This document provides an overview of surface finishing processes, focusing on grinding. It describes how grinding works by abrasive particles in a rotating wheel to remove material. Various grinding machine types are classified including bench, cylindrical, surface, centerless, and internal grinding machines. Key aspects of grinding wheels like abrasive materials, bonds, grit size, grade and structure are also explained.
There are four main types of grinding machines: surface grinding machines, cylindrical grinding machines, internal grinding machines, and tool and cutter grinding machines. Surface grinding machines are classified by spindle orientation and table movement. Cylindrical grinding machines include plain, universal, and centerless types. Internal grinding machines include chucking, planetary, and centerless types. Tool and cutter grinding machines are used to manufacture or resharpen tools and cutters.
Milling is a machining process that uses a rotating cutter to remove material from a workpiece through the cutting action of multiple cutting edges. There are two main types of milling: peripheral milling and face milling. Peripheral milling involves rotating the cutter parallel to the workpiece surface, while face milling generates a surface perpendicular to the cutter axis. Milling operations can produce flat, contoured, or irregular surfaces and complex shapes through techniques like slab milling, slotting, side milling, straddle milling, form milling, up milling, down milling, end milling, pocket milling, and profile milling.
This document provides information about milling machines and milling operations. It describes the major parts and differences between horizontal and vertical milling machines. Various milling operations like face milling, end milling and slot milling are explained along with principles of up and down milling. Different types of milling cutters are classified and their applications discussed. Specifications of milling machines like worktable size, movements in X, Y and Z directions and motor power are also covered.
This document provides information about various machining processes and machine tools. It describes machining as a metal removing process using machine tools and cutting tools. Lathe machines are commonly used to produce cylindrical surfaces and other operations like turning, drilling, boring, etc. Other machine tools discussed include milling machines, drilling machines, grinding machines, shaping machines, and planning machines. The document provides detailed descriptions of various operations that can be performed on these machines.
This document provides an overview of different grinding machine types used in manufacturing processes. It describes the principle of grinding where a rotating abrasive wheel removes a thin layer of material from a workpiece. The main types discussed are surface grinding machines, cylindrical grinding machines, centerless grinding machines, and internal grinding machines. For each type, the document outlines the basic principles and sub-types like horizontal or vertical spindle orientations for surface grinding or chucking vs planetary configurations for internal grinding.
The document describes milling machine operations. It defines milling, the main components of milling machines, and different types of milling machines including horizontal, vertical, and speciality machines. It also explains various milling techniques such as plain milling, face milling, end milling, and gang milling. Key parts of milling machines like the spindle, table, and arbor are identified. Methods like up milling and down milling are compared.
This document provides an overview of various machining operations including turning, drilling, milling, and others. It defines machining as a material removal process using sharp cutting tools. The main machining operations covered are turning operations on lathes such as facing, contour turning, and threading. Drilling operations like through holes, blind holes, reaming and tapping are also discussed. Milling operations like peripheral milling, face milling, end milling, and contour milling are summarized. The document also briefly covers other operations like shaping, planning, broaching, and sawing. It includes diagrams to illustrate the different operations.
After studying this unit, you should be able to understand
introduction and working principle of milling machine,
different type of milling operations,
different type of milling machine and their main parts,
specifications of milling machines,different cutting parameters as setting of a milling machine,
introduction of milling cutters,
different operations that can be performed on a milling machine
There are four main types of grinding machines: surface grinding machines, cylindrical grinding machines, internal grinding machines, and tool and cutter grinding machines. Surface grinding machines are classified by spindle orientation and table movement. Cylindrical grinding machines include plain, universal, and centerless types. Internal grinding machines include chucking, planetary, and centerless types. Tool and cutter grinding machines are used to manufacture or resharpen tools and cutters.
Milling is a machining process that uses a rotating cutter to remove material from a workpiece through the cutting action of multiple cutting edges. There are two main types of milling: peripheral milling and face milling. Peripheral milling involves rotating the cutter parallel to the workpiece surface, while face milling generates a surface perpendicular to the cutter axis. Milling operations can produce flat, contoured, or irregular surfaces and complex shapes through techniques like slab milling, slotting, side milling, straddle milling, form milling, up milling, down milling, end milling, pocket milling, and profile milling.
This document provides information about milling machines and milling operations. It describes the major parts and differences between horizontal and vertical milling machines. Various milling operations like face milling, end milling and slot milling are explained along with principles of up and down milling. Different types of milling cutters are classified and their applications discussed. Specifications of milling machines like worktable size, movements in X, Y and Z directions and motor power are also covered.
This document provides information about various machining processes and machine tools. It describes machining as a metal removing process using machine tools and cutting tools. Lathe machines are commonly used to produce cylindrical surfaces and other operations like turning, drilling, boring, etc. Other machine tools discussed include milling machines, drilling machines, grinding machines, shaping machines, and planning machines. The document provides detailed descriptions of various operations that can be performed on these machines.
