :
This method is applicable in inundation irrigation system. Here , the land
is flooded with water by inundation canal. As there is no controlling
system in inundation canal, this type of distribution of water is known as
uncontrolled flooding.
2)Controlled flooding:
This method is applicable in perreneal irrigation system. In this method,
the agricultural area is flooded with water through the canals which are
provided with regulators. It is divided into:

12. 2A)FREE FLOODING :
IN THIS METHOD, THE AGRICULTURAL LAND IS DIVIDED INTO SMALL
STRIPS BY SERIES OF FIELD CHANNELS WHICH ARE CONNECTED TO
THE SUPPLY CHANNEL . THE STRIPS OF LAND ARE FLOODED WITH
WATER BY OPENING THE FIELD REGULATORS THE SURPLUS WATER
FLOWS THROUGH THE WASTE WATER CHANNEL AND IS DISCHARGED
INTO THE RIVER OR DRAINAGE .

13. 2B)BORDER STRIPS:
IN THIS METHOD, THE AGRICULTURAL AREA IS DIVIDED INTO SERIES OF LOND
NARROWS STRIPS BY LEVEES. THE STRIPS ARE ALIGNED ALONG THE COUNTRY
SLOPE SO THAT THE WATER CAN FLOW EASILY THROUGH OUT THE AREA.

14. CHECK FLOODING:
IN THIS METHOD , THE AGRICULTURAL AREA IS DIVIDED INTO SMALL PLOTS BY
CHECK BUNDS. THE WATER IS SUPPLIED TO THE CHECK BAINS THROUGH THE
FIELD CHANNELS WHCH ARE CONNECTED TO THE SUPPLY CHANNEL. EACH BASIN
IS FLOODED WITH WATER TO THE DESIRED DEPTH AND THE WATER IS REATIED
FOR SOME HOURS SO THAT IT CAN INFILTRATE INTO THE SOIL.

15. 2D) BASIN METHOD:
THE METHOD IS EMPLOYED FOR WATERING ORCHARDS . IN THIS
METHOD, EACH TREE OR A GROUP OF TREES ARE ENCLOSED BY A
CIRCULAR CHANEEL THROUGH WHICH WATER FLOWS. THE CIRCULAR
CHANNEL IS KNOWN AS BASIN. EACH BASIN IS CONNECTED TO FIELD
CHANNEL.

16. 2E)ZIG ZAG METHOD:
IN THIS METHOD, THE AGRICULTURAL AREA IS SUB DIVIDED INTO SMALL PLOTS
BY LOW BUNDS IN A ZIG ZAG MANNER. THE WATER SUPPLY TO THE PLOTS FROM
THE FIELD CHANNEL THROUGH THE OPENINGS. THE WATER FLOWING IN A ZIG
ZAG WAY TO COVER THE ENTIRE AREA.

17.  SUB SURFACE METHOD:
• in this method, the water is applied to the root zone of the crops by under ground
network of pipes. The network consists of main pipe, submain pipe, and lateral
perforated pipe. The perforated pipes allow the water to drip out slowly and thus the soil
below the root zone of the crops observes water continuously. This method is suitable
for permeable soil like sandy soils.

18.  SPRINKLER METHOD:
• In this method, the water is applied to the land in the form of spray like rain. The
spraying of water is achieved by the network of main pipe, sub-main pipe and lateral
pipes. The lateral pipes may be perforated at the top and sides through which the water
comes out in the form of spray and spreads over the crop in a particular area.

19.  DIFFERENT TYPES OF SPRINKLERS:
• Perforation on lateral pipes: In this type, the lateral pipes are perforated along the top
and sides. The water is sent under pressure by a pumping unit through the main pipe,
sub main pipe and lateral pipe, the water comes out through the perforations in all
directions in the form of spray.

20. .FIXED NOZZLES ON LATERAL PIPES:
In this type, a series of nozzles are fixed along the lateral pipes. The spacing of
the nozzles are such that the may cover the whole area evenly. The lateral pipes
are supported on pillars. When the water is forced under pressure through the
network of pipes, it comes out as fountain through the nozzles and spreads over
the land .

