This document provides information about stress and intonation in English linguistics. It discusses syllables, prominence, the realization of stress through loudness, length and pitch. It describes different types of stress like primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary stress. It also discusses word stress, stress in two-word expressions, stress notation, rules of word stress, and stress placement. The document then covers intonation contours in English including falls, rises, fall-rises. It describes tones like falling tone, low-rise tone, and high-rise tone. Finally, it discusses the use of intonation in statements, questions, exclamations and requests.
Stress refers to the emphasis or prominence given to certain syllables in a word. In English, stressed syllables are louder, higher-pitched, and longer than unstressed syllables. The location and degree of stress can influence the meaning of words and is an important part of pronunciation. Rules for determining stress are complex and often irregular, so it is best learned through listening practice.
The document discusses various aspects of stress and intonation in English, including how stress is realized through louder, longer, and higher pitched syllables and how intonation contributes to the meaning and expression of utterances through rising and falling tones. Word stress rules and patterns of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary stress are examined along with examples of different types of stress including emphatic, contrastive, tonic, and new information stress.
The document discusses various linguistic concepts related to stress and intonation in English, including:
1) Stress refers to relative emphasis on certain syllables in a word through loudness, length, or pitch. In English, stressed syllables are louder, longer, and higher pitched.
2) Words have primary, secondary, and tertiary stresses. Primary stress is on the most prominent syllable.
3) Stress placement and degree varies between content and function words. Content words receive more stress.
4) Stress indicates new information in responses and contrasts in dialogue.
Discourse analysis session 12 and 13_07-12_12_2021 Stress and intonation in d...Dr.Badriya Al Mamari
This document provides information about stress and intonation in English discourse. It discusses topics like word stress patterns, stressed vs. unstressed syllables, content vs. function words, different types of stress (primary, secondary, etc.), stress shifts between verbs and nouns, stress in multi-word expressions, and intonation patterns in statements, questions, exclamations. It also provides examples of different intonation tones like fall, rise, fall-rise and links to additional online resources about English pronunciation.
This document defines syllables and different types of syllables such as closed, vowel-consonant-e, open, vowel team, vowel-r, consonant-le, and leftovers. It also discusses types of words according to number of syllables like monosyllabic, disyllabic, trisyllabic, and polysyllabic words. Additionally, it covers topics like stress (emphatic, contrastive, tonic, new information, word, and sentence stress), patterns of stress in syllables (monosyllabic, disyllabic, and multi/polysyllabic words), and degrees of stress (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quatern
The document discusses several topics related to prosody and suprasegmental features in language:
- It defines prosody and suprasegmental features, and gives examples like pitch, loudness, duration.
- It describes the three main prosodic systems in English: stress, rhythm, and intonation. Stress operates at the word level, rhythm at the phrase level, and intonation spans entire utterances.
- It also discusses topics like word stress patterns, compounds words, and the rhythmic nature of English as being stress-timed.
- Intonation is defined as the melody of an utterance, with elements like pitch accents and their meaning determined by context.
The document discusses stress and pronunciation in English words. It explains that English words typically only have one stressed syllable, with unstressed syllables pronounced shorter and quieter. Unstressed vowels are often reduced to the schwa sound. There are some guidelines provided for determining stress patterns in words with different numbers of syllables, compound words, and words with certain suffixes. The document emphasizes the importance of stress for distinguishing word meanings and fluent speech.
Role Of Stress To Become A Powerful CommunicatorDr. Cupid Lucid
Stress is an important feature of English pronunciation. A stressed syllable is denoted by a vertical line before it in transcription. Factors that make a syllable prominent include loudness, length, pitch, and vowel quality. There are two main types of stress: word stress and sentence stress. Function words like articles, prepositions and helping verbs are typically unstressed, while content words like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are stressed. Learning rules of stress placement is important for becoming a powerful English communicator.
Stress refers to the emphasis or prominence given to certain syllables in a word. In English, stressed syllables are louder, higher-pitched, and longer than unstressed syllables. The location and degree of stress can influence the meaning of words and is an important part of pronunciation. Rules for determining stress are complex and often irregular, so it is best learned through listening practice.
The document discusses various aspects of stress and intonation in English, including how stress is realized through louder, longer, and higher pitched syllables and how intonation contributes to the meaning and expression of utterances through rising and falling tones. Word stress rules and patterns of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary stress are examined along with examples of different types of stress including emphatic, contrastive, tonic, and new information stress.
The document discusses various linguistic concepts related to stress and intonation in English, including:
1) Stress refers to relative emphasis on certain syllables in a word through loudness, length, or pitch. In English, stressed syllables are louder, longer, and higher pitched.
2) Words have primary, secondary, and tertiary stresses. Primary stress is on the most prominent syllable.