This document provides an overview of different grinding machine types used in manufacturing processes. It describes the principle of grinding where a rotating abrasive wheel removes a thin layer of material from a workpiece. The main types discussed are surface grinding machines, cylindrical grinding machines, centerless grinding machines, and internal grinding machines. For each type, the document outlines the basic principles and sub-types like horizontal or vertical spindle orientations for surface grinding or chucking vs planetary configurations for internal grinding.
The document describes milling machine operations. It defines milling, the main components of milling machines, and different types of milling machines including horizontal, vertical, and speciality machines. It also explains various milling techniques such as plain milling, face milling, end milling, and gang milling. Key parts of milling machines like the spindle, table, and arbor are identified. Methods like up milling and down milling are compared.
This document provides an overview of various machining operations including turning, drilling, milling, and others. It defines machining as a material removal process using sharp cutting tools. The main machining operations covered are turning operations on lathes such as facing, contour turning, and threading. Drilling operations like through holes, blind holes, reaming and tapping are also discussed. Milling operations like peripheral milling, face milling, end milling, and contour milling are summarized. The document also briefly covers other operations like shaping, planning, broaching, and sawing. It includes diagrams to illustrate the different operations.
After studying this unit, you should be able to understand
introduction and working principle of milling machine,
different type of milling operations,
different type of milling machine and their main parts,
specifications of milling machines,different cutting parameters as setting of a milling machine,
introduction of milling cutters,
different operations that can be performed on a milling machine
THIS PRESENTATION ON CENTRELESS GRINDING REGARDING THE MANUFACTURING SUBJECT, THIS PPT PRESENTED AT B&B INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY.
HOPE IT WILL HELPED THE ENGINEERING STUDENT.
Grinding is an abrasive machining process that uses a rotating abrasive wheel to remove material from a workpiece through its cutting action. It can achieve very high accuracies and fine surface finishes. There are two main types - precision grinding for accurate dimensions and surface grinding, and non-precision grinding for roughing operations. The grinding wheel consists of abrasive grains bonded together using a bonding material and is precisely balanced for high-speed rotation. Process parameters like abrasive type, grain size, bonding material and wheel grade are selected based on the material and precision requirements.
This presentation describes the cylindrical grinding process and types of operations and machines in this process, which is why useful topic B.Tech mechanical of fourth sem students. This explains about the overview on the external cylindrical grinding process.
This document discusses various gear manufacturing methods including forming processes like extrusion, stamping, and powder metallurgy as well as machining processes like gear shaping, hobbing, and other gear cutting methods. Extrusion can produce gears of any tooth shape in high volumes but is generally used for smaller non-ferrous gears. Stamping is best for low cost, low precision production while powder metallurgy allows for customizable material properties and reduces machining. Gear shaping and hobbing are true generating processes that cut gear teeth through the motion of cutting tools. Hobbing produces the most accurate gears due to averaging of errors across multiple teeth cuts.
The document describes a planer machine, which is used to generate flat surfaces and cut slots. It moves the entire workpiece beneath the cutting head on a reciprocating table. The main parts of a planer include the bed, table, column, cross rail, and tool head. The bed supports the machine and table, which holds the workpiece. The column and cross rail guide the reciprocating motion of the table and movement of the tool head, which can have multiple cutting tools. Planer operations include planing horizontal and vertical surfaces as well as slots. Safety precautions must be followed when using the heavy machinery.
The document discusses the milling machine. It describes the milling machine as consisting of a motor driven spindle that mounts the rotating cutting tool (milling cutter) and an adjustable worktable that mounts and feeds the workpiece against the cutter. It then lists and describes the principal parts of the milling machine including the base, column, saddle, knee, table, spindle, arbour, and overhanging arm. The document also discusses different types of milling machines and common milling operations.
This document provides information about a shaper machine. It begins with identifying the student (Siddhant Gupta) and their branch/section. It then introduces shapers as reciprocating machine tools used to produce flat surfaces. The main sections describe the function of shapers to produce flat planes, the different types classified by mechanism and ram position, and the principal parts of a shaper like the ram, table, tool head. It also explains the quick return mechanism using a crank and slotted link and applications of shaper machines.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on slotting machines. It describes the basic features and components of a slotting machine including the ram, tool post, table, and saddle. It discusses the kinematics of slotting machines and different types such as precision tool room slotters, puncher slotters, and keyseaters. It outlines different drive mechanisms and applications of slotting such as cutting internal recesses, slots, splines, and keyways. In closing, it briefly discusses slotting tools and provides examples of slotting machine uses.
The document summarizes the main parts and specifications of a slotting machine. A slotting machine has a vertical ram and rotary table that allows for vertical cutting movement. The main parts include a base, column, table, and ram. The ram moves vertically to perform the cutting, guided by the column. Typical specifications for a 300mm stroke slotter include a 300mm maximum stroke, 450mm height between table and head, and dimensions for the table, bed, and overall machine. It is belt driven and requires 2HP power.
