With mounting concerns over the state of our planet, there is continuing demand that chemists
and chemical engineers should develop greener chemical processes and products. In the 1990s, with the
growing awareness of the hazardous impacts of the chemical industry, the green chemistry revolution was
launched by American chemists Paul T. Anastas and John Warner. Green chemistry is the kind of chemistry that
seeks to minimize pollution, conserve energy, and promote environmentally friendly production. This paper
provides a brief introduction to green chemistry
Presentation given at the ICPAC conference Chemistry: The Key for our Future July 2-6, 2012 Mauritius.
The presentation examines the status and popularity of chemistry and describes how the subject might be made more interesting and accessible by creating ‘hands on’ experiences for young people in developing countries where chemistry is vital to the nation’s economy.
The proceedings of the conference have now been published in a book.
Role of Green Issues of Mining Supply Chain on Sustainable Developmentirwan zulkifli
Semua kegiatan yang terlibat dalam dunia industri berkontribusi terhadap masalah lingkungan. Mereka membuat lingkungan sekitar menjadi hancur dengan aktifitas penebangan kayu dihutan secara liar dan ilegal, membuang limbah-limbah pabrik mereka ke lingkungan dalam bentuk gas, cair, ataupun padat. Mereka tidak pernah memperhatikan lingkungan sekitar mereka bekerja, tidak ada usaha untuk melestarikan lingkungan dengan cara memanam kembali pohon-pohon yang sedah ditebang, dan berusaha untuk tidak membuang limbah mereka kelingkungan seperti mendaur ulang sampah-sampah limbah mereka. Perekonomian sering diberikan prioritas dalam kebijakan dan masyarakat dan lingkungan diabaikan oleh industri ekstraktif. Dengan adanya IPTEK maka manusia berfikir bagaimana caraanya untuk memberikan kontribusi yang baik untuk lingkungan. Salah satunya adalah membuat limbah-limbah sampah pabrik menjadi bermanfaaf bagi lingkungan dan masyarat, serta sampah limbah tersebut menjadi bernilai ekonomis.
Presentation given at the ICPAC conference Chemistry: The Key for our Future July 2-6, 2012 Mauritius.
The presentation examines the status and popularity of chemistry and describes how the subject might be made more interesting and accessible by creating ‘hands on’ experiences for young people in developing countries where chemistry is vital to the nation’s economy.
The proceedings of the conference have now been published in a book.
Role of Green Issues of Mining Supply Chain on Sustainable Developmentirwan zulkifli
Semua kegiatan yang terlibat dalam dunia industri berkontribusi terhadap masalah lingkungan. Mereka membuat lingkungan sekitar menjadi hancur dengan aktifitas penebangan kayu dihutan secara liar dan ilegal, membuang limbah-limbah pabrik mereka ke lingkungan dalam bentuk gas, cair, ataupun padat. Mereka tidak pernah memperhatikan lingkungan sekitar mereka bekerja, tidak ada usaha untuk melestarikan lingkungan dengan cara memanam kembali pohon-pohon yang sedah ditebang, dan berusaha untuk tidak membuang limbah mereka kelingkungan seperti mendaur ulang sampah-sampah limbah mereka. Perekonomian sering diberikan prioritas dalam kebijakan dan masyarakat dan lingkungan diabaikan oleh industri ekstraktif. Dengan adanya IPTEK maka manusia berfikir bagaimana caraanya untuk memberikan kontribusi yang baik untuk lingkungan. Salah satunya adalah membuat limbah-limbah sampah pabrik menjadi bermanfaaf bagi lingkungan dan masyarat, serta sampah limbah tersebut menjadi bernilai ekonomis.
The design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. Green Chemistry moves our consideration of how to deal with environmental, health and safety problems from the circumstantial to the intrinsic.
In this PPT you will learn about Principles of Green Chemistry ,Disaster caused due to Green Chemistry and many important this that you ever have noticed
And very Helpful for SCHOOL PROJECTS
Digital Library of GLT SBM, DL of GLT SBM Green Chemistry is the utilization of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products.