3) Stress placement and degree varies between content and function words. Content words receive more stress.
4) Stress indicates new information in responses and contrasts in dialogue.
Discourse analysis session 12 and 13_07-12_12_2021 Stress and intonation in d...Dr.Badriya Al Mamari
This document provides information about stress and intonation in English discourse. It discusses topics like word stress patterns, stressed vs. unstressed syllables, content vs. function words, different types of stress (primary, secondary, etc.), stress shifts between verbs and nouns, stress in multi-word expressions, and intonation patterns in statements, questions, exclamations. It also provides examples of different intonation tones like fall, rise, fall-rise and links to additional online resources about English pronunciation.
This document defines syllables and different types of syllables such as closed, vowel-consonant-e, open, vowel team, vowel-r, consonant-le, and leftovers. It also discusses types of words according to number of syllables like monosyllabic, disyllabic, trisyllabic, and polysyllabic words. Additionally, it covers topics like stress (emphatic, contrastive, tonic, new information, word, and sentence stress), patterns of stress in syllables (monosyllabic, disyllabic, and multi/polysyllabic words), and degrees of stress (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quatern
The document discusses several topics related to prosody and suprasegmental features in language:
- It defines prosody and suprasegmental features, and gives examples like pitch, loudness, duration.
- It describes the three main prosodic systems in English: stress, rhythm, and intonation. Stress operates at the word level, rhythm at the phrase level, and intonation spans entire utterances.
- It also discusses topics like word stress patterns, compounds words, and the rhythmic nature of English as being stress-timed.
- Intonation is defined as the melody of an utterance, with elements like pitch accents and their meaning determined by context.
The document discusses stress and pronunciation in English words. It explains that English words typically only have one stressed syllable, with unstressed syllables pronounced shorter and quieter. Unstressed vowels are often reduced to the schwa sound. There are some guidelines provided for determining stress patterns in words with different numbers of syllables, compound words, and words with certain suffixes. The document emphasizes the importance of stress for distinguishing word meanings and fluent speech.
Role Of Stress To Become A Powerful CommunicatorDr. Cupid Lucid
Stress is an important feature of English pronunciation. A stressed syllable is denoted by a vertical line before it in transcription. Factors that make a syllable prominent include loudness, length, pitch, and vowel quality. There are two main types of stress: word stress and sentence stress. Function words like articles, prepositions and helping verbs are typically unstressed, while content words like nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are stressed. Learning rules of stress placement is important for becoming a powerful English communicator.
The document discusses stress in English pronunciation and its importance for effective communication. It defines stress as prominence given to certain syllables in a word. Stressed syllables are louder, longer, higher in pitch, and have a different vowel quality than unstressed syllables. Stress patterns vary between one, two, three, or more syllable words, and can indicate differences in meaning. Mastering stress placement is important for intelligible English speech.
1. Stress is an important feature of English pronunciation and refers to the prominence given to certain syllables in a word. A stressed syllable is marked with an apostrophe before it in transcription.
2. Factors that make a syllable stressed include loudness, length, pitch, and vowel quality. There are two main types of stress - word stress and sentence stress.
3. Content words like verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs are usually stressed, while function words like articles, prepositions, and conjunctions are usually unstressed.
Syllable stress putting effort where it matters by ashish kapilRahulSharma2647
This document discusses syllables, stress, and their importance in reading, spelling, and pronunciation. It defines a syllable as a unit of pronunciation containing a vowel, with or without surrounding consonants. It describes six syllable types and provides rules for determining stress patterns in words. Knowing syllables and stress helps students decode words, predict vowel sounds, and break up longer words for easier reading and spelling. The document emphasizes that syllables are fundamental units that affect English rhythm, meter, and stress patterns.
1) Stress is an important feature of English pronunciation and placement of stress affects meaning.
2) Stressed syllables are louder, longer, higher in pitch, and have a different vowel quality than unstressed syllables.
3) Words can have primary stress on the first, second, third, or other syllable depending on the word. Prefixes and suffixes sometimes affect stress placement.
The document discusses phonology, which is concerned with how speech sounds are classified and organized in language. It covers the basic units of phonology including phones, phonemes, and allophones. It also describes segmental phonology, which involves sound changes like assimilation, elision, and linking, as well as phonotactics. Suprasegmental phonology involves word stress, sentence stress, and tones. Word stress refers to emphasizing certain syllables to distinguish words' meanings, while sentence stress emphasizes important information words.
The document discusses stress patterns in English prefixes and suffixes. It explains that stress is an important feature of English pronunciation and proper use of stress patterns is needed to be a powerful English communicator. It then provides examples of different types of word stress and sentence stress. Finally, it discusses rules related to stress and affixes, specifically discussing how some suffixes change the stress of words while others do not.
