Life is a puzzle
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DNA and the Genetic Basis of Life. Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago. Teacher Education Course. All About You.
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Life is a puzzle
- 1. DNA and the Genetic Basis of Life: Life Is A Puzzle All About You Teacher Education Course School Year 2016-17
- 2. Life is a Puzzle: Objectives Students will: • Use a model to determine how DNA molecule’s structure allows genes to code information for functions essential to life. • Describe the relationship between genes, proteins, and traits. • Use a model to determine the potential effect of gene mutations on proteins.
- 4. Uncover Ideas GMO Social Media Themed Probe Complete the table on your own “Here’s my thinking…” in small groups America’s Misconceptions Survey about DNA & genetic testing • https://blog.23andme.com/news/happy-dna-day/
- 5. Experience Phenomenon: Folding Strips Cut strips along dotted lines • note strips are labeled A, B, C and D Folding Rules • Folds can only occur along solid lines • Folds must be done in sequence listed • Strip must be folded at every solid line Once folded, place on summary chart • Does the folded strip fit inside the shape? • How would you describe the error in folding instructions?
- 6. Experience Phenomenon Where are the instructions for building & folding proteins?
- 7. Experience Phenomenon: DNA Structure Pieces of the Puzzle • Deoxyribose Sugar • Phosphate • Adenine • Thymine • Cytosine • Guanine Directions: • Use the pieces on your table to model the structure of DNA. • Once you have the puzzle figured out correctly tape them together. • HINT: they will only fit together one way!
- 9. Making Meaning Instructions for making proteins
- 10. Amoeba Sisters DNA Playlist
- 13. Pieces of the Puzzle… Explained
- 14. Pieces of the Puzzle… Explained Nucleotides • The basic unit of the DNA molecule, compose of a sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen base (A,C,T,G) • Held together by covalent bonds.
- 15. Pieces of the Puzzle… Explained Sugar-phosphate backbone • The supports of the ladder, held together by strong covalent bonds which gives the molecule its strength. Note: the solid lines in this diagram represent covalent bonds.
- 16. Pieces of the Puzzle… Explained Complementary base pairs • Nitrogen bases that form the rungs of the ladder. • Only pair with one of the other three bases. • Purines: Adenine and Guanine- double ring • Pyrimidine: Thymine and Cytosine- single ring • Held together by hydrogen bonds, weaker bonds (dotted lines)
- 17. Making Meaning
- 18. Why DNA is Important • DNA- the molecule that provides the instruction for life, from the color of our eyes to if we are more susceptible to certain diseases. • Genes are coded by the order of the nitrogen base pairs on one side of the molecule
- 19. Completed puzzle Double Helix- DNA forms a two stranded twisted ladder which results from the overall structure of the molecule Allows the molecule to be stored efficiently in the nucleus of the cell
- 20. Demonstrating New Knowledge Mutations: The good, the bad, and the eh…
- 21. Reflection and Metacognition Point of most significance Muddiest point Thinking log stems pg 191
- 22. Why DNA? What are the major pieces of DNA? What characteristics make DNA so good at what it has to do? Compare and contrast DNA to a ladder.
Editor's Notes
- Work to develop
- This slide will be to introduce the individual piece of the puzzle, Deoxyribose sugar are the yellow pieces labeled S-deoxyribose, Phosphate are the purple pieces labeled P, Adenine are the orange pieces labeled A, Thymine are the red pieces labeled T, Cytosine are the green pieces labeled C and Guanine are the blue pieces labeled G. Activity directions: 1. Give the students pieces of the DNA molecule (have them cut the pieces out in class or as home work the night before). Use envelops or Ziploc bags to store them 2. Have the pieces spread out so that each student has access to at least 8 sugar, 8 phosphate and 2 of each nitrogen base (A,C,T,G), having more pieces than necessary to complete at least a 4-5 base pair molecule is best. 3. Each student should have their science journal out and opened to two new pages. 4. Students should fit the puzzle pieces together on their own or in small groups. note: they will only fit together in one way as show in Figure 5 5. Students will tape the puzzle in one side of their science journal once the student is sure that it is in the correct order. 6. The opposite page should be used to take notes on the parts of the molecule during the PowerPoint. 7. While they are working walk around the room and guide where necessary. 8. Once most students are finished use the PowerPoint to review all the important terms and molecules that make up the larger DNA molecule. 9. Use the 3D model, as well as have some samples of individual pieces and nucleotides from extra puzzle pieces to show them during the explanation in the PowerPoint. 10. The PowerPoint and check for understand question will lead the students though the terms and importance of the structure of DNA
- A version of the completed puzzle, this can be taped into the students science journal and used to take notes and label the structures as you proceeded through the PowerPoint. Can be longer, but should not be shorter. The fact that some of the letters are upside down is correct.