21.  ROTATING SPRINKLES:
• In this type, the Fixed nozzles on lateral pipes riser pipes are fixed on lateral pipes at
regular intervals. On top of the riser pipe are two arms which can rotate about a vertical
axis. The upper ends of the arms consists of nozzles. When the water is forced under
pressure through the main, submain and lateral pipes, it rises up and comes out through
the nozzles in the form of spray.

22. DRAINAGE:
SURFACE SUB-SURFACE
TYPES OF DRAINAGES

23. DRAINAGE
DRAINAGE IS THE NATURAL OR ARTIFICIAL REMOVAL OF A SURFACE'S WATER
AND SUB-SURFACE WATER FROM AN AREA WITH EXCESS OF WATER.
DRAINAGE IN KURNOOL
THE PRINCIPAL RIVERS FLOWING IN THE DISTRICT ARE TUNGABHADRA (ITS
TRIBUTARY, THE HUNDRI KRISHNA AND KUNDERU).
TUNGABHADRA RISES IN THE WESTERN GHATS AND AFTER FORMING PART OF
NORTHERN BOUNDARY FOR SOME DISTANCE, SEPARATES KURNOOL WITH
MAHABUBNAGAR WHILE FLOWING IN AN EASTERN DIRECTION AND RECEIVES HUNDRI;
THEREBY BOTH THESE RIVERS FALL INTO THE RIVER KRISHNA AT KUNDLI SANGAM
ABOUT 29 KM FROM KURNOOL AFTER WINDING NORTHWARDS.
THE RIVER HUNDRI, A TRIBUTARY OF TUNGABHADRA RISES IN THE FIELDS OF
MADDIKERA IN MADDIKERA MANDAL RECEIVES A STREAM FROM ERRAMALAS AT
LADDAGIRI IN KODUMUR MANDAL AND JOINS TUNGABHADRA AT KURNOOL.
IT DRAINS MUCH OF MADDIKERA, PATTIKONDA, DEVERAKONDA, GONEGANDLA,
KODUMUR ANDKALLUR MANDALS. THIS IS A TURBID STREAM WITH SUDDEN RISE AND
FALL.

24. Lacey’s Silt Theory of Canals:
Lacey stated that a channel may not be in regime condition even if
it is flowing with non-scouring and non-silting velocity. Therefore,
he distinguished three regime conditions as follows :
1)True regime
2)Initial Regime
3)Final Regime

25. 1. True regime:
A channel is said to be in regime condition if it is transporting water and sediment in
equilibrium such that there is neither silting nor scouring of the channel.

26. 2. Initial Regime
A channel is said to be in initial regime condition when only the bed slope of channel gets
affected by silting and scouring and other parameters are independent even in non-
silting and non-scouring velocity condition. It may be due to the absence of incoherent
alluvium. According to Lacey’s, regime theory is not applicable to initial regime condition.

27. 3. Final Regime
If the channel parameters such as sides, bed slope, depth etc. are changing according to
the flow rate and silt grade then it is said to be in final regime condition. The channel
shape may vary according to silt grade as shown in the figure below :

28. Canal design using Lacey’s Silt Theory
According to lacey’s, the design procedure to build canal is as follows :
•Canal discharge (Q) and mean particle size (dm) should be known.
•From the mean size or diameter of the particle (dm), silt factor is first calculated using the
below expression :

29. SILT FACTOR VALUES FOR DIFFERENT
SOIL TYPES
Soil type Silt factor
Fine silt 0.5-0.7
Medium silt 0.85
Standard silt 1
Medium sand 1.25
Coarse sand 1.5

30. Using discharge and silt factor, velocity (V) can be calculated by the expression as
follows :
After attaining the velocity of canal flow, find the area of the canal by dividing discharge
with velocity. Also, find the mean hydraulic depth (R) of the canal and wetted perimeter
(P) of the canal.
Assume the bed slope (S) value or find by substituting the values of silt factor and canal discharge in the following
formula :

31. Kennedy’s Silt Theory
RG Kennedy investigated canals systems for twenty years and come up
with a Kennedy’s silt theory. The theory says that, the silt carried by flowing water in
a channel is kept in suspension by the eddy current rising to the surface.
The vertical component of the eddy current tries to move sediment up
whereas sediment weight tries to bring it down. Therefore, if adequate velocity
available to create eddies so as to keep the sediment just in suspension silting will
be prevented.