The document discusses stress patterns in English prefixes and suffixes. It explains that stress is an important feature of English pronunciation and proficiency in stress patterns is needed to be a powerful English communicator. It then provides examples of different types of word stress and sentence stress. Finally, it discusses rules related to stress and affixes, specifically discussing how some suffixes change the stress of words while others do not.
English is a stress-timed language, meaning stress occurs at regular intervals based on the number of stressed syllables rather than the total number of syllables. Sentences contain both content words, which carry meaning and are usually stressed, and function words like articles and prepositions, which are usually unstressed. Stress has three levels - primary, secondary, and weak - and changing stress can alter a word or sentence's meaning.
This document discusses prominence and stress in spoken language. It notes that prominence is produced by factors like loudness, length, pitch, and quality, with pitch and length being the strongest factors. There are three levels of stress: primary, secondary, and unstressed. Primary stress involves the principal pitch prominence in a word. The document then provides rules for determining stress patterns in different types of words like words ending in suffixes like -tion or -ical, two-syllable verbs versus nouns, compound words, and more. Stress is an important aspect of spoken language that impacts meaning.
This document provides techniques for teaching English word stress. It discusses that stress is a major characteristic of English with strong and weak syllables. There are no consistent rules for stress in English as it is a mixture of Germanic and Romance languages. Improperly placed stress can cause misunderstanding. Stress placement may also indicate grammatical function by changing a word's part of speech. The document then outlines rules for stress placement in two-syllable words, compounds, prefixes, suffixes, and noun/verb homographs. It concludes with teaching ideas like exercises contrasting stress patterns in words.
This document provides information about stress in spoken language. It defines key terms like stress, pitch, inflection, word stress, and sentence stress. It explains how stress is applied to mono- and multi-syllabic words through emphasis and pitch. Examples are given to demonstrate stress patterns in words and how shifting stress in sentences can change meaning. The document concludes with a short quiz to test understanding of these stress concepts.
The document discusses English supra-segmental phonemes, specifically stress. It defines stress as certain syllables being more prominent than others in many languages. It describes degrees of stress and how stressed syllables are louder, higher in pitch, and longer in duration than unstressed syllables. It also discusses word stress and how the placement of stress is sometimes unpredictable in English words with multiple syllables.
Suprasegmental properties refer to aspects of sound that are not properties of individual segments like vowels and consonants, and include pitch, loudness, length, tone, intonation, and stress. Tone and intonation involve controlled pitch movement, with tone distinguishing word meanings in tonal languages and intonation conveying information without changing meaning. Stress involves combining pitch, loudness, and length to emphasize certain syllables in words for purposes like marking boundaries and adding contrast.
Wordstress rules (word stress pattern in english words)Arosek Padhi
This document provides information about word stress patterns in English words. It begins by defining a syllable as a word or part of a word containing a single vowel sound. It then gives examples of one, two, three, and four syllable words. The key points are:
- In English, one syllable receives primary stress and is pronounced louder than other syllables.
- Two syllable nouns and adjectives usually stress the first syllable, while verbs and prepositions usually stress the second.
- Three or more syllable words follow patterns where the stress falls on certain syllables depending on the word ending.
- There are also rules described for compound words, prefixes, proper nouns and other categories. Understanding
This document provides information about word stress patterns in English words. It explains that stress is placed on a specific syllable when pronouncing multi-syllabic words. Some key points covered include:
- A syllable contains a single vowel sound
- Words can have one, two, three or more syllables
- For two-syllable words, nouns/adjectives typically stress the first syllable, while verbs/prepositions stress the second
- Three+ syllable words follow patterns like stressing prefixes/suffixes or syllables from the end
- Dictionaries indicate stress placement with apostrophes
- Proper pronunciation relies on understanding and applying word stress rules
This document provides an overview of word and sentence stress and intonation patterns in English. It discusses where stress typically falls in words with different numbers of syllables, such as one-syllable words usually being stressed on the vowel, two-syllable nouns on the first syllable, and three-syllable words often having primary stress on the first syllable and secondary stress on the last. It also covers how stress can shift in derivatives and compounds. The document concludes by discussing intonation patterns that convey meaning, mood, and personality.
This document discusses compound nouns, which are formed when two or more words are joined together and interpreted as a single noun. It notes that compound nouns can be closed, looking like a single word, or open with a space between words. When spoken, compound nouns usually place more stress on the first word than the second. Examples of common compound nouns and their typical stress patterns are provided to illustrate this concept. The document concludes by contrasting the stress patterns of compound nouns versus normal adjective-noun combinations.
