Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago: Teacher Education Course "Great Lakes Rocks" lesson on moderating effects on temperature of large bodies of water. Full PPT download includes the animations that are required to view full content.
1. Heat Source Heat Sink
Great Lakes Rocks
Teacher Education Course
School Year 2016-2017
2. Vocabulary Preview
Temperature
Energy
•Heat
•Internal Energy (thermal energy)
Heat Transfer Methods
•Conduction
•Convection
•Radiation
Specific Heat
Heat Capacity
Units
Temperature
• Celsius
• Kelvin
• Fahrenheit
Energy
• Joules
• calories
Mass
• kilograms
4. When the substance is the same, what is the
relationship between temperature, mass, and total energy?
One beaker holds twice as
much water by mass as the
other. Each has identical
Bunsen burners providing equal
heat energy flow per second.
Which reaches 100 degrees
Celsius first?
What would could you say about
the change in thermal energy of
each beaker at the moment
when first one reaches 100
degrees Celsius?
5. When the substance is the same, what is the
relationship between temperature, mass, and total energy?
One beaker holds twice as
much water by mass as the
other. Each has identical
Bunsen burners providing equal
heat energy flow per second.
How much more energy is
required to get the larger beaker
to 100 C compared to the
energy to do so for the smaller
beaker?
6. When the substances are NOT the same, what is the
relationship between temperature, mass, and total energy?
50 g of Water 50 g of Water 50 g of Water 50 g of Sand
20 C
20 C
80 C
80 C
50 C 30 C
7. When the substances are NOT the same, what is the
relationship between temperature, mass, and total energy?
50 g of Water 50 g of Sand
Liquid water has 5 times the capacity to absorb heat
and produce same temperature change as same mass of sand
8. When the substances are NOT the same, what is the
relationship between temperature, mass, and total energy?
50 g of Water 50 g of Sand
Liquid water has 5 times the capacity to give off heat
and produce same temperature change as same mass of sand
9. Water Sand
Mass
Specific Heat
(J/g·C°)
Heat Capacity
(J/C°)
Specific Heat
(J/g·C°)
Heat Capacity
(J/C°)
10 g 4.2 42 0.84 8.4
20 g 4.2 84 0.84 16.8
50 g 4.2 210 0.84 42
100 g 4.2 420 0.84 84
200 g 4.2 840 0.84 168
The specific heat of water is always ~ 5 times greater than the specific
heat of sand, independent of the mass of the sample, because specific
heat is an intensive property of a substance.
The heat capacity of a sample of water depends on the mass of the
sample, making it an extensive property. A beaker with 20 g of water has
twice the heat capacity of a beaker with 10 g of water (but the water in
each beaker has the same specific heat value). It would take a beaker
with 50 g of sand to have the same heat capacity as 10 g of water.
10. Heat Transfer: Electromagnetic Radiation (~light)
Heat Always Flows
from
Higher Temperature
to
Lower Temperature
(Natural System)
Color is a major
variable (emissivity)
Good absorbers
(dark) are good
emitters.
11. Heat Transfer: Conduction (~direct contact)
Heat Always Flows
from
Higher Temperature
to
Lower Temperature
(Natural System)
Some materials
conduct quickly
(metal) and others
conduct slowly
(wood).
12. Heat Transfer: Convection (~moving fluids)
Heat Always Flows
from
Higher Temperature
to
Lower Temperature
(Natural System)
Changes in density
due to temperature
difference, along
with gravity, cause
natural movement of
liquids and gases
energy gets
“carried along” and
“dropped off”
13. In this case, the pool of water is
a heat sink for the grill
14. In this case, the pool of water is
a heat source for the ice cream
15. How does the proximity of the Lake affect the air temperature?
18. 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
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Temperatures(degreesCelsuis)
Date
Air temperatures
Lake Michigan, July
Benton Harbor, MI
South Bend, IN
19. -20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Temperatures(degreesCelsuis)
Date
Air temperatures
Lake Michigan, January
Benton Harbor, MI
South Bend, IN
Editor's Notes
http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/phzmweb/interactivemap.aspx
USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map
The 2012 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map is the standard by which gardeners and growers can determine which plants are most likely to thrive at a location. The map is based on the average annual minimum winter temperature, divided into 10-degree F zones.
Hardiness zones are based on the average annual extreme minimum temperature during a 30-year period in the past, not the lowest temperature that has ever occurred in the past or might occur in the future. Gardeners should keep that in mind when selecting plants, especially if they choose to "push" their hardiness zone by growing plants not rated for their zone. In addition, although this edition of the USDA PHZM is drawn in the most detailed scale to date, there might still be microclimates that are too small to show up on the map.
Microclimates, which are fine-scale climate variations, can be small heat islands—such as those caused by blacktop and concrete—or cool spots caused by small hills and valleys. Individual gardens also may have very localized microclimates. Your entire yard could be somewhat warmer or cooler than the surrounding area because it is sheltered or exposed. You also could have pockets within your garden that are warmer or cooler than the general zone for your area or for the rest of your yard, such as a sheltered area in front of a south-facing wall or a low spot where cold air pools first. No hardiness zone map can take the place of the detailed knowledge that gardeners pick up about their own gardens through hands-on experience.