These approaches encompass new synthesis and processes as well as new tools for instructing aspiring chemists how to do the chemistry in a more environmentally benign manner. The pros to industry as well as the environment are all a part of the positive impact that Green Chemistry is having in the chemistry community and in the society in general. It is important that chemists develop novel Green Chemistry options even on an incremental basis. While all the elements of the lifecycle of a new chemical or process may not be environmentally benign, it is nonetheless pivotal to improve those stages where improvements can be made. The next phase of assessment can then focus on the elements of the lifecycle that are still in need of the improvement. Even though a new Green Chemistry methodology does not solve at once every problem allied with the lifecycle of a particular chemical or process, the advances that it does make are nonetheless very key. Green Chemistry that mainly possesses the spirit of sustainable development was booming in the 1990s
Green chemistry: Production of electricity from AmmoniaArosek Padhi
This slide shows a new method to produce electricity from ammonia. This technique use replenish-able methods and resources to produce electricity thus giving better outputs of energy
Green chemistry – The Chemical Industries' Way To Go GreenTariq Tauheed
At a time when everyone seems to be concerned about the environment, how exactly would the chemical industries play their part? A sneak peek into the fundamentals of how the chemical industries can adapt, and/or restructure.
We need the earth, the
The design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances. Green Chemistry moves our consideration of how to deal with environmental, health and safety problems from the circumstantial to the intrinsic.
In this PPT you will learn about Principles of Green Chemistry ,Disaster caused due to Green Chemistry and many important this that you ever have noticed
And very Helpful for SCHOOL PROJECTS
Digital Library of GLT SBM, DL of GLT SBM Green Chemistry is the utilization of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products.
These approaches encompass new synthesis and processes as well as new tools for instructing aspiring chemists how to do the chemistry in a more environmentally benign manner. The pros to industry as well as the environment are all a part of the positive impact that Green Chemistry is having in the chemistry community and in the society in general. It is important that chemists develop novel Green Chemistry options even on an incremental basis. While all the elements of the lifecycle of a new chemical or process may not be environmentally benign, it is nonetheless pivotal to improve those stages where improvements can be made. The next phase of assessment can then focus on the elements of the lifecycle that are still in need of the improvement. Even though a new Green Chemistry methodology does not solve at once every problem allied with the lifecycle of a particular chemical or process, the advances that it does make are nonetheless very key. Green Chemistry that mainly possesses the spirit of sustainable development was booming in the 1990s
Green chemistry: Production of electricity from AmmoniaArosek Padhi
This slide shows a new method to produce electricity from ammonia. This technique use replenish-able methods and resources to produce electricity thus giving better outputs of energy
Green chemistry – The Chemical Industries' Way To Go GreenTariq Tauheed
At a time when everyone seems to be concerned about the environment, how exactly would the chemical industries play their part? A sneak peek into the fundamentals of how the chemical industries can adapt, and/or restructure.
We need the earth, the
Green Chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and application of chemical products .
It's a power packed presentation which can be used to win prizes and rewards for benefits of nature .It deals about the use of green chemistry,what is the use of green chemistry.The green chemistry is the base of future which enables us to switch from the harmful,toxic bases such as plastic to other nature enhancement promoting substance use.
The effect of functionalized carbon nanotubes on thermalmechanical performanc...journal ijrtem
The new approaches for preparing nanocomposite coating by modificated carbon nanonotubes
(CNTs) and epoxy resin was done in the study. thermal-mechanical performance of nanocomposite coating was
investigated and the results were reported in this paper. The physic-chemical techniques such as Differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the thermal
performance of Epoxy nanocomposite coating. The test techniques for mechanical properties of paint coating as
adhesion, hardness, impact resistance and bending strength were employed in the work. The results indicated
that CNTs were dispersed in epoxy coating with only ratio of 0.1 wt% enhanced the Glass Transition
Temperature (Tg), decomposition temperature of epoxy coating and improved mechanical properties
significantly. Also functionalized CNTs can be reinforced thermal-mechanical of the epoxy coating better than
neat CNTs.