This document is an essay about prosody written by Laura Selene Guerrero Rojas for a class at Universidad La Gran Colombia. It discusses prosody as the study of elements of language that contribute to acoustic and rhythmic effects, including aspects like pitch, stress, intonation, and rhythm. It provides short explanations of these concepts, noting that pitch refers to vocal cord vibration and tone, stress refers to emphasis placed on certain words, intonation is the rising and falling sounds of speech, and these factors are important for expressing ideas, feelings, and being understood when speaking English. The essay also discusses standard intonation patterns and falling intonation used in questions and definitive statements.
Phonetics and phonology are both linguistic fields that are interested in the role of sound in language. The importance of learning phonetics and phonology for someone whose first language is not English is paramount.
Learning phonetics will help a foreign speaker sound more like a native speaker by making them aware of the different sounds that English makes use of.
A presentation prepared in this regards is being shared herewith for the records and general sharing. :)
This document discusses concepts related to pronunciation for English learners whose first language is Spanish. It covers several areas that can cause problems for Spanish speakers learning English pronunciation, including vowel sounds, consonants, stress and intonation patterns. Examples are provided to illustrate minimal word pairs that differ by just one sound, as well as examples of stressed and unstressed syllables. An overview of phonology and the physics of speech production is also presented.
The document discusses stress in English pronunciation and its importance for effective communication. It defines stress as prominence given to certain syllables in a word. Stressed syllables are louder, longer, higher in pitch, and have a different vowel quality than unstressed syllables. Stress patterns vary between one, two, three, or more syllable words, and can indicate differences in meaning. Mastering stress placement is important for intelligible English speech.
1. Stress is an important feature of English pronunciation and refers to the prominence given to certain syllables in a word. A stressed syllable is marked with an apostrophe before it in transcription.
2. Factors that make a syllable stressed include loudness, length, pitch, and vowel quality. There are two main types of stress - word stress and sentence stress.
3. Content words like verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs are usually stressed, while function words like articles, prepositions, and conjunctions are usually unstressed.
Syllable stress putting effort where it matters by ashish kapilRahulSharma2647
This document discusses syllables, stress, and their importance in reading, spelling, and pronunciation. It defines a syllable as a unit of pronunciation containing a vowel, with or without surrounding consonants. It describes six syllable types and provides rules for determining stress patterns in words. Knowing syllables and stress helps students decode words, predict vowel sounds, and break up longer words for easier reading and spelling. The document emphasizes that syllables are fundamental units that affect English rhythm, meter, and stress patterns.
1) Stress is an important feature of English pronunciation and placement of stress affects meaning.
2) Stressed syllables are louder, longer, higher in pitch, and have a different vowel quality than unstressed syllables.
3) Words can have primary stress on the first, second, third, or other syllable depending on the word. Prefixes and suffixes sometimes affect stress placement.
The document discusses phonology, which is concerned with how speech sounds are classified and organized in language. It covers the basic units of phonology including phones, phonemes, and allophones. It also describes segmental phonology, which involves sound changes like assimilation, elision, and linking, as well as phonotactics. Suprasegmental phonology involves word stress, sentence stress, and tones. Word stress refers to emphasizing certain syllables to distinguish words' meanings, while sentence stress emphasizes important information words.
The document discusses stress patterns in English prefixes and suffixes. It explains that stress is an important feature of English pronunciation and proper use of stress patterns is needed to be a powerful English communicator. It then provides examples of different types of word stress and sentence stress. Finally, it discusses rules related to stress and affixes, specifically discussing how some suffixes change the stress of words while others do not.
The document discusses stress patterns in English prefixes and suffixes. It explains that stress is an important feature of English pronunciation and proficiency in stress patterns is needed to be a powerful English communicator. It then provides examples of different types of word stress and sentence stress. Finally, it discusses rules related to stress and affixes, specifically discussing how some suffixes change the stress of words while others do not.
English is a stress-timed language, meaning stress occurs at regular intervals based on the number of stressed syllables rather than the total number of syllables. Sentences contain both content words, which carry meaning and are usually stressed, and function words like articles and prepositions, which are usually unstressed. Stress has three levels - primary, secondary, and weak - and changing stress can alter a word or sentence's meaning.
This document discusses prominence and stress in spoken language. It notes that prominence is produced by factors like loudness, length, pitch, and quality, with pitch and length being the strongest factors. There are three levels of stress: primary, secondary, and unstressed. Primary stress involves the principal pitch prominence in a word. The document then provides rules for determining stress patterns in different types of words like words ending in suffixes like -tion or -ical, two-syllable verbs versus nouns, compound words, and more. Stress is an important aspect of spoken language that impacts meaning.
This document provides techniques for teaching English word stress. It discusses that stress is a major characteristic of English with strong and weak syllables. There are no consistent rules for stress in English as it is a mixture of Germanic and Romance languages. Improperly placed stress can cause misunderstanding. Stress placement may also indicate grammatical function by changing a word's part of speech. The document then outlines rules for stress placement in two-syllable words, compounds, prefixes, suffixes, and noun/verb homographs. It concludes with teaching ideas like exercises contrasting stress patterns in words.
