Green roofs & green walls-A green roof or living roof is a roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane.
It includes additional drainage and irrigation systems.
sustainable achitecture - introduction - design - need for it - elements - green roof , solar shingles , rain harvesting , cob houses - techniques - examples
In the challenge of urban expansion and environmental preservation, sustainable development is a significant response to our century’s requirements. Although vertical greening (green walls) are not a new concept but flourished during the last decade as one of the approaches to sustainability. Vertical gardens, vertical farms, balcony gardens, containers or planter boxes greening, green or eco-buildings, wall planters, and green envelops are all different types of green walls. Planners and designers can look for enhanced solutions where the façades are more than tinted glass barrier; greening the building envelope with vegetation can be used as a mean to restore the environmental conditions in urban areas.
Environmental benefits of green walls have been proven on both new and existing buildings; they can be applied for insulating against environmental impact, mitigating the effect of urban heat island, increasing biodiversity and ecological value, outdoor and indoor comfort, air quality and social and psychological wellbeing. Green walls are categorized into living walls and green facades; living walls which are the subject of this presentation categorized into passive and active systems, Mur-Vegetal and Landscape walls according to their systems and growing method.
This presentation gives a basic information about green roofing technology with easy English in a simple way. It has been used for conducting data about a study on "Assessing the awareness about green roofing technology and the effect of lecture on it. It is with minimum words and maximum content.
Sustainable landscaping encompasses a variety of practices that have developed in response to environmental issues. These practices are used in every phase of landscaping, including design, construction, implementation and management of residential and commercial landscapes.
Suzlon One Earth, Pune
This significantly unique office is designed by Christopher Charles, Pune based architect and has received LEED Platinum rating in 2010. He and his partner came up with the concept “Office in the garden”. Spread over 10 acres, this magnificent structure is one of the largest green building projects of the country and is also one of the India’s first buildings to be LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certified.
Suzlon One Earth, Pune
Suzlon one earth is 100% powered by onsite and offsite renewable sources.
The campus has 18 hybrid wind turbines that fulfil 7% of the total energy consumption, the rest of energy demand is met from offsite wind turbines.
The structure is designed in a way to ensure maximum daylight exposure thereby reducing artificial lighting consumption.
The infrastructure within the campus is designed to enable water percolation and thereby control storm water runoff thus, contributing towards an increased water table level.
Passive solar design is an important feature in the design of this building.The planning and orientation of spaces and building blocks ensures glare free daylight in all regularly occupied spaces. All the linear blocks are oriented in the East-West direction with shorter facades facing the sun.
Most of the south west facing walls are kept blank in order to protect the building from the harsh south west solar radiations. Where the south west walls have openings, they are protected by means of pergolas or projecting balconies. The east, west and south facades of the building have minimum glazing.
sustainable achitecture - introduction - design - need for it - elements - green roof , solar shingles , rain harvesting , cob houses - techniques - examples
In the challenge of urban expansion and environmental preservation, sustainable development is a significant response to our century’s requirements. Although vertical greening (green walls) are not a new concept but flourished during the last decade as one of the approaches to sustainability. Vertical gardens, vertical farms, balcony gardens, containers or planter boxes greening, green or eco-buildings, wall planters, and green envelops are all different types of green walls. Planners and designers can look for enhanced solutions where the façades are more than tinted glass barrier; greening the building envelope with vegetation can be used as a mean to restore the environmental conditions in urban areas.
Environmental benefits of green walls have been proven on both new and existing buildings; they can be applied for insulating against environmental impact, mitigating the effect of urban heat island, increasing biodiversity and ecological value, outdoor and indoor comfort, air quality and social and psychological wellbeing. Green walls are categorized into living walls and green facades; living walls which are the subject of this presentation categorized into passive and active systems, Mur-Vegetal and Landscape walls according to their systems and growing method.
This presentation gives a basic information about green roofing technology with easy English in a simple way. It has been used for conducting data about a study on "Assessing the awareness about green roofing technology and the effect of lecture on it. It is with minimum words and maximum content.
Sustainable landscaping encompasses a variety of practices that have developed in response to environmental issues. These practices are used in every phase of landscaping, including design, construction, implementation and management of residential and commercial landscapes.
Suzlon One Earth, Pune
This significantly unique office is designed by Christopher Charles, Pune based architect and has received LEED Platinum rating in 2010. He and his partner came up with the concept “Office in the garden”. Spread over 10 acres, this magnificent structure is one of the largest green building projects of the country and is also one of the India’s first buildings to be LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) certified.