Development Issues and Problems of Selected Agency in Sorsogon, An investigat...journal ijrtem
: The study venture on the developing issues and problems of selected agency in the province of
Sorsogon with an end-view of identifying solution towards achieving effective delivery of services to the
public. The agencies covered by the study are the employers of the students enrolled in Public Administration
512 subject in the graduate school program of the Sorsogon State College 1st semester SY 2016. Guided by a
structured matrix questionnaire and checklist, the class spearheaded by the assigned focal person per
identified respondent-agency conducted a focus group discussion covering sequentially the issues and
problems besetting the organization. It likewise pursued how does it affects the management & performance of
the office and ultimately identifying possible solutions out of the issues and problems. Result revealed that
most pressing problems and issues of the selected agency in the province of Sorsogon covers; (a) understaffed,
(b) poor communication, (c) poor implementation of the policy, and (d) poor performance feedback
mechanism in the system
Positive and negative solutions of a boundary value problem for a fractional ...journal ijrtem
: In this work, we study a boundary value problem for a fractional
q, -difference equation. By
using the monotone iterative technique and lower-upper solution method, we get the existence of positive or
negative solutions under the nonlinear term is local continuity and local monotonicity. The results show that we
can construct two iterative sequences for approximating the solutions
Organic foods refer to products that are grown naturally or produced by methods that comply
with the standards of organic farming. They are not only environmentally friendly, they are also healthy. Many
people believe organic foods are healthier than conventional food. Today, organic foods have become very
popular and everyone wants to know about their benefits. This paper provides a brief introduction on organic
foods and their pros and cons.
Molecular computers are systems in which molecules or macromolecules individually mediate
information processing functions. Molecular computing provides an alternative to computing using silicon
integrated circuits. It aims at developing intelligent computers using biological molecules as computational
devices. It is a promising means of unconventional computation owing to its capability for massive parallelism.
It offers to augment digital computing with biology-like capabilities. This paper provides a brief introduction to
molecular computing.
Industry 4.0 refers to the current trend of automation and deployment of Internet technologies
in manufacturing. This includes using machine-to-machine and Internet of Things (IoT) deployments to help
manufacturers implement increased automation, improved communication and process monitoring. This trend
of Industry 4.0 (sometimes referred to as the 4th Industrial Revolution) affects most processes and people
throughout society. This paper provides a brief introduction to Industry 4.0.
Rural Livelihood and Food Security: Insights from Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari Di...journal ijrtem
Food security is the foremost need of every human society. It is a fundamental right and
government responsibility but still food insecurity is prevalent in rural areas of least developed nations. To cope
with food insecurity, undertaking diverse income generating activities is common as well as key strategy adopted
by rural people. The objective of this study is to assess rural livelihood and food security status of a remote island
named Srilanka Tapu of Sunsari district. A random sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 40
rural household heads using semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive methods were used for analyzing. The
findings revealed that the food security situation of the Tapu is insecure. Most basic infrastructures and social
services needed for people livelihood such as road, electricity sufficient food availability, education, healthcare,
sanitation, etc. were found to be extremely poor. Most of the households are small scale farmers involving
themselves in diverse livelihood activities which are mostly temporary, low-skilled and low paying. However,
people are fulfilling their food needs at every cost but are highly vulnerable to food insecurity. Also, their lives
security is equally vulnerable because of disastrous Koshi River flooding which occurs every year in the Tapu.
The findings therefore critically suggest that food security of remote and vulnerable human settlements should be
at top priority in policy formulation and implementation level. The study also recommends a need for an in-depth
research for making evidence based policy interventions for improvement of diversify rural livelihood along with
sustainable environment
Augmented Tourism: Definitions and Design Principlesjournal ijrtem
After designing and implementing several iterations of implantations of augmented reality(AR) in
tourism, this paper takes a deep look into design principles and implementation strategies of using AR at
destination tourism settings. The study looks to define augmented tourism from past implementations as well as
several cases uses designed and implemented for tourism. The discussion leads to formation of frameworks and
best practices for AR as well as virtual reality(VR) to be used in tourism settings. Some main affordances include
guest autonomy, customized experiences, visitor data collection and increased electronic word-of-mouth
generation for promotion purposes. Some challenges found include the need for high levels of technology
infrastructure, low adoption rates or ‘buy-in’ rates, high levels of calibration and customization, and the need for
maintenance and support services. Some suggestions are given as to how to leverage the affordances and meet
the challenges to implementing AR for tourism
A study on financial aspect of supply chain management journal ijrtem
The more common approaches used in the SCM consider only the physical logistic operations
and ignore the financial aspects of the supply chain. The main objective to incorporate financial aspects in
supply chain management is to strengthen managerial decisions concerning financial flows in supply chains,
while empirical knowledge about financial supply chain management (FSCM) is in its early stages. This paper
presents a model for FSCM which financial planning in addition to operation planning is decided in it. The
main contribution of this paper is to define two approaches for Financial Supply Chain Management and to
compare them. This financial approaches are: Traditional financial approach and new financial approach.
Traditional financial approach integrates physical goods flows and financial flows. New financial approach
considers in making decisions other financial indicators such as market to book value, liquidity ratios, capital
structure ratios, and return on equity, sales margin, turnover ratios and stock security ratios, among others.