This document provides information about stress in spoken language. It defines key terms like stress, pitch, inflection, word stress, and sentence stress. It explains how stress is applied to mono- and multi-syllabic words through emphasis and pitch. Examples are given to demonstrate stress patterns in words and how shifting stress in sentences can change meaning. The document concludes with a short quiz to test understanding of these stress concepts.
The document discusses English supra-segmental phonemes, specifically stress. It defines stress as certain syllables being more prominent than others in many languages. It describes degrees of stress and how stressed syllables are louder, higher in pitch, and longer in duration than unstressed syllables. It also discusses word stress and how the placement of stress is sometimes unpredictable in English words with multiple syllables.
Suprasegmental properties refer to aspects of sound that are not properties of individual segments like vowels and consonants, and include pitch, loudness, length, tone, intonation, and stress. Tone and intonation involve controlled pitch movement, with tone distinguishing word meanings in tonal languages and intonation conveying information without changing meaning. Stress involves combining pitch, loudness, and length to emphasize certain syllables in words for purposes like marking boundaries and adding contrast.
Wordstress rules (word stress pattern in english words)Arosek Padhi
This document provides information about word stress patterns in English words. It begins by defining a syllable as a word or part of a word containing a single vowel sound. It then gives examples of one, two, three, and four syllable words. The key points are:
- In English, one syllable receives primary stress and is pronounced louder than other syllables.
- Two syllable nouns and adjectives usually stress the first syllable, while verbs and prepositions usually stress the second.
- Three or more syllable words follow patterns where the stress falls on certain syllables depending on the word ending.
- There are also rules described for compound words, prefixes, proper nouns and other categories. Understanding
This document provides information about word stress patterns in English words. It explains that stress is placed on a specific syllable when pronouncing multi-syllabic words. Some key points covered include:
- A syllable contains a single vowel sound
- Words can have one, two, three or more syllables
- For two-syllable words, nouns/adjectives typically stress the first syllable, while verbs/prepositions stress the second
- Three+ syllable words follow patterns like stressing prefixes/suffixes or syllables from the end
- Dictionaries indicate stress placement with apostrophes
- Proper pronunciation relies on understanding and applying word stress rules
This document provides an overview of word and sentence stress and intonation patterns in English. It discusses where stress typically falls in words with different numbers of syllables, such as one-syllable words usually being stressed on the vowel, two-syllable nouns on the first syllable, and three-syllable words often having primary stress on the first syllable and secondary stress on the last. It also covers how stress can shift in derivatives and compounds. The document concludes by discussing intonation patterns that convey meaning, mood, and personality.
This document discusses compound nouns, which are formed when two or more words are joined together and interpreted as a single noun. It notes that compound nouns can be closed, looking like a single word, or open with a space between words. When spoken, compound nouns usually place more stress on the first word than the second. Examples of common compound nouns and their typical stress patterns are provided to illustrate this concept. The document concludes by contrasting the stress patterns of compound nouns versus normal adjective-noun combinations.
This document is an essay about prosody written by Laura Selene Guerrero Rojas for a class at Universidad La Gran Colombia. It discusses prosody as the study of elements of language that contribute to acoustic and rhythmic effects, including aspects like pitch, stress, intonation, and rhythm. It provides short explanations of these concepts, noting that pitch refers to vocal cord vibration and tone, stress refers to emphasis placed on certain words, intonation is the rising and falling sounds of speech, and these factors are important for expressing ideas, feelings, and being understood when speaking English. The essay also discusses standard intonation patterns and falling intonation used in questions and definitive statements.
Phonetics and phonology are both linguistic fields that are interested in the role of sound in language. The importance of learning phonetics and phonology for someone whose first language is not English is paramount.
Learning phonetics will help a foreign speaker sound more like a native speaker by making them aware of the different sounds that English makes use of.
A presentation prepared in this regards is being shared herewith for the records and general sharing. :)
This document discusses concepts related to pronunciation for English learners whose first language is Spanish. It covers several areas that can cause problems for Spanish speakers learning English pronunciation, including vowel sounds, consonants, stress and intonation patterns. Examples are provided to illustrate minimal word pairs that differ by just one sound, as well as examples of stressed and unstressed syllables. An overview of phonology and the physics of speech production is also presented.