Suzlon One Earth, Pune
Suzlon one earth is 100% powered by onsite and offsite renewable sources.
The campus has 18 hybrid wind turbines that fulfil 7% of the total energy consumption, the rest of energy demand is met from offsite wind turbines.
The structure is designed in a way to ensure maximum daylight exposure thereby reducing artificial lighting consumption.
The infrastructure within the campus is designed to enable water percolation and thereby control storm water runoff thus, contributing towards an increased water table level.
Passive solar design is an important feature in the design of this building.The planning and orientation of spaces and building blocks ensures glare free daylight in all regularly occupied spaces. All the linear blocks are oriented in the East-West direction with shorter facades facing the sun.
Most of the south west facing walls are kept blank in order to protect the building from the harsh south west solar radiations. Where the south west walls have openings, they are protected by means of pergolas or projecting balconies. The east, west and south facades of the building have minimum glazing.
Green building rating system equire an integrated design process to create projects that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition
roof covered with vegetation either completely or partially. Three types of green roof: extensive (shallow), semi intensive (moderate) and intensive (deep) green roofs. History traces back to the Hanging gardens of Babylon. Germany is the birthplace of modern day green roofs. a green roof has seven different layers: waterproofing membrane, root barrier mambrane, protection layer,drainage layer,filter layer, media and the vegetation/plant layer. advantages include reduce energy consumption and urban heat island effect, air pollution, storm water mitigation, noise reduction and aesthetic beauty.
A green wall is a wall partially or completely covered with greenery that includes a growing medium, such as soil. Most green walls also feature an integrated water delivery system. Green walls are also known as living walls or vertical gardens.
Although green wall is not a new concept and date back to hanging gardens of Babylonia in 600 BC, but flourished in current decades. In the age of sustainable development planners and architects look for solutions to green the buildings envelops and restore environmental conditions. A variety of different terminology in this area indicates the importance of issue: Hanging or vertical gardens, balcony gardens, vertical farms, containers or planter boxes greening, green roofs or rooftop gardens, green or eco buildings, green walls, wall planters, green envelops and green facades. They can be applied to increase bio diversity and ecological value, out door and indoor value, air quality and finally enhance social and physical well being of city dwellers. This presentation discusses the green facades as one of the vertical greening systems.
Landscape Architecture is the art and science of
planning and design of out door open spaces, to meet
the physical, economic and socio-behavioral needs of
the users, respecting and in harmony with the existing
contextual natural and man made environments.
Indira Paryavaran Bhawan is a 5 star rated GRIHA green building located in Delhi. It is a net zero building and a perfect example of the latest and green technologies.
Green building rating system equire an integrated design process to create projects that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition
roof covered with vegetation either completely or partially. Three types of green roof: extensive (shallow), semi intensive (moderate) and intensive (deep) green roofs. History traces back to the Hanging gardens of Babylon. Germany is the birthplace of modern day green roofs. a green roof has seven different layers: waterproofing membrane, root barrier mambrane, protection layer,drainage layer,filter layer, media and the vegetation/plant layer. advantages include reduce energy consumption and urban heat island effect, air pollution, storm water mitigation, noise reduction and aesthetic beauty.
A green wall is a wall partially or completely covered with greenery that includes a growing medium, such as soil. Most green walls also feature an integrated water delivery system. Green walls are also known as living walls or vertical gardens.
Although green wall is not a new concept and date back to hanging gardens of Babylonia in 600 BC, but flourished in current decades. In the age of sustainable development planners and architects look for solutions to green the buildings envelops and restore environmental conditions. A variety of different terminology in this area indicates the importance of issue: Hanging or vertical gardens, balcony gardens, vertical farms, containers or planter boxes greening, green roofs or rooftop gardens, green or eco buildings, green walls, wall planters, green envelops and green facades. They can be applied to increase bio diversity and ecological value, out door and indoor value, air quality and finally enhance social and physical well being of city dwellers. This presentation discusses the green facades as one of the vertical greening systems.
Landscape Architecture is the art and science of
planning and design of out door open spaces, to meet
the physical, economic and socio-behavioral needs of
the users, respecting and in harmony with the existing
contextual natural and man made environments.
Indira Paryavaran Bhawan is a 5 star rated GRIHA green building located in Delhi. It is a net zero building and a perfect example of the latest and green technologies.