Automatic lathes are machine tools that can machine components automatically through an entire work cycle without operator participation. They are used for high volume production. The machines contain control systems that actuate all tool and workpiece movements in a defined sequence. Automatic lathes are classified based on how they load workpieces, number of spindles, and orientation of spindles. Single spindle automatics include cutoff machines and screw machines. Multi-spindle automatics like parallel action and progressive action machines can machine multiple workpieces simultaneously to greatly increase production rates.
This document provides information about mechanical engineering and the centre lathe. It discusses the main parts and functions of the lathe, including the headstock, bed, carriage, cross-slide, apron, tailstock, tool post, and quick-change gearbox. It also covers lathe safety, types of lathes, cutting speeds, lathe accessories such as centers, chucks, faceplates, and work holding methods. The objectives are to identify lathe parts and their purposes, discuss safety procedures, calculate cutting speeds, and describe various lathe accessories.
This document provides information about three types of machine tools: shaper, slotter, and planer. It describes their main parts and functions. A shaper cuts flat surfaces using a reciprocating single-point cutting tool. A slotter shapes vertical surfaces in a reciprocating ram. A planer cuts flat surfaces using horizontal strokes of a cutting tool across a workpiece. The document outlines the key differences between a shaper and planer.
The document discusses lathe machines. It defines a lathe as a machine that removes metal from a workpiece to shape it. It then describes some key parts of a lathe like the bed, headstock, tailstock, and carriage. It explains the working principle of a lathe where the cutting tool is fed into a rotating workpiece to shape it. Finally, it summarizes some common lathe operations like turning, facing, drilling and threading.
This document discusses grinding and grinding machines. It begins by defining grinding as a process of removing material using an abrasive wheel. It then describes the components of a grinding wheel, including the abrasive, bond, grit size, and grade. It discusses different types of abrasives, bonds, and grinding machines for rough and precision grinding. It covers topics like dressing, truing, wheel selection, and defects in grinding like glazing and loading. Overall, the document provides an overview of grinding wheels, bonds, grit sizes, defects and remedies, and common grinding machine types.
Gear FORMING AND GEAR GENERATION METHOD BY L.NARAYANAN...AP/MECHnaanmech123
The document discusses various methods for manufacturing and finishing gears. It describes gear shaping, gear planing, gear hobbing, and gear grinding as common gear generating processes. It then outlines several gear finishing methods, including gear shaving, roll finishing, burnishing, grinding, lapping, and honing, which are used to improve the surface finish and accuracy of gears produced by generating processes.
Broaching is a machining process where a broach tool with multiple cutting teeth is pushed or pulled through a workpiece to cut it into the desired shape. Broaching provides good dimensional accuracy and surface finish. There are different types of broaching machines like horizontal, vertical pull, continuous, and rotary table machines. Broaching is used to manufacture precision components like bearing caps, gears, and splines. It provides interchangeability but the initial costs of broaches and machines are high.
Mechanics of chip formation, single point cutting tool, forces in machining, Types of chip, cutting
tools– nomenclature, orthogonal metal cutting, thermal aspects, cutting tool materials, tool wear,
tool life, surface finish, cutting fluids and Machinability
This document discusses different types of grinding machines and grinding processes. It describes rough and precision grinders, including cylindrical, internal, surface, and special grinders. The document also covers abrasives like aluminum oxide and silicon carbide, bonds for grinding wheels, wheel markings, specifications, selection factors, mounting, dressing, truing, balancing, and diamond wheels.
The document discusses different types of grinding machines and their processes. It describes how grinding involves removing a thin layer of material from a workpiece using an abrasive wheel. The main types covered are surface grinding, cylindrical grinding, centerless grinding, and internal grinding machines. Each have different principles and applications depending on the shape and features of the workpiece being ground.
This document provides information about grinding machines and abrasives. It begins with an introduction to grinding and its advantages over other machining processes for hard materials. It then describes the basic principles of grinding and classifies different types of grinding machines such as cylindrical grinders, surface grinders, internal grinders, and special purpose grinders. The document also discusses construction and types of grinding wheels as well as factors involved in grinding such as grinding ratios, speeds, depths of cut, wheel selection, dressing, and work holding devices.
THIS PRESENTATION ON CENTRELESS GRINDING REGARDING THE MANUFACTURING SUBJECT, THIS PPT PRESENTED AT B&B INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY.
HOPE IT WILL HELPED THE ENGINEERING STUDENT.
Grinding is an abrasive machining process that uses a rotating abrasive wheel to remove material from a workpiece through its cutting action. It can achieve very high accuracies and fine surface finishes. There are two main types - precision grinding for accurate dimensions and surface grinding, and non-precision grinding for roughing operations. The grinding wheel consists of abrasive grains bonded together using a bonding material and is precisely balanced for high-speed rotation. Process parameters like abrasive type, grain size, bonding material and wheel grade are selected based on the material and precision requirements.
This presentation describes the cylindrical grinding process and types of operations and machines in this process, which is why useful topic B.Tech mechanical of fourth sem students. This explains about the overview on the external cylindrical grinding process.