Similar to portal.guldu.uz-STUDY OF ENGLISH STRESS AND INTONATION.ppt (20)
The Cultural & Media Studies department at Eugene Lang College prepares students in research, writing, and practical media skills to be global contributors in the 21st century. The department provides a creative and critical space for reflection on pressing cultural issues through a global emphasis and grounding in media analysis. Its aim is to create engaged, informed, and inspired citizens who are culturally sophisticated, politically literate, historically sensitive, and media savvy. It does this by providing tools to analyze and navigate today's mediascape and culturescape. Cultural & Media Studies is interdisciplinary and combines methods from various fields to study cultural phenomena. It focuses on areas like technology and society, media and identity, globalization, popular culture, and digital media.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
2. STRESS
In linguistics, stress is the
relative emphasis that may be given
to certain syllables in a word. The
term is also used for similar patterns
of phonetic prominence inside
syllables.
3. Understanding Syllables
To understand word stress, it helps to understand
syllables. Every word is made from syllables.
Each word has one, two, three or more syllables.
Word Number of
syllables
Dog Dog 1
Quiet Qui-et 2
Expensive Ex-pen-sive 3
Interesting In-ter-est-ing 4
Unexceptional Un-ex-cep-tion-al 5
4. Prominence:
It would have been logically possible for every
syllable to have exactly the same loudness, pitch, and so on.
(Some early attempts at speech synthesizers sounded like
this.) But human languages have ways to make some
syllables more prominent than others. A syllable might be
more prominent by differing from the surrounding syllables in
terms of:
loudness
pitch
length
Prominence is relative to the surrounding syllables, not
absolute. (A stressed syllable that is nearly whispered will be
quieter than an unstressed syllable that is shouted.)
5. The realization of stress in English
In English, the three ways to make a syllable more
prominent are to make it:
louder
longer
higher pitched (usually)
In many languages, changing which syllable is
stressed can change the meaning of a word.
6. The ways stress manifests itself in the speech stream are
highly language dependent. In some languages, stressed
syllables have a higher or lower pitch than non-stressed
syllables — so-called pitch accent (or musical accent). In
other languages, they may bear either higher or lower pitch
than surrounding syllables (a pitch excursion), depending on
the sentence type. There are also dynamic accent
(loudness), qualitative accent (full vowels) and quantitative
accent (length). Stress may be characterized by more than
one of these characteristics. Further, stress may be realized
to varying degrees on different words in a sentence;
sometimes the difference between the acoustic signals of
stressed and unstressed syllables may be minimal.
TYPES OF STRESS:
7. In English, stress is most dramatically realized on focussed or
accented words. For instance, consider the dialogue
"Is it brunch tomorrow?"
"No, it's dinner tomorrow."
In it, the stress-related acoustic differences between the
syllables of "tomorrow" would be small compared to the differences
between the syllables of "dinner", the emphasized word. In these
emphasized words, stressed syllables such as "din" in "dinner" are
louder and longer. They may also have a different fundamental
frequency, or other properties. Unstressed syllables typically have a
vowel which is closer to a neutral position, while stressed vowels
are more fully realized.
Stressed syllables are often perceived as being more forceful
than non-stressed syllables. Research has shown, however, that
although dynamic stress is accompanied by greater respiratory
force, it does not mean a more forceful articulation in the vocal
tract.
8. Emphatic Stress
One reason to move the tonic stress from its utterance final position
is to assign an emphasis to a content word, which is usually a
modal auxiliary, an intensifier, an adverb, etc. Compare the
following examples. The first two examples are adapted from.
Roach (1983:144).
i. It was very BOring. (unmarked)
ii. It was VEry boring. (emphatic)
i. You mustn't talk so LOUDly. (unmarked)
ii. You MUSTN'T talk so loudly. (emphatic)
Some intensifying adverbs and modifiers (or their derivatives) that
are emphatic by nature are
Indeed, utterly, absolute, terrific, tremendous, awfully, terribly,
great, grand, really, definitely, truly, literally, extremely, surely,
completely, barely, entirely, very (adverb), very (adjective),
quite, too, enough, pretty, far, especially, alone, only, own, -self.
9. Contrastive Stress
In contrastive contexts, the stress pattern is quite
different from the emphatic and non-emphatic
stresses in that any lexical item in an utterance
can receive the tonic stress provided that the
contrastively stressed item can be contrastable in
that universe of speech. No distinction exists
between content and function words regarding
this. The contrasted item receives the tonic stress
provided that it is contrastive with some lexical
element (notion.) in the stimulus utterance.
Syllables that are normally stressed in the
utterance almost always get the same treatment
they do in non-emphatic contexts.)
10. Examples
Consider the following examples:
a) Do you like this one or THAT one?
b) b) I like THIS one.
Many other larger contrastive contexts (dialogues) can be found
or worked out, or even selected from literary works for a
study of contrastive stress. Consider the following:
She played the piano yesterday. (It was her who...)
She played the piano yesterday. (She only played (not.
harmed) ...)
She played the piano yesterday. (It was the piano that...)
She played the piano yesterday. (It was yesterday..
