Granulation end point
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The document discusses 11 different techniques to determine granulation end point in pharmaceutical manufacturing processes. Visual observation is the conventional but subjective method, while techniques like power consumption, impeller torque, conductivity, and acoustic emission aim to provide more objective and reproducible measurements of changes in granule properties online. Additional offline methods like rheometry, effusivity, and spectroscopy also characterize granulation but can be more expensive.
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Granulation end point
- 1. Different Techniques to determine Granulation end point 1. Visual observation - Conventional method - Skill based - May vary from person to person - May vary for same person form time to time - Subjective (Reproducibility)
- 2. 3. Impeller Torque - Online - Changes in torque on the blades measured - More sensitive than power consumption technique - Subjective 2. Power consumption - Inexpensive and online -Change in current load is measured. - Change in current load is due to change in cohesive force or amount of resistance impeller experience to keep certain rotational force - Subjective
- 3. 4. Conductivity - Measures uniformity of liquid distribution in damp mass - Change in Packing density of particles - Not extensively used 5. Probe vibration - Measures increase in granule size - Increase in granule size increases the acceleration of agglomerates
- 4. 6. Boots Diosna probe - Measures densification and increase in size of granules - Densification changes the momentum of granules moving - Not used due to invasive nature 7. Capacitance sensor - Measures Moisture distribution and granule formation - Subjective
- 5. 8. Torque rheometer - Offline technique - Measures rheological properties of the granulation 9. Acoustic Emission - Online technique - Measures ultrasonic sound (Acoustic emission) generated by movement of particles - Non invasive - Reproducible - Accurate
- 6. 10. Effusivity - Measures effusivity of different particle under mixing. (Effusivity is combination of Thermal conductivity, Density and heat capacity) - Sensitive - Offline 11. Other methods - Spectroscopic methods like NIR, Raman spectroscopy methods etc. - Expensive
- 7. 10. Effusivity - Measures effusivity of different particle under mixing. (Effusivity is combination of Thermal conductivity, Density and heat capacity) - Sensitive - Offline 11. Other methods - Spectroscopic methods like NIR, Raman spectroscopy methods etc. - Expensive