This document discusses various gear manufacturing methods including forming processes like extrusion, stamping, and powder metallurgy as well as machining processes like gear shaping, hobbing, and other gear cutting methods. Extrusion can produce gears of any tooth shape in high volumes but is generally used for smaller non-ferrous gears. Stamping is best for low cost, low precision production while powder metallurgy allows for customizable material properties and reduces machining. Gear shaping and hobbing are true generating processes that cut gear teeth through the motion of cutting tools. Hobbing produces the most accurate gears due to averaging of errors across multiple teeth cuts.
The document describes a planer machine, which is used to generate flat surfaces and cut slots. It moves the entire workpiece beneath the cutting head on a reciprocating table. The main parts of a planer include the bed, table, column, cross rail, and tool head. The bed supports the machine and table, which holds the workpiece. The column and cross rail guide the reciprocating motion of the table and movement of the tool head, which can have multiple cutting tools. Planer operations include planing horizontal and vertical surfaces as well as slots. Safety precautions must be followed when using the heavy machinery.
The document discusses the milling machine. It describes the milling machine as consisting of a motor driven spindle that mounts the rotating cutting tool (milling cutter) and an adjustable worktable that mounts and feeds the workpiece against the cutter. It then lists and describes the principal parts of the milling machine including the base, column, saddle, knee, table, spindle, arbour, and overhanging arm. The document also discusses different types of milling machines and common milling operations.
This document provides information about a shaper machine. It begins with identifying the student (Siddhant Gupta) and their branch/section. It then introduces shapers as reciprocating machine tools used to produce flat surfaces. The main sections describe the function of shapers to produce flat planes, the different types classified by mechanism and ram position, and the principal parts of a shaper like the ram, table, tool head. It also explains the quick return mechanism using a crank and slotted link and applications of shaper machines.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on slotting machines. It describes the basic features and components of a slotting machine including the ram, tool post, table, and saddle. It discusses the kinematics of slotting machines and different types such as precision tool room slotters, puncher slotters, and keyseaters. It outlines different drive mechanisms and applications of slotting such as cutting internal recesses, slots, splines, and keyways. In closing, it briefly discusses slotting tools and provides examples of slotting machine uses.
The document summarizes the main parts and specifications of a slotting machine. A slotting machine has a vertical ram and rotary table that allows for vertical cutting movement. The main parts include a base, column, table, and ram. The ram moves vertically to perform the cutting, guided by the column. Typical specifications for a 300mm stroke slotter include a 300mm maximum stroke, 450mm height between table and head, and dimensions for the table, bed, and overall machine. It is belt driven and requires 2HP power.
Automatic lathes are machine tools that can machine components automatically through an entire work cycle without operator participation. They are used for high volume production. The machines contain control systems that actuate all tool and workpiece movements in a defined sequence. Automatic lathes are classified based on how they load workpieces, number of spindles, and orientation of spindles. Single spindle automatics include cutoff machines and screw machines. Multi-spindle automatics like parallel action and progressive action machines can machine multiple workpieces simultaneously to greatly increase production rates.
This document provides information about mechanical engineering and the centre lathe. It discusses the main parts and functions of the lathe, including the headstock, bed, carriage, cross-slide, apron, tailstock, tool post, and quick-change gearbox. It also covers lathe safety, types of lathes, cutting speeds, lathe accessories such as centers, chucks, faceplates, and work holding methods. The objectives are to identify lathe parts and their purposes, discuss safety procedures, calculate cutting speeds, and describe various lathe accessories.
This document provides information about three types of machine tools: shaper, slotter, and planer. It describes their main parts and functions. A shaper cuts flat surfaces using a reciprocating single-point cutting tool. A slotter shapes vertical surfaces in a reciprocating ram. A planer cuts flat surfaces using horizontal strokes of a cutting tool across a workpiece. The document outlines the key differences between a shaper and planer.
The document discusses lathe machines. It defines a lathe as a machine that removes metal from a workpiece to shape it. It then describes some key parts of a lathe like the bed, headstock, tailstock, and carriage. It explains the working principle of a lathe where the cutting tool is fed into a rotating workpiece to shape it. Finally, it summarizes some common lathe operations like turning, facing, drilling and threading.
This document discusses grinding and grinding machines. It begins by defining grinding as a process of removing material using an abrasive wheel. It then describes the components of a grinding wheel, including the abrasive, bond, grit size, and grade. It discusses different types of abrasives, bonds, and grinding machines for rough and precision grinding. It covers topics like dressing, truing, wheel selection, and defects in grinding like glazing and loading. Overall, the document provides an overview of grinding wheels, bonds, grit sizes, defects and remedies, and common grinding machine types.
Gear FORMING AND GEAR GENERATION METHOD BY L.NARAYANAN...AP/MECHnaanmech123
The document discusses various methods for manufacturing and finishing gears. It describes gear shaping, gear planing, gear hobbing, and gear grinding as common gear generating processes. It then outlines several gear finishing methods, including gear shaving, roll finishing, burnishing, grinding, lapping, and honing, which are used to improve the surface finish and accuracy of gears produced by generating processes.