BASICS OF GREENHOUSE, TYPES OF GREENHOUSE, COMPONENTS OF GREENHOUSE, ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR EFFECT ON PLANT GROWTH
Greenhouse:
It is a framed or inflated structures covered with transparent or translucent material large enough to grow crops under partial or fully controlled environmental conditions to get optimum growth and productivity.
Principles of greenhouse:
The greenhouse cultivation based upon the principle called as greenhouse effects.
Greenhouse transmit the solar energy inside the structure. This energy absorbed by the crops and the objects inside the house releasing light of long wave length, finally this light does not emit out as the cladding material is non-transparent for these light.
Finally the light gets trapped inside increasing the inside temperature. This rise in temperature in greenhouse is responsible for plant growth in cold climate.
However during summer increase in temperature can be managed by ventilation and cooling system, as in this period temperature rose beyond the critical temperature.
In the last five years, the term green roof has taken on ecological and social significance beyond its seemingly simplistic description, this term has become an epithet for the reduction of pollution and improving urban environment, for large scale mitigation of storm water runoff, and for maximum utilization of urban land.
Erbil the capital city of Kurdistan region is facing a lot of environmental problems such as waste water treatment, water supply, land preservation, air and noise pollution due to the increasing number of cars, in addition, interestingly recent statistics suggested that the percentage of green areas in Erbil is approximately 6.5%, while according to international standards 30% of urban areas should be green.
Green roofs infrastructure on the other hand promises to become an increasingly important solution for building owners and community planners which provides a significant numbers of social, environmental and economic benefits that are both public and private nature.
Research problem is the ambiguity of green roofs implementation techniques in the region and the goal is initiated to determine the obstacle and challenges of green roofs implementations in Erbil city as case field by analyzing international experiences and concluding Erbil’s green roofs criteria.
HOSPITAL
A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment by specialized staff and equipment..
Hospitals are usually funded by the public sector, by health organizations (for profit or nonprofit), health insurance companies, or charities, including direct charitable donations.
Historically, hospitals were often founded and funded by religious orders or charitable individuals and leaders.
Today, hospitals are largely staffed by professional physicians, surgeons, and nurses, whereas in the past, this work was usually performed by the founding religious orders or by volunteers.
Hospitals vary widely in the services they offer and therefore, in the departments (or "wards") they have. They may have acute services such as an emergency department or specialist trauma centre, burn unit, surgery, or urgent care. These may then be backed up by more specialist units such as:
Emergency department
Cardiology
Intensive care unit
Pediatric intensive care unit
Neonatal intensive care unit
Cardiovascular intensive care unit
Neurology
Oncology
Obstetrics and gynecology
Adolescent medicine Allergy/Immunology Anesthesia
Cardiac Surgery
Center for Communication Enhancement Critical Care medicine
Dentistry
Dermatology
Division of Developmental medicine Division of Developmental medicine Emergency medicine
Endocrinology Gastroenterology/Nutrition.
General Pediatrics
Genetics
Gynecology
Infectious Diseases
Nephrology
Neurology
Neurosurgery
Newborn medicine
Ophthalmology
Otolaryngology and Communication Enhancement Plastic and Oral Surgery Psychiatry
Pulmonary and Respiratory Diseases
Radiology
Rheumatology
Ophthalmology
Surgery
Urology
Some hospitals will have outpatient departments and some will have chronic treatment units such as behavioral health services, dentistry, dermatology, ward, rehabilitation, and physical therapy.
Common support units include a dispensary or pharmacy, pathology, and radiology, and on the non-medical side, there often are medical records departments, release of information departments, Information Management (IM)(aka IT or IS), Clinical Engineering (aka Biomed), Facilities Management, Plant Ops (aka Maintenance), Dining Services, and Security departments
Housing is a basic human requirement of any civilised society. With the growth of urbanisation, cities have been expanding alarmingly in the last few decades, which has resulted in haphazard growth of urban areas as well as acute housing shortage.
Housing and Urban Planning Department was established to ensure planned development of urban areas and create an enabling environment to provide affordable housing.
UAPVP launched many schemes available for different segments of the society including EWS, LIG, MIG, BPL and HIG categories.
UPAVP the development agency of Uttar Pradesh know as Uttar Pradesh Awas Vikas Parishad is going to implement the government housing mission, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
About 20,000 houses will be constructed in the state.