Moreover, the new approach applies the change in equity instead of the traditional approach measures of profit
as the objective function to be maximized in the presented model. To show the attributes of the presented
approaches, the results of the new approach and the traditional approach is compared. The findings indicate
that the traditional approach leads to lower change in equity compared to the financial approach. Also, the
results clearly reveal the better improvement of using the new approach over the traditional approach, and
convince the decision makers to take advantage of the new approach
Existence results for fractional q-differential equations with integral and m...journal ijrtem
This paper concerns a new kind of fractional q-differential equation of arbitrary order by
combining a multi-point boundary condition with an integral boundary condition. By solving the equation which
is equivalent to the problem we are going to investigate, the Green’s functions are obtained. By defining a
continuous operator on a Banach space and taking advantage of the cone theory and some fixed-point theorems,
the existence of multiple positive solutions for the BVPs is proved based on some properties of Green’s functions
and under the circumstance that the continuous functions f satisfy certain hypothesis. Finally, examples are
provided to illustrate the results.
The following Project shows the benefits of a research established into a multi-products
warehouse belongs to an automotive industry supplier. The main goal was applied a tool recognizing the rules
for distribution and material storage. Once the research was completed, the benefits were, the idle times
reduction per hours/week by the two initial processes. The politics for storage assignment and location, propose
a system to improve the space into this areain order to avoid material management and flow issues. It is
important to mention, the system proposed could be applied into warehouses with storage size and space
restricted by sorting area, also different material types, production settings and physical specifications for
which set warehouses with traditional management of distribution without slack, involves lack of materials,
pieces without records, incorrect location assigned, stock error.
Study of desalination processes of seawater from the desalination plant of La...journal ijrtem
: The use of water for food purposes requires excellent physicochemical quality. To contribute to
the control of water quality. Water treated by reverse osmosis is aggressive and demineralize can not be used
directly as a source of drinking water. The objective of this work is to study, physics-chemical analyzes of raw
water, pretreated osmosis and treated (permeate) and produced water (reservoir) at the desalination plant of
seawater Laayoune (SDL), located in southern Morocco. For this, we have followed several qualitative
parameters such as pH, conductivity, turbidity.
Effect of Cash Management on The Financial Performance of Cooperative Banks i...journal ijrtem
This paper analyses the effect of cash management on the financial performance of cooperatives
banks in Rwanda. A descriptive research design was used. The population comprised of 148 employees of ZIGMA
CSS from which a sample of 108 employees was determined using Solvirn and Yemen’s formula. Data was
collected from both primary and secondary sources using questionnaires and document analysis. Data was
presented using frequency tables from which analysis was made. A multi regression analysis was used to analyse
relationship between the variables. The results from the survey revealed that ZIGMA CSS uses various cash
management techniques in the cash management. The results further revealed a strong relationship between cash
management and financial performance of ZIGMA CSS. The study concludes that cash management is a key tool
in the financial management of the banks since cash forms the biggest asset of the bank. Cooperatives banks
should ensure that they develop policies in effective cash management.
Technical expertise on the cause of engine failure of the Mitsubishi Pajero S...journal ijrtem
The article concerns the case of the damage to the Mitsubishi Pajero Sport engine and the
methodology a technical expert applied to identify a direct cause of failure. The engine failure occurred while a
vehicle was being repaired to eliminate air conditioning malfunction and engine overheating. When repairing, it
was necessary to replace a cylinder head and the pistons were checked removing the pully from a crank shaft.
After the repair had been completed and after 16-day vehicle operation, engine timing belts got damaged. To
eliminate this malfunction, damaged belts were replaced. Thirty (30) days after the vehicle had been put into
operation, emergency engine failure occurred, and a technical expert was called upon to assess the quality of the
repairs having been performed. The article describes the procedures and methodology a technical expert applied.
In the conclusion, the findings are stated. To determine the cause, a vehicle was on the car service station
premises, where a technical expert was present and according to his instructions, diagnostic and subsequent
disassembly works have been done. The procedure of evaluating the key characteristics on individual parts, their
display, and the resulting evaluation are described.