Broaching is a machining process where a broach tool with multiple cutting teeth is pushed or pulled through a workpiece to cut it into the desired shape. Broaching provides good dimensional accuracy and surface finish. There are different types of broaching machines like horizontal, vertical pull, continuous, and rotary table machines. Broaching is used to manufacture precision components like bearing caps, gears, and splines. It provides interchangeability but the initial costs of broaches and machines are high.
Mechanics of chip formation, single point cutting tool, forces in machining, Types of chip, cutting
tools– nomenclature, orthogonal metal cutting, thermal aspects, cutting tool materials, tool wear,
tool life, surface finish, cutting fluids and Machinability
This document discusses different types of grinding machines and grinding processes. It describes rough and precision grinders, including cylindrical, internal, surface, and special grinders. The document also covers abrasives like aluminum oxide and silicon carbide, bonds for grinding wheels, wheel markings, specifications, selection factors, mounting, dressing, truing, balancing, and diamond wheels.
The document discusses different types of grinding machines and their processes. It describes how grinding involves removing a thin layer of material from a workpiece using an abrasive wheel. The main types covered are surface grinding, cylindrical grinding, centerless grinding, and internal grinding machines. Each have different principles and applications depending on the shape and features of the workpiece being ground.
This document provides information about grinding machines and abrasives. It begins with an introduction to grinding and its advantages over other machining processes for hard materials. It then describes the basic principles of grinding and classifies different types of grinding machines such as cylindrical grinders, surface grinders, internal grinders, and special purpose grinders. The document also discusses construction and types of grinding wheels as well as factors involved in grinding such as grinding ratios, speeds, depths of cut, wheel selection, dressing, and work holding devices.
This document provides an overview of grinding machines and grinding processes. It begins by defining grinding as a machining process that removes material using an abrasive wheel. It then describes various types of grinding machines including cylindrical grinders, surface grinders, tool and cutter grinders, form grinders, thread grinders, gear grinders, centreless grinders, and some recently developed grinding machines. The document also discusses different grinding operations like rough grinding, precision grinding, external cylindrical grinding, internal cylindrical grinding, surface grinding, and form grinding.
This document discusses different types of grinding machines. It begins with defining grinding as a material removal process that provides better surface finish than other machining processes. It then describes four main types of grinding machines: surface grinding machines, cylindrical grinding machines, internal grinding machines, and tool and cutter grinding machines. For each type, it provides details on their uses and examples of common machine variations.
shaping, milling and gear cutting machineslaxtwinsme
Shaper – Types of operations. Drilling, reaming, boring, Tapping. Milling operations-types of milling cutter. Gear cutting – forming and generation principle and construction of gear milling ,hobbing and gear shaping processes –finishing of gears.
This document provides information about different types of grinding machines. It discusses cylindrical grinders, surface grinders, and other specialized grinders. The key points are:
- Grinding machines use an abrasive wheel to remove a thin layer of material from the workpiece through friction.
- Cylindrical grinders can grind external or internal cylindrical surfaces and include plain, universal, and centerless varieties.
- Surface grinders grind flat surfaces and include reciprocating and rotary table styles.
- Other grinders include belt grinders, bench grinders, and specialized grinders for tasks like thread grinding and crankshaft grinding.
BESCK104D_ELEMENTS OF MECHANICAL Module 2.pptxManjunathtv2
The document provides information about machine tool operations and advanced manufacturing systems. It discusses various machine tools like lathe, drilling machine, and milling machine. It describes the working principles, parts, and common operations like turning, facing, drilling, boring, and milling. It also introduces CNC (computer numerical control) and applications of advanced manufacturing systems like 3D printing.
This document discusses grinding machines. It provides an overview of the working principle, specifications, purposes and types of grinding. The main types are surface grinding, cylindrical grinding, centerless grinding, and tool and cutter grinding. It describes the parts of a grinding machine and grinding wheel sizes and shapes. It also covers grinding machine operations, calculating wheel sizes, coolants, factors affecting grinding, and safety precautions for grinding machines.
Grinding is the most common abrasive machining process that uses an abrasive tool to remove material from the workpiece. It provides high accuracy and surface finish. Other finishing processes like lapping, honing, buffing, and polishing further improve the surface finish using loose or bonded abrasives. Lapping uses loose abrasive particles to achieve a very fine surface finish for parts like lenses and bearings. Honing is used for finishing internal cylindrical surfaces like cylinder bores using an abrasive tool that rotates and oscillates axially.
The document discusses different types of boring machines and their components and functions. It describes boring as enlarging pre-existing holes using a single-point cutting tool. The main types covered are horizontal, vertical, and jig boring machines. Horizontal boring machines can be table, floor, or planer types, and have components like beds, columns, heads, saddles and tables. Vertical boring machines also have beds, tables, housings, rails, and tool heads. Jig borers provide high precision for drilling, boring, and reaming. The document also defines boring tools, bars, and heads.