On the construction of housing units, the UPAVP will spend about Rs. 3,000 Crore and the implementation work will be started once it get the approval from the government.
The comprehensive plan for Fiscal year 2017-18 has been prepared by the agency and the houses units in these projects will be constructed under UP government Vrindavan & Awadh Vihar Yojana.
Under PMAY UP, about 2,000 houses have been registered by the government and creating further plan for the scheme, the UPAVP is planning to open the registrations for additional 3,000 houses.
UAPVP launched many schemes available for different segments of the society including EWS, LIG, MIG, BPL and HIG categories.
UPAVP the development agency of Uttar Pradesh know as Uttar Pradesh Awas Vikas Parishad is going to implement the government housing mission, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
About 20,000 houses will be constructed in the state.
On the construction of housing units, the UPAVP will spend about Rs. 3,000 Crore and the implementation work will be started once it get the approval from the government.
The comprehensive plan for Fiscal year 2017-18 has been prepared by the agency and the houses units in these projects will be constructed under UP government Vrindavan & Awadh Vihar Yojana.
Under PMAY UP, about 2,000 houses have been registered by the government and creating further plan for the scheme, the UPAVP is planning to open the registrations for additional 3,000 houses.
UAPVP launched many schemes available for different segments of the society including EWS, LIG, MIG, BPL and HIG categories.
UPAVP the development agency of Uttar Pradesh know as Uttar Pradesh Awas Vikas Parishad is going to implement the government housing mission, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
About 20,000 houses will be constructed in the state.
On the construction of housing units, the UPAVP will spend about Rs. 3,000 Crore and the implementation work will be started once it get the approval from the government.
The comprehensive plan for Fiscal year 2017-18 has been prepared by the agency and the houses units in these projects will be constructed under UP government Vrindavan & Awadh Vihar Yojana.
Under PMAY UP, about 2,000 houses have been registered by the government and creating further plan for the scheme, the UPAVP is planning to open the registrations for additional 3,000 houses.
UAPVP launched many schemes available for different segments of the society including EWS, LIG, MIG, BPL and HIG categories.
UPAVP the development agency of Uttar Pradesh know as Uttar Pradesh Awas Vikas Parishad is going to implement the government housing mission, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
About 20,000 houses will be constructed in the state.
On the construction of housing units, the UPAVP will spend about Rs. 3,000 Crore and the implementation work will be started once it get the approval from the government.
The comprehensive plan for Fiscal year 2017-18 has been prepared by the agency and the houses units in these projects will be constructed under UP government Vrindavan & Awadh Vihar Yojana.
Under PMAY UP, about 2,000 houses have been registered by the government and creating further plan for the scheme, the UPAVP is planning to open the registrations for additional 3,000 houses.
Housing is one of the basic necessities of life and the right to housing and adequate shelter is guaranteed in the Directive Principles of State Policy enshrined in the Constitution of India.
The rapid pace of urbanisation in India has resulted in severe shortage of housing and basic services like potable water, well laid out drainage system, sewerage network, sanitation facilities, electricity, roads and appropriate disposal of solid waste.
AREA OF SCHEME MINIMUM 5 ACRE, MAXIMUM 100 ACRES.
MINIMUM 60% AREA SHALL BE USED FOR AFFORDABLE HOUSING & CARPET AREA OF DWELLING UNIT SHALL NOT EXCEED 75 SQM.
40% AREA MAY BE UTILIZED FOR HIG, COMMERCIAL, INSTITUTIONAL,
RECREATIONAL & COMMUNITY FACILITIES.
MINIMUM 20% HOUSES SHALL BE PROVIDED FOR EWS & UG AGAINST HIG UNITS BUT NOT COMPULSARY IN AN EXCLUSIVE AFFORDABLE HOUSING SCHEME.
CEILING COST OF AFFORDABLE HOUSE IN NCR-RS.3000 PER SQ. FT., METRO CITIES-RS.2800 PER SQ.FT. & TOWNS-RS.2500 PER SQ.FT. ON SUPER BUILD UP AREA (TO BE REVISED BASED ON COST INDEX)
Green architecture defines an understanding of environment-friendly architecture under all classifications, and contains some universal consent, It may have many of these characteristics:
x Ventilation systems designed for efficient heating and cooling
x Energy-efficient lighting and appliances
x Water-saving plumbing fixtures
x Landscapes planned to maximize passive solar energy
x Minimal harm to the natural habitat
x Alternate power sources such as solar power or wind power
x Non-synthetic, non-toxic materials
x Locally-obtained woods and stone
x Responsibly-harvested woods
x Adaptive reuse of older buildings
x Use of recycled architectural salvage
x Efficient use of space1.Interaction
The relationships between construction site and architecture, green space and architecture, and also with people and form are emphasized here.