11. Tonic Stress
An intonation unit almost always has one peak of stress, which is
called 'tonic stress', or 'nucleus'. Because stress applies to
syllables, the syllable that receives the tonic stress is called 'tonic
syllable'. The term tonic stress is usually preferred to refer to this
kind of stress in referring, proclaiming, and reporting utterances.
Tonic stress is almost always found in a content word in utterance
final position. Consider the following, in which the tonic syllable is
underlined:
I'm going.
I'm going to London.
I'm going to London for a holiday.
A question does arise as to what happens to the previously tonic
assigned syllables. They still get stressed, however, not as much as
the tonic syllable, producing a three level stress for utterances.
Then, the following is arrived at., where the tonic syllable is further
capitalized:
I'm going to London for HOliday.
12. New Information Stress
In a response given to a wh-question, the information supplied,
naturally enough, is stressed,. That is, it is pronounced with more
breath force, since it is more prominent against a background given
information in the question. The concept of new information is much
clearer to students of English in responses to wh-questions than in
declarative statements. Therefore, it is best to start with teaching
the stressing of the new information supplied to questions with a
question word:
a) What's your NAME
b) My name's GEORGE.
a) Where are you FROM?
b) I'm from WALES.
a) Where do you LIVE
b) I live in BONN
a) When does the school term END
b) It ends in MAY.
a) What do you DO
b) I'm a STUdent.
The questions given above could also be answered in short form
except for the last one, in which case the answers are:
George,
Wales,
in Bonn
in May
13. TIMING:
English is a stress-timed language; that is, stressed
syllables appear at a roughly constant rate, and non-
stressed syllables are shortened to accommodate this.
English does this to some extent with noun-verb pairs
such as a récord vs. to recórd, where the verb is stressed on
the last syllable and the related noun is stressed on the first;
record also hyphenates differently: a réc-ord vs. to re-córd.
PLACEMENT:
14. DEGRESS OF STRESS:
It is the stronger degree of stress.
Primary stress gives the final stressed syllable.
Primary stress is very important in compound words.
Primary stress:
Secondary stress:
Secondary stress is the weaker of two degrees of stress in the
pronunciation of a word.
Secondary stress gives the other lexically stressed syllables in a
word.
Secondary stress is important primarily in long words with several
syllables
15. Tertiary stress:
It includes the fully unstressed vowels. An unstressed
vowel is the vowel sound that forms the syllable peak of a
syllable that has no lexical stress.
Quaternary stress:
It includes the reduced vowels. Vowel reduction is the
term in phonetics that refers to various changes in the acoustic
quality of vowels, which are related to changes in stress,
sonority, duration, loudness, articulation, or position in the word
which are perceived as "weakening
16. Two Word Stress
Knowing when and where to stress the words you use is very
important for understanding, and therefore, as part of a good
accent. A clear example is that of stress in two word expressions.
According to whether it is an ordinary two-word expression or a
special, set expression, the place of the stress changes. In an
ordinary expression the two words are used to describe something
like a "white HOUSE" (meaning a house that is painted white, and
not blue or gray). In this case the most important note is the noun
because we are talking about a house that happens to be white.
Similarly, a "fat BOY" is an overweight young male.
17. But sometimes short two word expressions are set or
"consecrated", (that is, they mean something special) and have to
be made different from similar expressions. One example is "the
WHITE house" where Mr. Bush lives. In this case, the emphasis is
on the adjective because we are more interested in stressing that it
is the house that is known because it is white. In the same way,
"FAT boy" is the nickname of a boy, chosen because the word fat
emphasizes his weight.
It will be useful for you to be aware of both types of two word
expressions. Here is a list of a few that will get you thinking and
give you some practice in identifying them and using them correctly.
Underline the syllable that is stressed, and write a brief explanation,
for both uses of each phrase. I start the exercise with two
examples. You do the rest. Make sure you say the phrases OUT
LOUD!
white HOUSE
House painted white
LIGHT bulb
Shines with electricity
Light BULB
A bulb that is not heavy
18. NOTATION:
Different systems exist for indicating syllabification and stress.
In IPA, primary stress is indicated by a high vertical line
before the syllable, secondary stress by a low vertical line.
Example: [sɪˌlæbəfɪˈkeɪʃən] or /sɪˌlæbəfɪˈkeɪʃən/.
In English dictionaries which do not use IPA, stress is
typically marked with a prime mark placed after the stressed
syllable: /si-lab′-ə-fi-kay′-shən/.
In ad hoc pronunciation guides, stress is often indicated
using a combination of bold text and capital letters. Example:
si-lab-if-i-KAY-shun or si-LAB-if-i-KAY-shun
19. Rules of Word Stress in English
There are two very simple rules about word stress:
One word has only one stress. (One word cannot have two
stresses. If you hear two stresses, you hear two words. Two
stresses cannot be one word. It is true that there can be a
"secondary" stress in some words. But a secondary stress is
much smaller than the main [primary] stress, and is only
used in long words.)