32. ASSUMPTIONS REGARDING KENNEDY’S SILT THEORY
THE EDDY CURRENT IS GENERATED BECAUSE OF FRICTION BETWEEN FLOWING
WATER AND THE ROUGHNESS OF THE CANAL BED.
THE QUALITY OF THE SUSPENDED SILT IS PROPORTIONAL TO BED WIDTH.
THE THEORY IS APPLICABLE TO THOSE CHANNELS WHICH ARE FLOWING
THROUGH THE BED CONSISTING OF SANDY SILT OR SAME GRADE OF SILT.
CRITICAL VELOCITY BASED ON KENNEDY’S SILT THEORY
CRITICAL VELOCITY IS THE MEAN VELOCITY WHICH WILL JUST MAKE THE
CHANNEL FREE FROM SILTING AND SCOURING. THE VELOCITY IS BASED ON THE
DEPTH OF THE WATER IN THE CHANNEL. THE GENERAL FORM OF CRITICAL
VELOCITY IS AS FOLLOW :WHERE
VO = CRITICAL VELOCITY

33. D = FULL SUPPLY DEPTH AS ILLUSTRATED IN FIG.2.
C & N: CONSTANTS WHICH FOUND TO BE 0.546 AND 0.64, RESPECTIVELY.
THUS, EQUATION 1 REWRITTEN AS FOLLOW:
MOREOVER, EQUATION 2 FURTHER IMPROVED UPON REALIZATION THAT SILT
GRADE INFLUENCES CRITICAL VELOCITY. SO, A FACTOR TERMED AS CRITICAL
VELOCITY RATIO INTRODUCED AND THE EQUATION BECAME AS FOLLOWS:
WHERE
M: CRITICAL VELOCITY RATIO WHICH EQUAL TO ACTUAL VELOCITY (V) DIVIDED
BY CRITICAL VELOCITY (VO),
VALUE OF M PROVIDED IN TABLE

34. PROCEDURE OF CANAL DESIGN USING KENNEDY’S SILT THEORY
THERE ARE TWO CASES OF CANAL DESIGN USING KENNEDY’S SILT THEORY
DEPENDENT ON THE GIVEN DATA. BOTH CASES PRESENTED BELOW:
CASE 1
THE FOLLOWING DATA SHALL BE AVAILABLE BEFORE HAND:
DISCHARGE (Q), RUGOSITY COEFFICIENT (N), CRITICAL VELOCITY RATIO (M) AND BED
SLOPE OF THE CHANNEL (S).
1. ASSUME SUITABLE FULL SUPPLY DEPTH (D).
2. THEN, FIND THE MEAN VELOCITY BY USING KENNEDY’S EQUATION (EQUATION 3).
3. AFTER THAT, FIND THE AREA OF CROSS SECTION BY USING CONTINUITY EQUATION:
WHERE:
Q: DISCHARGE
A: CROSS SECTION AREA
V: MEAN VELOCITY COMPUTED IN STEP 2
4. ASSUME THE SHAPE OF CHANNEL SECTION WITH SIDE SLOPES (0. 5V:1H)
5. FIND OUT THE VALUE OF BASE WIDTH OF CHANNEL (B).
6. THEN, FIND THE PERIMETER OF THE CHANNEL (P). WHICH HELPS TO FIND OUT THE
HYDRAULIC MEAN DEPTH OF CHANNEL (R).

35. WHERE:
R: HYDRAULIC MEAN DEPTH
A: CANAL CROSS SECTION AREA
P: PERIMETER OF THE SECTION
7. FINALLY, CALCULATE THE MEAN VELOCITY (V) USING KUTTER’S FORMULA:
WHERE:
N: RUGOSITY COEFFICIENT BASED ON TYPE OF CANAL LINING MATERIAL. TABLE 2
PROVIDE N VALUES FOR DIFFERENT LINING CONDITION.
S: BED SLOPE AS 1 IN ‘N’.
BOTH THE VALUES OF V COMPUTED USING EQUATION 3 AND V COMPUTED EMPLOYING
EQUATION 6 MUST BE THE SAME. OTHERWISE REPEAT THE ABOVE PROCEDURE BY
ASSUMING ANOTHER VALUE OF D.
GENERALLY, THE TRIAL DEPTH IS ASSUMED BETWEEN 1 M TO 2 M. IF THE CONDITION IS
NOT SATISFIED WITHIN THIS LIMIT, THEN IT MAY BE ASSUMED ACCORDINGLY.