2.Form
With the new design thinking and process, concern for sustainable needs and computer aided technology, the form of architecture, or the use of building envelops may be redefined in the digital-green environment.
3.Construction:
With the aid of computer technology and 3D modelling techniques
Housing is a basic human requirement of any civilised society. With the growth of urbanisation, cities have been expanding alarmingly in the last few decades, which has resulted in haphazard growth of urban areas as well as acute housing shortage.
Housing and Urban Planning Department was established to ensure planned development of urban areas and create an enabling environment to provide affordable housing.
India needs about 19 million low-cost homes - roughly defined as costing a million rupees ($16,700) and below - to shelter an urban population expected to nearly double to 600 million by 2030 from 2011.
Samajwadi Awas Yojana is one the most popular and affordable government scheme which is launched for urban areas for full filling the needs of Houses in very affordable price for different categories of Uttar pradesh.
Uttar pradesh government initiated this samajwadi avas yojana by the help of Public private partnership. Chief Minister of uttar pradesh has already given there approval regarding the Samajwadi Avas Vikas Yojana.
Environment has positive
effects on human behaviour.
The Environment we live in
provides us all the natural
resources necessary for human
survival for instance-food,
minerals, water, land ,air etc.
amount of energy used is equal to amount of renewable energy created on the site
reduce carbon emissions & reduce dependence on fossil fuels
Buildings that produce a surplus of energy over the year are called “Energy Surplus Buildings”
During the last 20 years more than 200 reputable projects claiming net zero energy balance have been realized all over the world.
NZEB buildings consequently contribute less overall greenhouse gas to the atmosphere than similar non-ZNE buildings. They do at times consume non-renewable energy and produce greenhouse gases, but at other times reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas production elsewhere by the same amount. Traditional buildings consume 40% of the total fossil fuel energy in all over the world and are significant contributors of greenhouse gases.
More from Hamzah Meraj, Faculty of Architecture, Jamia Millia Islamia, New delhi (20)
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
Green roofs & green walls
1. MAR 204: ENERGY SIMULATION
GREEN ROOFS & GREEN WALLS
MOHAMMAD ANAS
MOHAMMAD FAHAD ASLAM
MOHAMMAD WASEEM REZA
SUHEB ASGHAR
M.ARCH. (BUILDING SERVICES)
3. GREEN ROOFS
• A green roof or living roof is a roof of a building that is partially or
completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted
over a waterproofing membrane.
• It includes additional drainage and irrigation systems.
3
5. USES OF GREEN ROOFS
• Reduce heating
• Reduce storm water run off
• Natural Habitat Creation
• Filter pollutants and carbon
dioxide out of the air.
• Aesthetic improvement
• Help to insulate a building for sound.
• Increased agricultural space.
5
6. HISTORY OF GREEN ROOFS
• Green Roofs have a centuries-long
history
• Developed in Germany in the 1960s,
and has since spread to many
countries
• Early Mesopotamians, Greeks,
Romans, and Persians used them to
green and cool brutally hot
landscapes
• The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
were the most famous green roofs
6
7. COMPONENTS OF GREEN ROOFS
The components generally include the
following layers:
• Waterproofing/root barrier layer
• Drainage/water storage layer
• Filter layer
• Planting medium
• Vegetation
7
8. WATERPROOFING
• Waterproofing layer Bitumen
• TPO
• EPDM
• FRP
• Crystalline Active (concrete decks)
• Ideally electronically or flood tested
• Will also act as a root barrier (An
additional root barrier layer may also be
required)
8
9. DRAINAGE
• Principally managed by a drainage
membrane or free- draining aggregate
• Drainage points
• Conduits as appropriate for typical
water flow
• SUDS system
9
10. FILTER FLEECE
• Used to retain substrate and prevents it
from clogging drainage layer
• Filters rainwater and removes fines
• Allows adequate water percolation
10
11. SOIL AND SUBSTRATES
• Free draining and lightweight growing
substrate. Example, A mix of sandy loam,
peat-free compost and hygroscopic flakes
• Biodiverse roofs: broken concrete, brick,
masonry, aggregates etc. from local area
11
12. VEGETATION
• Intensive roof garden generally uses