- The link and the picture will guide students though where DNA is and how it is stored in the nucleus of the cell.
- This images shows the double helix structure of DNA on the left. Then it zooms in to show the structure which is similar to the puzzle in the previous slide and that your students have built. This image will be followed throughout the PowerPoint in order to explain all of the parts of DNA
- When the three major pieces of DNA, a sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base are together, they form a nucleotide. A nucleotide is the basic unit of DNA. It always has two parts the same and one that is different. The sugar and phosphate are always present, but the nitrogen base can be different. It is the order of nucleotides with different bases, A,T,C,G which stores the information that the cell needs. The bases are like the letters in your lesson plan. The letters make up words, or genes, you or any other teacher the important information in the lesson. This allows us to take a large amount of information and make sense out of it. The cell has to do the same thing with the long strands of DNA that are in every cell, since each strand of DNA in a cell is six feet long! It needs to read the genes which codes the information that will tell the cell what it will be and how it will function. This slide has animations to highlight the Nucleotide.
- The simplest way to describe the structure of the DNA molecule is to think of it as a ladder that has been twisted from the ends forming what is called a double helix. The green structure in the top right of Figure 1 shows the basic structure of DNA. The two legs of the ladder, the vertical parts, make up a backbone of a deoxyribose sugar and phosphate molecules linked together in long chains (see Figure 2 in the lesson plan). Just like in the ladder they provide stabilization and hold the molecule together. This strength comes from the bonds that hold the sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base molecules together: covalent bonds. These bonds are represented by the solid lines in Figure 2, and for more information see the Bond Reference Sheet.
- The rungs of the ladder are formed from the nitrogen bases. There are four bases in DNA, adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Adenine and Guanine are purines and have a two ring structure. Cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines and have single ring structures. The structure of the bases is important because each nitrogen base bonds with only one of the others. The complementary base pairs are adenine-thymine, cytosine-guanine, this allows the DNA molecule to be the same distance across at all points, three rings at every point along the molecule. It also means that there are always the same number of adenine molecules as thymine and cytosine as guanine. Hydrogen bonds hold the complementary base pairs together, and are weaker bonds then the covalent bonds that hold the backbone together. Each set of base pairs bonds with a different number of hydrogen bonds, A-T has two, and G-C has three hydrogen bonds (see dotted lines in the diagram above). The hydrogen bonds are able to hold two nitrogen bases together or be broken apart temporarily to allow the information in DNA to be used by the cell, or to have the DNA be copied so that the call can divide and create a new identical cell
- A bonds with T C bonds with G A and G are bigger than T and C, keeps ladder rungs similar in length…
- Use your DNA Model here to explain and show the double helix, which can be described simply as a ladder twisted around a central point.
- What are the three major molecules of DNA? Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous Base What are the four nitrogen bases? adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine What are the bonds called that hold the nitrogen bases together and what characteristic makes them perfect for the DNA molecule? Hydrogen Bonds, they are weak electromagnetic bonds that will hold the two sides of the ladder together, but also allow it to be pulled apart when necessary. Explain why it is important that the nitrogen bases can be pulled apart? They need to be separated in order to be read and used or to be copied for creating a new cell. How can you compare the structure of DNA to a Ladder? Sugar and Phosphates act as the supports and the bases are the rungs. How is it different from a ladder? It twists to form a double helix, this will allow the molecule to be packed very compactly into the nucleus of the cell. Image: DNA double helix created by people.