This document provides information about various machine shop machines and their functions. It introduces lathes, milling machines, shaper machines, planer machines, and drilling machines. It describes that a lathe rotates a workpiece to cut, shape, and form symmetrical objects. A milling machine uses rotating cutters to remove material. A shaper machine uses a reciprocating ram and single-point cutting tool. A planer machine has a moving workpiece and stationary cutting tool. Drilling machines cut holes using a drilling tool attached to a spindle.
This document provides information about milling and grinding machines. It defines milling as a metal cutting process that removes material from a workpiece using a revolving cutting tool called a milling cutter. It also defines grinding as an abrasive machining process that removes a thin layer of material from a workpiece through the abrasive action of rotating grinding wheels. The document then describes various types of milling machines like horizontal milling machines and vertical milling machines. It also discusses grinding machines, abrasives, bonding materials, and different grinding operations like surface grinding and cylindrical grinding. Overall, the document presents an overview of milling and grinding processes and machines.
1. Drilling is a metal cutting process that uses a rotating drill bit to make circular holes in solid materials. Drilling machines include bench drilling machines and radial drilling machines.
2. Bench drilling machines are used for small jobs and have a work table that can be adjusted in height and rotated. Radial drilling machines are for medium and heavy duty applications and have a radial arm that can swing and be adjusted in height.
3. Milling is a metal cutting process that uses a revolving cutter with multiple cutting teeth. The workpiece is mounted on a movable table and fed against the cutter. The cutter can cut in an up or down direction depending on whether the workpiece moves opposite or with the
Milling machines use a rotating multipoint cutter to remove material from a workpiece through feeding in various ways. There are several types of milling machines but the most common is the vertical knee-type mill which allows movement of the workpiece in multiple axes. Milling operations include plain milling for flat surfaces, face milling for perpendicular surfaces, and slot milling or angular milling for complex shapes. Milling provides fast metal removal for complex geometries through cutters that can cut on sides, ends, and faces.
1. The document discusses various machining and surface treatment processes including honing, lapping, painting, plastic coating, plating, shot blasting, shot penning, tumbling, buffing, polishing, power brushing, sandblasting, washing, and waxing.
2. It also discusses different types of machine tools including lathes, drilling machines, grinding machines, milling machines, planning machines, and shaping machines. Specific lathe operations like turning, boring, and screw cutting are outlined.
3. Special purpose machine tools like honing machines are described in more detail. Other special purpose machines mentioned are boring machines, broaching machines, gear-cutting machines, and lapping machines
1. The document discusses various machining and surface treatment processes including honing, lapping, painting, plastic coating, plating, shot blasting, shot penning, tumbling, buffing, polishing, power brushing, sandblasting, washing, and waxing.
2. It also discusses different types of machine tools including lathes, drilling machines, grinding machines, milling machines, planning machines, and shaping machines. Specific lathe operations like turning, boring, and screw cutting are outlined.
3. Special purpose machine tools like honing machines are described in more detail. Other special purpose machines mentioned are boring machines, broaching machines, gear-cutting machines, and lapping machines
This document provides an overview of various machining and surface treatment processes. It discusses operations like honing, lapping, painting, plating, shot blasting, and tumbling. It also describes common machining processes like drilling, milling, turning, grinding and different types of machines used like lathes, drilling machines, milling machines, planning machines and shaping machines. Finally, it mentions special purpose machines like honing machines.
This document is a lab assignment submitted by Suhail Ahmed for a mechanics of materials lab course. It summarizes several types of machines and their working principles, including lathes, surface grinding machines, milling machines, drilling machines, power hacksaws, and grinding machines. For each machine type, it describes the main components, typical applications, and how it operates by removing material from a workpiece. The assignment was submitted to instructor Mr. Dawood Bukhari on April 14, 2017 for semester 3 of an aircraft maintenance technology program.
This document provides an overview of milling and turning operations. It discusses the principles and types of milling machines like horizontal and vertical mills. Common milling operations include plain, face, side, profile, end and gang milling. Turning operations covered are facing, parting, grooving, boring, knurling, drilling, reaming, threading, taper and polygonal turning. Both milling and turning remove material using rotary cutters or single point tools on workpieces mounted on machine tools.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
2. GRINDING
Grinding is a material removal process accomplished by abrasive
particles that are contained in a bonded grinding wheel rotating at very
high surface speeds.
The rotating grinding wheel consists of many cutting teeth ( abrasive
particles ) and the work is fed relative to the rotating grinding wheel to
accomplish material removal.
3. Applications of grinding
Surface finishing
Slitting and parting
De-scaling , De-burring
Stock removal (abrasive milling) finishing of flat as well as cylindrical
surface
Grinding of tools and cutters and re-sharpening of the same.
Advantages of grinding:
Dimensional accuracy and good surface finish.
Good form and locational accuracy.
Applicable to both hardened and unhardened material.
4. Classification of Grinding Machine
Grinding machines are classified based on their
construction & type of surface produced.