plants and vegetation associated with
landscaping work
• Extensive garden on the other hand
uses very selective types of plants
which are dry-resistant or succulent
types
12
13. TYPES OF GREEN ROOFS
Classification of Green Roofs can be done on the following basis:
13
14. 14
Extensive Semi intensive Intensive
Maintenance Low Periodically High
Plant Communities Ground covers,
grasses
Ground covers, grasses and
shrubs
Lawn or shrub and trees
Plant types Grasses and loans,
ground covers,
seasonal flowers
Climbers, cactus and
succulents, shrubs
Palm trees, ornamental trees,
aqueous plants
Plant Diversity low plant diversity More plant diversity high plant diversity
System Built Up
Height
150- 250 mm
Thin growing medium
250- 500 mm 250- 500 mm, provide planters
for trees and palm 1000mmm
Deep soil
Weight approximate 50-150 kg/m2 <150 kg/m² >150 kg/m²
Cost Low Medium High
Use Ecological protection
layer
Designed green roof Park like garden, designed more
for aesthetics than performance
Accessibility Not Semi accessible accessible
Irrigation
Requirements
little or no irrigation little irrigation irrigation system; more favorable
conditions for plants
15. 15
Extensive Semi intensive Intensive
Benefits
• Lightweight; roof generally does not require
reinforcement
• Suitable for large areas.
• Suitable for roofs with 0 - 30° (slope).
• Low maintenance and long life.
• Often no need for irrigation and specialized
drainage systems.
• Less technical expertise needed.
• Often suitable for retrofit projects.
• Can leave vegetation to grow spontaneously.
• Relatively inexpensive.
• Looks more natural.
• Easier for planning authority to demand as a
condition of planning approvals.
• Greater diversity of plants
and habitats.
• Good insulation properties
• More energy efficiency and
storm water retention
capability
• Longer membrane life
• Longer membrane life
Greater diversity of plants
and habitats.
Good insulation properties.
Can simulate a wildlife
garden on the ground.
Can be made very
attractive visually.
Often accessible, with
more diverse utilization of
the roof. I.e. for recreation,
growing food, as open
space.
More energy efficiency and
storm water retention
capability.
Longer membrane life
Downsides
• Less energy efficiency and storm water
retention benefits.
• More limited choice of plants.
• Usually no access for recreation or other
uses.
• Unattractive to some, especially in winter
• Greater weight loading on
roof than extensive
• Higher maintenance costs
• Greater weight loading on
roof.
• Need for irrigation and
drainage systems requiring
energy, water, materials.
• Higher capital & maintenance
costs.
• More complex systems and
expertise
17. BENEFITS OF GREEN ROOFS IN DIFFERENT CLIMATIC
CONDITIONS
17
Climate benefits
Warm Climates -Shading the rooftop layer
-reduction of the direct influence of solar radiations
-reduction of indoor temperature fluctuations
-reduction of indoor air temperature peaks
-reduction of energy used for cooling purpose
Warm And Humid Climate -Indoor daily temperature swings depend on the soil depths
Warm And Dry Climate -Reduction of the outdoor air temperature
-cooling the indoor ambient temperature
Cold Climates -Reduction of daily temperature swing, reduction of the heat flow
-doubtful energy performance in winter
-spring and falls, evaporative cooling in the shoulder seasons may
lead to increased building heating loads
19. WHY GREEN WALLS?
19
Aesthetics
Create living
works of art.
Indoor Air Quality
Purify your air.
LEED® Credits
Gain points.
Building
Protection
Shield from sun,
rain and thermal
fluctuations.
Energy Savings
Cut electricity bills
by up to 20%.
Health & Wellness
Reduce stress and
enhance
wellbeing.
Property Value
Marketable
green feature.
Acoustics
Dampen noise
pollution.
Sustainability
Make your
world greener.
20. WHY GREEN WALLS?
Space Saving
We live in one of the most densely populated
countries in the world. City residents have
little access to private green space so we
must make the most of very square inch we
can. One way to do this is to reconsider the
vertical spaces in the urban environment.
Form walls and fences to fire escapes and
stair railings.
20
21. TYPES OF VERTICAL GARDENS
• Living Walls
• Green Veneers
• Indoor
• Outdoor
21
22. LIVING WALLS
• Living walls (AKA green walls) are
self sufficient vertical gardens
found on exterior or interior walls
or other vertical elements. The
plants are rooted in a structural
support which is fastened to the
wall itself. The plants receive
water and nutrients from within
the vertical support instead of
from the ground.