Clustering based Time Slot Assignment Protocol for Improving Performance in U...journal ijrtem
Recently, numerous approaches have been proposed for designing medium access control (MAC)
in underwater acoustic networks (UANs). Some of those works tried to adapt MAC protocols proposed for
terrestrial networks. However, unique environmental characteristics of UANs make the MAC protocols hard to be
used in the UANs and degrade network performance. In order to improve network performance, COD-TS MAC
protocol was proposed. COD-TS focuses on both single hop and multi-hop mode and utilizes CDMA for
exchanging schedule information between cluster heads. COD-TS has shortcomings such as collisions, additional
energy consumption by exchanging schedule information and near-far effect of CDMA. To overcome above
shortcomings, we propose a clustering-based time slot assignment protocol. In the proposed protocol, nodes are
clustered, and each cluster head performs two-hop neighbor cluster discovery operation. And then, a cluster head
obtains its own relative position information. Finally, the cluster head assigns its own time slot for data
transmission based on the information. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol has always better
performance compared to the COD-TS.
Design and Implementation of Smart Bell Notification System using IoT journal ijrtem
Smart phones have become part of our daily life. People using smart phones have increased
rapidly. The proposed paper is to provide a security system that combines the functions of smart phone and home
network system. It enables the users to check the image of the visitor who is present at the door. It also saves all
the images in their drive. We send an alert message to the Owner whenever the doorbell is pressed. Furthermore,
the owner can call to the visitor with the help of our app. We are also providing a link in the SMS sent so that it
redirects the user to the app
Assessment of the Water Quality of Lake Sidi Boughaba (Ramsar Site 1980) Keni...journal ijrtem
Sidi Boughaba Lake, part of a wetland complex of Morocco (Ramsar site in 1980) is located on
the Atlantic coast of northwestern Morocco, oriented NNE - SSW and located in an interdunal depression. The
existence of this body of water is due to the fact that the topographic surface is at a lower cost than that of the
piezometric surface of the coastal water table, rainwater and runoff water. The objective of this study is to
determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the waters of this lake. Thus, several water samples were
taken monthly in the period 2016-2017. Parameters such as: temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC),
chloride (Cl-
), turbidity (NTU), calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). The results obtained show that the
distribution of the analyzed elements in Lake waters is quite variable between seasons, as well as between stations.
However, the analysis showed that the studied waters are very mineralized, with an EC between 7 g/l and 14.8
g/l. This mineralization is essentially evaporitic and is controlled by various processes, such as evaporation and
marine influence by aerosol.
The case of a cyclist and tractor traffic accident journal ijrtem
When assessing the cause of a traffic accident, it is also necessary for the technical expert to
take into account the real influences that affect individual participants. This is especially important for accidents
in which one of the participants is cyclist. Technical expert must consider all the circumstances necessary to
assess the cyclist´s behavior. Negligible is not even the age of a cyclist, since in the case of a child or an old man
the driver overtaking bicycle should take this into consideration. The article deals with case of traffic accident
between tractor with the trailer and a bicycle which was riding by cyclist at the age of 80. Apart from the described
procedure by expert in the calculations, the influences on participants' behavior are also discussed
: This paper is aimed at designing a density based dynamic traffic signal system where the timing
of signal will change automatically on sensing the traffic density at any junction using the IoT technology. Traffic
congestion is a severe problem in most cities across the world and therefore it is time to shift more manual mode
or fixed timer mode to an automated system with decision making capabilities. To optimize this problem, we have
made a framework for an intelligent traffic control system. Sometimes higher traffic density at one side of the
junction demands longer green time as compared to standard allotted time. We therefore propose here a
mechanism in which the time period of green light and red light is assigned on the basis of the density of the
traffic present at the time. This is achieved by using LIDAR sensors.
