These slides contain the basic and necessary information about the anatomy of lower respiratory tract for anesthesia point of view

1. PREPARED & PRESENTED BY SYED YUSUF ALI SHAH
LOWER RESPIRATORY
TRACT

2. INTRODUCTION
My name is Syed Yusuf Ali Shah and today I am
here to deliver an anatomical presentation related
to anesthesia on LOWER RESPIRATORY
TRACT.

3. Lower Respiratory
tract
01

4. • Lower respiratory tract has great importance in the field of anesthesia as it
contains some of the many important parts as well as nerves to control all
of our body. More over it is the main pathway for breathing any difficulty
over here can cause the death of a person.
• It includes:
1. Trachea
2. Bronchi
3. Pleura
4. Lungs
5. diapharm
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

5. TRACHEA
02

6. • Trachea is a mobile cartilaginous and membranous tube. U shaped bars
(tracheal rings) of hyaline cartilage embedded in the tracheal wall support
and maintain the patency of the trachea. The trachealis muscle connects
the posterior free end of the muscles. The posterior discontinuity permits
the esophagus to expand into the trachea during swallowing.
POSITION:
• It begins in the neck as the continuation of the larynx at
1. The 6th cervical vertebra.
2. Descends in the middle of the neck in the superior mediastinum.
3. Ends at 4th and 5th thoracic vertebra.
TRACHEA

8. SIZE:
• In adults trachea is about 11cm long and 2.5cm in diameter.
ASSOCIATIONS:
1. ANTERIORLY: the sternum, thymus, left brachiocephalic and and carotid artery
and the arc of aorta.
2. POSTERIORLY: the esophagus, left laryngeal nerve,
3. RIGHT SIDE: the right vagus nerve, the pleura.
4. LEFT SIDE: arc of aorta, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, left
phrenic and vagus nerve, and pleura.
BLOOD SUPPLY
• Inferior thyroid artery supply the upper region.
• Bronchial arteries supply the lower region.
INNERVATION:
• Vagus nerve and laryngeal nerve
Continued...

9. BRONCHI
03

10. • Trachea at 4th and 5th thoracic vertebra bifurcates behind the arc of aorta
into 2 bronchi ( principal bronchi) which are right and left bronchi. The
ridge develops during the division is called CARINA.
• Left and right bronchi is further divided into many bronchi which are
again divided into tiny tubes called bronchioles which are then converted
into air sacs called alveoli (the main breathing, gaseous exchanging unit).
Each bronchus supply each lung.
• The right bronchus is shorter, wider, and divides into three different parts
to supply three lobes of the lungs.
• The left bronchus is longer, narrower and divided into two parts.
BRONCHI

12. PLEURA
04

13. • A membrane lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) and covering the
lungs.
Pleural cavity
• The pleural cavity is the potential space between the two pleurae (visceral
and parietal) of the lungs
The visceral pleura
• This is adherent to the lung, covering each lobe and passing into the
fissures that separate them.
The parietal pleura
• This is adherent to the inside of the chest wall and the thoracic surface of
the diaphragm.
• It Is not attached to other structures in the mediastinum (division of
thoracic cavity).
• It is continuous with the visceral pleura round the edges of the hilum.
PLEURA

15. LUNGS
05

16. • Lungs are specialized type of organs that are located in our chest cavity in
middle of the chest.
• They are two in number: located on the either side of the chest.
They are divided into lobes by deep cutes called fissures.
LEFT LUNG:
• The left lung is smaller in size because of the heart location than the right
lung and has one fissure.
Oblique fissure:
• This fissure that divides left lung only into two lobs.
1. Superior
2. Inferior
LUNGS

18. • The right lung is larger than the left one .
• It has two fissures.
1. Horizontal fissure
2. Oblique fissure
• These two fissure divides lungs into three lobes.
1. Superior
2. Middle
3. Inferior
• The above region of lungs are located near clavicle and are called apex.
• The lower region of the lung is located on the diaphragm and are called
base.
• Lungs have two sides the lateral one are called coastal sides while the
medial sides are called mediastinal sides.
CONTINUED...

19. BLOOD SUPPLY:
• NON RESPIRATORY CIRCUIT: bronchial arteries.
• RESPIRATORY CIRCUIT: segmental arteries.
INNERVATION:
• SYMPATHATIC: by sympathetic nerve fibers.
• PARASYMPATHATIC: by vagus nerve and visceral efferent
fibers(parasympathetic nerve fibers.

20. DIAPHRAGM
06

21. • Diaphragm is a thin muscular and tendinous septum that separates the
chest cavity from abdominal cavity. Those structure that pass between
these cavities either pass through diaphragm or go around it.
SHAPE:
• It is dome shaped consist of peripheral muscular part which arises from
the margins of the thorax and centrally placed tendon.
ORIGIN:
• The origin of the diaphragm can be divided into 3 parts.
1. STERNAL PART: arising from the posterior part of the xiphoid process.
2. COSTAL PART: arises from the deep surfaces of the lower six ribs.
3. VERTEBRAL PART: arises by vertebral column
DIAPHRAGM

24. • Diaphragm is a thin muscular and tendinous septum that separates the
chest cavity from abdominal cavity. Those structure that pass between
these cavities either pass through diaphragm or go around it.
SHAPE:
• It is dome shaped consist of peripheral muscular part which arises from
the margins of the thorax and centrally placed tendon.
ORIGIN:
• The origin of the diaphragm can be divided into 3 parts.
1. STERNAL PART: arising from the posterior part of the xiphoid process.
2. COSTAL PART: arises from the deep surfaces of the lower six ribs.
3. VERTEBRAL PART: arises by vertebral column
DIAPHRAGM

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