36. CASE 2
WHEN DISCHARGE (Q), RUGOSITY COEFFICIENT (N), CRITICAL VELOCITY RATION (M) AND
B/D RATIO ARE GIVEN.
1. ASSUME B/D = X
2. BY USING THE KENNEDY’S EQUATION FIND “V” IN TERMS OF D.
3. FIND THE AREA OF CROSS SECTION OF THE CHANNEL IN TERMS OF D2.
4. BY USING CONTINUITY EQUATION 4, FIND THE VALUE OF D. AND THEN FIND THE BASE
WIDTH (B).
5. FIND HYDRAULIC MEAN DEPTH (R) WITH EQUATION 5.
6. FINALLY, FIND THE VALUE OF “V” USING EQUATION 3.
7. SUBSTITUTE THE VALUE OF V IN STEP 6 IN EQUATION 6 WILL GIVES THE LONGITUDINAL
SLOPE OF THE CHANNEL (S). THIS CASE WILL DONE BY TRIAL AND ERROR METHOD.

37. Kurnool district geographical area 17,65,800 hectares
Quantum of rain water received 417.809 TMC
Evaporation losses(41%) 171.301 TMC
Ground water recharge(9%) 37.603 TMC
Conversion to soil moisture(10%) 41.780 TMC
Surface runoff (40%) 167.123 TMC
Water stored in existing mi tanks 10.000 TMC
Water stored in dam schemes 2.000 TMC
Existing check dams 1.320 TMC
Check dams in forest 0.500 TMC
Total 13.820 TMC
Water Availability from Geographical Area of Kurnool District and its Utilization

38. Irrigation surface flows &
APSIDC for Khariff
56.096 TMC
Irrigation surface flows for
Rabi
19.775 TMC
Drinking
Municipal area 5.860 TMC
Rural area 6.000 TMC
Industrial 3.870 TMC
Ground Water 17.850 TMC
Total 109.431 TMC
Water requirement for 2015-16

39. Location
The Sunkesula Barrage across River Tungabhadra is located near Sunkesula village in
Kurnool Mandal & District of Andhra Pradesh 30 Kms from Kurnool town.
Ayacut 2,65,628 Acres
(Kurnool district - 1,73,627 Cuddapah District - 92,001)
Khariff : 1,00,476 Acres
Rabi : 73,151 Acres
Villages Benefitted 259 Nos
Mandals Benefitted
Kurnool District
Kurnool , Kallur , Nandikotkur , Pagidyal , Jupadu bunglow , Pamulapadu , Velugodu ,
Gadivemula, Bandi Atmakur, Mahanandi, Nandyal, Gospadu, Sirivella, Rudravaram,
Allagadda, Chagalamarri, Dornipadu, Uyyalawada, Koilakuntla.
Water Allocation
10.000 TMC as per Prorata entitlement for total abstraction of 212.000 TMC of TB Dam 29.90
TMC as TB River Assistance.
Length 234.640 Km in Kurnool District (305.60 Km is Total Length)
Discharge 3850 Cusecs
Ayacut In Acres 2,65,628 Acres ( Kurnool district - 1,73,627 Cuddapah District - 92,001)
Khariff : 1,00,476 Acres
Rabi : 73,151 Acres
Cropping Pattern Khariff: Sugar Cane, Paddy.
Rabi: Sugar cane, Wet, ID.
SAILENT FEATURES

40. Kurnool - Cuddapah Canal (KC Canal)
TOTAL LENGTH OF CANAL Km 305.60
LENGTH IN KURNOOL DISTRICT Km 233
LENGTH IN CUDDAPAH Km 72.6
ALLOCATED WATER 31.9 TMC
LOCALISED AYACUT 265628 acres
IN KURNOOL DISTRICT 173627 acres
IP CREATED 155208 acres

42. CONCLUSION :
Considerable progress has been made in the development of irrigation
scheduling methods by storing and conveying water through barrage and canal
respectively so that there is a gradual increase in the adoption of irrigation
scheduling tools by farmers.
Drainage can effectively contribute to strongly reducing the problems
as experienced from puddling, pooling and water logging in irrigated agriculture and
non-irrigated agriculture.

43. THE END