Bench Grinding Machine
Cylindrical Grinding Machine
Surface Grinding Machine
Centerless Grinding Machine
Internal Grinding Machine
Special Purpose Grinding Machine
6. Cylindrical Grinding
It is used generally for producing external & internal cylindrical surfaces.
The machine is very similar to a centre lathe.
The grinding wheel is located similar to the tool post with an independent
power and is driven at a high speed suitable for the grinding operation.
There are four movements in a cylindrical grinding process.
i. Rotation of cylindrical work piece about its axis.
ii. Rotation of grinding wheel about its axis.
iii. Longitudinal feed movement of the
work past the wheel face.
iv. Movement of wheel into the work
perpendicular to the axis of the work to give depth of cut.
7. Classification of Cylindrical Grinding
Plain center type cylindrical Grinding Machine.
Universal cylindrical Grinding Machine.
Internal cylindrical Grinding Machine
9. Construction
Base:
The base or bed is the main casting that rest on the floor and supports the
parts mounted on it. On the top of the base are precision horizontal ways set at
right angles for the table to slide on the base.
Tables:
There are two tables, lower table and upper table. The lower table slides
on ways on the bed and provides traverse of the work past the grinding wheel.
It can be moved by hand or power within desired limits.
The upper table that is pivoted at its centre is mounted on the top of the
sliding table.
It has T-slots for securing the head stock and tail stock or foot stock and
can be positioned along the table to suit the length of the work.
The upper table can be swiveled and clamped in position to provide
adjustment for grinding straight or tapered work as desired.
10. Head stock:
The headstock supports the work piece by means of a dead
centre and drives it be means of a dog, or it may hold and drive the
work piece in a chuck.
Tail stock:
The tail stock can be adjusted and clampen in various positions
to accommodate different lengths of work piece.
Wheel head:
The wheel head carries a grinding wheel and its driving motor is
mounted on a slide at the top and rear of the base.
The wheel head may be moved perpendicularly to the table
ways, by hand or power, to feed the wheel to the work.
The grinding wheel is fed to the work by hand or power as
determined by the engagement of the cross-feed control lever.
11. Universal cylindrical Grinding Machine
These grinders, in addition to the features offered by plain grinders, are
provided with a swiveling headstock and a swiveling wheel head.
This permits the grinding of taper of any angle, much greater than is
possible in plain grinder.
Universal machines are available to handle parts requiring swings up
to 450 mm and centre distance of 1800mm.
This allows grinding of any taper on the work piece. Universal grinder
is also equipped with an additional head for internal grinding.
12. Internal cylindrical Grinding Machine
Internal grinding is employed chiefly for finishing accurate holes in
hardened parts, and also when it is impossible to apply other more productive
methods of finishing accurate hole, for example, precision boring, honing etc.
Two Methods:
With a rotating work piece.
With the work piece held stationary.
13. Internal cylindrical grinding machine
With a rotating work piece:
The first method is used in grinding holes in relatively small work pieces,
mostly bodies of revolution, for example, the bores of gears and the inner surfaces
of ball bearing rings.
The work piece is held in a chuck or special fixture and rotated in the same
manner as in a lathe.
With the work piece held stationary:
The second method of internal grinding is used for grinding holes in large
bulky work pieces (housing-type parts) that are inconvenient or even impossible to
clamp in a chuck of the grinder.
They are mounted on the table of a planetary grinding machine.
14. Surface Grinding
This machine may be similar to a milling machine used mainly
to grind flat surface. However, some types of surface grinders are also
capable of producing contour surface with formed grinding wheel.
There are basically four types of machines depending upon the spindle
direction and the table motion.
Horizontal spindle and reciprocating table grinding machine,
Vertical spindle and reciprocating table grinding machine,
Horizontal spindle and rotating table grinding machine and
Vertical spindle and rotating table grinding machine.
15. Horizontal spindle and reciprocating table
Grinding Machine
This machine with various
motions required for grinding
action. A disc type grinding wheel
performs the grinding action with
its peripheral surface.
16. Vertical spindle and reciprocating table
Grinding Machine
The grinding operation is similar to that of
face milling on a vertical milling machine.
This brings more grits in action at the same
time and consequently a higher material removal
rate may be attained than for grinding with a
peripheral wheel.
17. Horizontal spindle and rotating table
Grinding Machine
In principle the operation is same as that for facing on the lathe.
This machine has a limitation in accommodation of work piece and
therefore does not have wide spread use.
However, by swiveling the worktable, concave or convex or
tapered surface can be produced on individual parts
18. Vertical spindle and rotating table
Grinding Machine
The machine is mostly suitable for small work pieces in large quantities.
This primarily production type machine often uses two or more grinding heads
thus enabling both roughing and finishing in one rotation of the work table.
19. Centreless grinding
Center less grinding is a process for continuously grinding cylindrical
surfaces in which the work piece is supported not by centers or chucks but by a
rest blade.
The work piece is ground between two wheels. The larger grinding wheel
does grinding, while the smaller regulating wheel,
Center less grinding can also be external or internal, traverse feed or
plunge grinding. The most common type of center less grinding is the external
traverse feed grinding.