22
23. GREEN VENEER
• A support structure that allows
vines to row up or onto a vertical
element to screen it. Roots and
soil are not housed in the wall but
rather on the ground or in
separate planters.
23
24. GREEN VENEER SYSTEMS
• Trellising
• Green Screen
• Jacob Wire
• Masonry and Wood Walls
24
25. GREEN VENEER SYSTEMS – TRELLISING
• A simple garden trellis can be
used to create the verdant effects
of a green veneer. The larger the
trellis the more area the vines will
have to sprawl out and provide
coverage. This is most effective
with twining, tendril and climbing
vines.
25
26. GREEN VENEER SYSTEMS – GREENSCREEN
• GreenScreen is a three dimensional,
welded wire trellising system. The
distinctive modular trellis panel is the
building block of the GreenScreen
system.
26
27. GREEN VENEER SYSTEMS – JAKOB WIRE
• Stainless steel
wire ropes from
2 mm to 28 mm.
Webnet and
Wire Rope
products are
often used to
create both
indoor and
outdoor green
veneers.
27
28. GREEN VENEER SYSTEMS – MASONRY & WOOD
WALLS
• Natural walls can be a
perfect place for
suckering vines to
unfurl their leafy
coverings. Care should
be taken to maintain
the walls on a regular
basis so that the vines
don’t overtake the
structure.
28
29. LIVING WALL/GREEN VENEER HYBRID
• This product demonstrates how
the two vertical garden typologies
can be effectively blended.
29
30. INDOOR VERTICAL GARDENS – WOOLY POCKET
• The box is used as a
horizontal template to
help mark holes. Each
planter holds 0.50 cu.
Ft. of soil volume with a
maximum weight of
50lbs. Planter hooks to
back of Water Tank for
easy plant exchange.
30
31. OUTDOOR VERTICAL GARDENS – FLORAFELT
• Custom Vertical
Gardens with 2-layer
Cut and Staple method.
• Grow Felt is used to
make custom sized
pockets and free-form
shapes.
• Use 7-inch Grow Strip
with custom 6 x 6 inch
wire grids to create
extremely robust
vertical gardens.
31
32. PLANTS FOR GREEN WALLS
• Tropical Understory Plants for Interior Living Walls
• Air Filtering Plants
• Alpine Plants for Exterior Living Walls
• Vines for Green Veneers
• Annuals vs Perennials
• Native, Naturalized & Invasive Plants
• Espaliered Trees
32
33. TROPICAL UNDERSTORY PLANTS FOR INTERIOR LIVING
WALLS
• The Understory layer, or strata, of
tropical rainforest vegetation lies
between the Canopy layer, where
there is plenty of sunlight, and the
Forest Floor layer, where there is
almost none.
• This layer of the rainforest produces
many popular house plants. Zebra
plants, Ferns, Philodendrons and
Prayer plants are among some of
house plants from this layer that do
well in dimly lit conditions. 33
34. PLANT SELECTION FOR IMPROVED AIR QUALITY &
INTERIOR LVING WALLS
• A NASA study has
demonstrated that
some plants have
the ability to
improve indoor air
quality by removing
volatile organic
compounds (VOCs).
This is known as
phytoremediation
of the air.
34
35. ALPINE PLANTS FOR EXTERIOR LIVING WALLS
• Alpine plants are plants that
grow in the alpine climate,
above the tree line. These
include perennial grasses,
sedges, forbs, cushion plants,
mosses, and lichens
• Alpine plants can adapt to the
harsh conditions of the alpine
environment, which include
low temperatures, dryness,
ultraviolet radiation, and a
short growing season 35
Delosperma Yellow Ice, Iberis
Snowflake
Phlox Candy Stripes, Sedum
Dragon's Blood
Mazus Reptans, Veronica Christy
36. VINES FOR GREEN VEENERS
CLINGING VINES
• Some plants
such as English
ivy (Hedera
helix) climb by
aerial rootlets.
These can
grow without
any support on
masonry,
wood and
other natural
surfaces.
36
RUNNING VINES
• Some plants use
hooks to grab
toeholds on a
support and climb
skyward. Others like
tomato have no way
of holding on. You’ll
want to weave them
through a trellis
occasionally or tie
them to a support.