Social Media Role in Improving Customer Relationship Management: An Empirical...journal ijrtem
The study aimed to identify the impact of Social media in improving customer relationship
management (CRM) at Jordanian Islamic banks (JIB), identify the impact of achieving the effectiveness of
Social media at JIB. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher prepared a questionnaire to measure
the role of Social media on CRM. The researcher selected the study sample randomly by distributing 365
questionnaires on the customers of JIB where (302) were retrieved. After reviewing the questionnaires, it was
found that there were (28) questionnaires invalid for the statistical analysis. Thus, the total number of
respondents was (274). In order to answer the study questions and test its hypotheses, the researcher extracted
the arithmetic means and standard deviations and applied the multiple regression equation. Accordingly, the
study reached too many results, most important of which is that there is a statistically significant effect for
Social media on achieving the effectiveness of the CRM. The study recommended the need that JIB seeks for
adding various characteristics of editing, deleting, copying, and setting time on the basis of text messaging
through such networks as well as the need of conducting marketing studies aimed to enabling banks to achieve
the customers' wishes in a method matching their expectations.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Gen AI Study Jams _ For the GDSC Leads in India.pdf
GREEN CHEMISTRY: A PRIMER
1. Invention Journal of Research Technology in Engineering & Management (IJRTEM)
ISSN: 2455-3689
www.ijrtem.com Volume 2 Issue 9 ǁ September 2018 ǁ PP 60-63
|Volume 2| Issue 9 | www.ijrtem.com | 60 |
GREEN CHEMISTRY: A PRIMER
Matthew N. O. Sadiku1
, Sarhan M. Musa1
, and Osama M. Musa2
1
Roy G. Perry College of Engineering Prairie View A&M University Prairie View, TX 77446
2
Ashland Inc. Bridgewater, NJ 08807
ABSTRACT: With mounting concerns over the state of our planet, there is continuing demand that chemists
and chemical engineers should develop greener chemical processes and products. In the 1990s, with the
growing awareness of the hazardous impacts of the chemical industry, the green chemistry revolution was
launched by American chemists Paul T. Anastas and John Warner. Green chemistry is the kind of chemistry that
seeks to minimize pollution, conserve energy, and promote environmentally friendly production. This paper
provides a brief introduction to green chemistry.
KEY WORDS: green chemistry, sustainable chemistry, green engineering
I. INTRODUCTION
The chemical industry touches every aspect of our modern life. Our quality of life depends on chemical products
and processes. Unfortunately, the chemical industry’s traditional approach to producing goods has been
regarded unsafe and unsustainable. Green chemistry efficiently utilizes materials, eliminates waste, and
minimizes the use of hazardous processes and substances. It plays a transformative role in the chemical industry.
The concept of green chemistry is a relatively new idea. Green chemistry involves the development of chemical
products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use of hazardous substances. Green chemistry is also known
as sustainable chemistry, clean chemistry, and benign by design chemistry [1]. It focuses on the environmental
impact of chemical products and processes. It reduces toxicity, minimizes waste, and saves energy.
Green chemistry is not confined to the industrial sector. It applies to all areas of chemistry including organic
chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, analytical chemistry, and physical chemistry. It is an
interdisciplinary area drawing on knowledge from chemists, chemical engineers, toxicologists, and ecologists. It
has evolved from being an academic research effort to become a practice supported by academia, industry, and
government. In the United States, regulatory programs play a major role in shaping the development of green
chemistry. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was formed in 1970 and charged with protecting
human and environmental health through setting and enforcing environmental regulations. The EPA has played
a significant role in fostering green chemistry through its pollution prevention programs and funding. The EPA
also demands that chemists and engineers should design chemical processes and products in a way that prevents
pollution and avoids the creation of toxic by-products and waste. Since 1996, the United States has given an
annual award, the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award, to promote and reward significant
achievements in green chemistry.
II. PRINCIPLES OF GREEN CHEMISTRY
In 1998, Paul Anastas and John C. Warner published twelve principles to guide the practice of green chemistry.
The principles address a wide range of approaches to reduce the environmental and health impacts of chemical
production. They provide an early template for what would make a greener chemical or product. The twelve
principles are illustrated in Figure 1 and explained as follows [2-4]:
1. Prevention: Preventing waste is better than treating or cleaning up waste after it is created.
2. Atom economy: Synthetic methods should try to maximize the incorporation of all materials (atoms) used
in the process into the final product.
3. Less hazardous chemical syntheses: Synthetic methods should avoid using or generating substances toxic to
humans and/or the environment.
4. Designing safer chemicals: Chemical products should be designed to achieve their desired function while
being as non-toxic as possible.
5. Safer solvents and auxiliaries: Auxiliary substances should be avoided wherever possible and as non-
hazardous as possible when they must be used.
6. Design for energy efficiency: Energy requirements should be minimized, and processes should be
conducted at ambient temperature and pressure whenever possible.
2. GREEN CHEMISTRY: A PRIMER.
|Volume 2| Issue 9 | www.ijrtem.com | 61 |
7. Use of renewable feedstocks: Whenever it is practical to do so, renewable feedstocks or raw materials are
preferable to non-renewable ones.
8. Reduce derivatives: Unnecessary generation of derivatives, such as the use of protecting groups, should be
minimized or avoided if possible; such steps require additional reagents, lessen atom economy, and may
generate additional waste.