20. Centreless External Grinding Machine
This grinding machine is a production machine in which outside
diameter of the work piece is ground.
The work piece is not held between centres but by a work support
blade.
It is rotated by means of a regulating wheel and ground by the
grinding wheel.
21. Internal Centreless Grinding
The principle of external centreless grinding is applied to internal
centreless grinding also.
Grinding is done on the inner surfaces of the holes. In internal
centreless grinding, the work is supported by three rolls – a regulating roll, a
supporting roll and a pressure roll.
The grinding wheel contacts the
inside surface of the workpiece directly
opposite the regulating roll.
The distance between the contours
of these two wheels is the wall thickness
of the work.
22. Types of abrasives
These are the hard materials with adequate toughness so that they will
be able to act as cutting edges for a sufficiently long time.
They also have the ability to fracture into smaller pieces when the
forces increases, which is termed friability.
This property gives abrasives the necessary self-sharpening capability
in use.
The abrasives that are generally used are
1. Aluminium Oxide. (Al2O3)
2. Silicon Carbide. (SiC)
3. Cubic Boron Nitride. (CBN)
4. Diamond.
23. Types of abrasives
Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3):
This is one of the natural abrasives found and is commonly called corundum and
emery.
However, natural abrasives generally have impurities and as a result, their
performance is inconsistent.
Hence, the abrasive used in grinding wheels is generally manufactured from the
aluminium ore, bauxite.
Silicon Carbide (SiC):
Silicon carbide is made from silica sand and coke with small amounts of common
salt.
24. Types of abrasives
Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN):
Cubic Boron Nitride is next in hardness only to diamond. It is
not a natural material but produced in the laboratory using a
high-temperature/high-pressure process similar to the making of
artificial diamond.
This is very expensive, 10 to 20 times that of the conventional
abrasive such as aluminium oxide.
Diamond:
Diamond is the hardest material that can be used as a cutting tool
material.
It has very high chemical resistance along with low coefficient of
thermal expansion. Also it is inert towards iron.
25. Bond
Bonding material are used as binders to hold the abrasive particle in place.
The firmness with which the grains are held in wheel and the strength of
wheel itself in which large centrifugal forces are developed in rotation depend on
the bonding material.
The bonding material determines the force that is required to dislodge an
abrasive particle from the wheel which plays a major role in cutting action.
Types of bonds - Bonds are classified into two types:
1. Organic - Resinoid, Rubber, Shellac.
2. Non - Organic - Metallic, Vitrified & Silicate.
26.
27. Grit size or grain size
It refers to the actual size of the abrasive particles. The grain size is
denoted by the number.
The grain size affects material removal rate and the surface quality of
work piece in grinding.
Large grit : Big grinding capacity, rough work piece surface.
Fine grit : Small grinding capacity, smooth work piece surface.
28. Grade
Grade or hardness indicates the strength with which the bonding material
holds the abrasive grains in the grinding wheel.
This means the amount of force required to pull out a single bonded
abrasive grit by bond fracture. It does not refer to the hardness of the abrasive
grain.
Therefore, a soft grade should be chosen for grinding hard material. On the
other hand, during grinding of low strength soft material grit does not wear out so
quickly.
The selection of a particular grade of wheel is largely governed by the
nature of work, its composition, size, and hardness.
29. Structure / Concentration of wheels
This term denotes the spacing between the abrasive grains or in other words
the density of the wheel.
Structure of the grinding wheel is designated by a number.
The structure should be open for grinding wheels engaged in high material
removal to provide chip accommodation space.
The space between the grits also serves as pocket for holding grinding fluid.
On the other hand dense structured wheels are used for longer wheel life, for
holding precision forms and profiles.
30. Specification of grinding wheel
A grinding wheel requires two types of specification:
1. Geometrical specification. 2. Compositional specification.
Geometrical specification:
This is decided by the type of grinding machine and the grinding operation to
be performed in the work piece.
This specification mainly includes wheel diameter, width and depth of rim
and the bore diameter.
The wheel diameter, for example can be as high as 400mm in high efficiency
grinding or as small as less than 1mm in internal grinding.
Similarly, width of the wheel may be less than an mm in dicing and slicing
applications.
31. Specification of grinding wheel
Compositional specifications:
Specification of a grinding wheel ordinarily means compositional specification.
Conventional abrasive grinding wheels are specified encompassing the following
parameters.
The type of grit material.
The grit size.
The bond strength of the wheel, commonly known as wheel hardness.
The structures of the wheel denoting the porosity i.e. the amount of inter grit
spacing.
The type of bond material.
Other than these parameters, the wheel manufacturer may add their own
identification code prefixing or suffixing (or both) the standard code.
32. Indian standard marking system
W A 36 K 5 R 17
Where,
W - Manufacture’s symbol indicating exact kind of abrasive,
(optional use).
A - Abrasive type: A for Al2O3, C for SiC, D for Diamond.
36 - Grain size.
K - Grade.
5 - Structure.
R - Bond type.
17 - Private marking to identify the wheel, (optional use).