9. Catalysis: Catalytic reagents that can be used in small quantities to repeat a reaction are superior to
stoichiometric reagents (ones that are consumed in a reaction).
10. Design for degradation: Chemical products should be designed so that they do not pollute the environment;
when their function is complete, they should break down into non-harmful products.
11. Real-time analysis for pollution prevention: Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to
permit real-time, in-process monitoring and control before hazardous substances form.
12. Inherently safer chemistry for accident prevention: Whenever possible, the substances in a process, and the
forms of those substances, should be chosen to minimize risks such as explosions, fires, and accidental
releases.
These principles are being put into practice in all walks of science since they provide a recipe for efficient
manufacturing and a safe environment.
III. APPLICATIONS
Green chemistry is impacting the chemical industry and other sectors such as agriculture, healthcare,
automotive, electronics, energy, and materials.
• Pharmaceutical industry: Green chemistry is a strong ally with the pharmaceutical industry. The main
goal of green chemistry is to reduce or eliminate waste in the manufacture of drugs. The pharmaceutical
industry was among the first to recognize the value of green chemistry. For example, a pharmaceutical
company can produce more ibuprofen in less time and with less energy, resulting in increased profits. Green
chemistry can also be used to develop innovative drug delivery methods [5]. The pharmaceutical industry is
seeking ways to develop medicines with less harmful side-effects.
• Agriculture: Sustainable agriculture meets the demands for agricultural output at socially acceptable
economic and environmental costs. The use of fertilizers can be reduced by timing it to the needs of the
crop, lowering the environmental impact of large-scale agricultural operations.
• Energy: Green chemistry also plays an important role in alternate energy via the production of solar cells,
fuel cells, and batteries for energy storage. Transportation alone accounts for one fourth of energy
consumption and two thirds of oil usage in the US. The photovoltaic industry is leading the clean-energy
sector.
• Leisure industry: Chemistry provides inexpensive materials for golf, fishing, etc. Tourism activities can
have negative impacts when the environment is unable to cope with the increased population due to tourist
visitors. Tourism can contribute to the depletion of natural resources such as water, food, and energy and
increase the local generation of waste. Green chemistry can contribute to the sustainability of the leisure
industry [6].
Green chemistry is also regarded as a powerful tool for evaluating the environmental impact of nanotechnology.
IV. METRICS
To measure the environmental impact of chemical processes and track green chemistry progress, some tools are
needed. Green chemistry can be defined using metrics which can be used to quantify greener processes and
products. In other words, the metrics are used to determine how green is green [7]. Such an effort would require
the collaboration of chemists, policy makers, educators, and businesses [8]. These metrics include ones for
mass, energy, hazardous substance reduction, and life cycle environmental impacts.
V. BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES
Green chemistry is a tool for achieving sustainability. It is sustainable in the sense that it serves the needs of
today’s generation without endangering the ability of future generation to meet their own needs. Green
chemistry is beneficial to our planet. Adopting green chemistry gives us an opportunity to create a safer
laboratory and living environment. It provides greater efficiency in the chemical industry. It has the potential to
improve the quality of different technologies used in chemical industry.
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Going green can benefit us in the following ways [9]. Using sustainable and renewable resources for reactants
and catalysts preserves resources for future generations. When less waste is produced in a reaction, there is less
potentially hazardous material being released into the environment. Avoiding the creation of hazardous
environmental situations will lessen the likelihood of class actions lawsuits, which are expensive and damaging
to a company’s reputation. The green chemistry revolution presents several challenges to chemists and chemical
engineers. The major challenges confronted by green chemistry innovations include [10]: economic and
financial, (2) regulatory, (3) technical, (4) organizational, (5) cultural, and (6) definition and metrics. A large
part of the chemical industry is capital-intensive. Large companies are slow and reluctant to switch to new
technologies due to the upfront costs involved. It is also a challenge for industries to synthesize non-harmful
products since the harmful traits are often linked to the desired functionality of the products.
Some potential downsides of green chemistry include the following [9]. When new, greener reactions are
developed, new equipment or even entirely new chemical plants may be necessary. The set-up costs can be
prohibitive. Unintended consequences can also have severe impacts on the public. Older chemical processes
have been around long enough that their potential hazards are well understood. Newer materials may appear
greener at first, but problems may reveal themselves later.
VI. CONCLUSION
Green chemistry, also known as environmentally benign chemistry, focuses on the design of chemical processes
and products to minimize their inherent hazard. It has emerged as an important aspect of all chemistry and it is
the future of chemistry. The main goal of green chemistry is to reduce or eliminate waste in the manufacture of
chemicals and its allied products. The chemical industry has risen to the occasion by replacing traditional
processes with greener alternatives. The successful implementation of green chemistry requires the cooperation
of the academia, industry, government, and society. Chemical societies worldwide have recognized the
importance of green chemistry. They promote it through journals, conferences, educational activities, and the
formation of the Green Chemistry Institute chapters. Several institutions now offer courses and degrees on green
chemistry. Today’s students will significantly benefit from the introduction of green chemistry in the curriculum
[11, 12]. More information about green chemistry can be found in Green Chemistry and Current Opinion in
Green and Sustainable Chemistry, two journals exclusively devoted to it. One should also consult books in [3,
13-17] and several other books in Amazon.com.
REFERENCES
[1] M. A. Korany et al., “Green chemistry: Analytical and chromatography,” Journal of Liquid
Chromatography & Related Technologies, 2017, 40 (16), 839-852.
[2] “Green chemistry,” Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_chemistry
[3] P. T. Anastas and J. C. Warner, Green Chemistry Theory and Practice. Oxford University Press, New
York (2000).
[4] “J. Hill et al., “Challenges for Chemical Education: Engaging with Green Chemistry and nvironmental
Sustainability”, The Chemist, 2013, 86, 25-31 or http://www.theaic.org/pub_thechemist_journals/Vol-
86-No-1/Vol-86-No1-Article-5.html
[5] R K. Sindhu et al., “Applications of green chemistry in pharmaceutical chemistry and day to day life,”
Archives of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research, vol. 1, no. 2, 2017, pp. 39-44.
[6] D. Pleissner, “Green chemistry and the leisure industry: New business models for sustainability,”
Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, vol. 8, 2017, pp. 1-4.
[7] M. Tobiszewski et al., “Green chemistry metrics with special reference to green analytical chemistry,”
Molecules, vol. 20, 2015, pp. 10928-10946.
[8] J. A. Tickner and M. Becker, “Mainstreaming green chemistry: The need for metrics,” Current Opinion
in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, vol. 1, 2016, pp. 1-4.
[9] “The pros and cons of green alternatives in chemical manufacturing,” August 2017,
https://www.boropharm.com/pros-cons-green-alternatives-chemical-manufacturing/
[10] K. J. M. Matus et al., “Barriers to the implementation of green chemistry in the United States,”
Environmental Science & Technology, vol. 46, 2012, pp. 10892-10899.
[11] D. L. Hjeresen, D. L. Schutt, and J. M. Boose, “Green chemistry and education,” Journal of Chemical
Education, vol. 77, no. 12, December 2000, pp. 1543- 1547.
[12] S. A. Kennedy. “Design of a dynamic undergraduate green chemistry course.,” Journal of Chemical
Education, vol. 93, 2016, pp. 645-649.
[13] P. Tundo, A. Perosa, and F. Zecchini (eds.), Methods and Reagents for Green Chemistry – An
Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
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[14] J. H. Clark and D. Macquarrie (eds.), Handbook of Green Chemistry and Technology. Blackwell
Science, 2002.
[15] B. Torok and T. Dransfield, Green Chemistry: An Inclusive Approach. Elsevier, 2017.
[16] M. A. Ryan and M. Tinnesand, Introduction to Green Chemistry. Washington, DC: American
Chemical Society, 2002.
[17] M. Lancaster, Green Chemistry: An Introductory Text: Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry,
vol. 2, 2010.
AUTHORS
Matthew N.O. Sadiku is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Prairie View
A&M University, Prairie View, Texas. He is the author of several books and papers. His areas of research
interest include computational electromagnetics and computer networks. He is a fellow of IEEE.
Sarhan M. Musa is a professor in the Department of Engineering Technology at Prairie View A&M
University, Texas. He has been the director of Prairie View Networking Academy, Texas, since 2004. He is an
LTD Sprint and Boeing Welliver Fellow.
Osama M. Musa is currently Vice President and Chief Technology Officer for Ashland Inc. Dr. Musa also
serves as a member of the Advisory Board at Manhattan College’s Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering as well as a member of the Board of Trustees at Chemists' Club of NYC. Additionally, he sits on
the Advisory Board of the International Journal of Humanitarian Technology (IJHT).
Figure 1. The principles of green chemistry [4].