We can only stress vowels, not consonants.
20. Where do I put a word stress?
These rules are rather complicated! Probably the
best way to learn where to put a word stress is from
experience. Listen carefully to spoken English and try to
develop a feeling for the "music" of the language.
When you learn a new word, you should also
learn its stress pattern. If you keep a vocabulary book,
make a note to show which syllable is stressed. If you do
not know, you can look in a dictionary. All dictionaries
give the phonetic spelling of a word. This is where they
show which syllable is stressed, usually with an
apostrophe (') just before or just after the stressed
syllable. (The notes at the front of the dictionary will
explain the system used.)
21. Word Stress Quiz
Can you pass me a plas/tic knife?
I want to take a pho/to/gra/phy class.
Chi/na is the place where I was born.
Please turn off the tel/e/vi/sion before you
go out.
I can't de/cide which book to borrow.
Do you un/der/stand this lesson?
Sparky is a very hap/py puppy.
It is cri/ti/cal that you finish your essay.
22. INTONATION:
In linguistics, intonation is the
variation of pitch when speaking. Intonation and stress are
two main elements of linguistic prosody. Intonation is the
"music" of a language, and is perhaps the most important
element of a good accent. Often we hear someone
speaking with perfect grammar, and perfect formation of
the sounds of English but with a little something that gives
them away as not being a native speaker.
Intonation – the rise and fall of pitch in our voices – plays
a crucial role in how we express meaning.
23. Intonation contours in English
Not all rises and falls in pitch that occur in the course of
an English phrase can be attributed to stress. The same set
of segments and word stresses can occur with a number of
pitch patterns. Consider the difference between:
You're going. (statement)
You're going? (question)
The rise and fall of pitch throughout is called its
intonation contour.
24. English has a number of intonation patterns which add
conventionalized meanings to the utterance: question,
statement, surprise, disbelief, sarcasm, teasing.
An important feature of English intonation is the use of an
intonational accent (and extra stress) to mark the focus of a
sentence. Normally this focus accent goes on the last major
word of the sentence, but it can come earlier in order to
emphasize one of the earlier words or to contrast it with
something else.
25. For example, consider the statement “Nancy bought a new house on
Thursday”. The figures shows different Intonation counters for this
statement with stress on each word present in it.
26. Tone
A unit of speech bounded by pauses has
movement, of music and rhythm, associated with
the pitch of voice. This certain pattern of voice
movement is called 'tone'. A tone is a certain
pattern, not an arbitrary one, because it is
meaningful in discourse. By means of tones,
speakers signal whether to refer, proclaim, agree,
disagree, question or hesitate, or indicate
completion and continuation of turn-taking, in
speech.
28. Fall (A Falling Tone)
A falling tone is by far the most common
used tone of all. It signals a sense of
finality, completion, belief in the content of
the utterance, and so on.
A speaker, by choosing a falling tone, also
indicates to the addressee that that is all he
has to say, and offers a chance (turn-
taking) to the addressee to comment on,
agree or disagree with, or add to his
utterance.
29. Example
Consequences of his unacceptable behavior.
I'll report you to the HEADmaster
A falling tone may be used in referring expressions as well.
I've spoken with the CLEAner.
Questions that begin with wh-questions are generally pronounced with
a falling tone:
Where is the PENcil?
Imperative statements have a falling tone.
i) Go and see a DOCtor.
Requests or orders have a falling tone too.
i) Please sit DOWN
Exclamations:
Watch OUT!
Yes/No questions and tag questions seeking or expecting confirmation
a) You like it, DON'T you?
b) YEES.
Here it is used when it is sure that the answer is yes.
Have you MET him?
b) YES.
30. Low Rise (A Rising Tone)
This tone is used in genuine 'Yes/No' questions where the
speaker is sure that he does not know the answer, and that
the addressee knows the answer. Such Yes/No questions
are uttered with a rising tone. For instance, consider the
following question uttered with a rising tone, the answer of
which could be either of the three options:
A) Isn't he NICE
B) i) Yes.
ii) No.
iii) I don't know.
Compare the above example with the following example,
which is uttered with a falling tone, and which can only have
one appropriate answer in the context:
a) Isn't he NICE
b) YES.
Other examples which are uttered with a rising tone are:
Do you want some COFfee?
Do you take CREAM in your coffee?
31. High Rise (A Rising Tone)
If the tonic stress is uttered with extra pitch height,
as in the following intonation units, we may think
that the speaker is asking for a repetition or
clarification, or indicating disbelief.
Examples
a) I'm taking up TAxidermy this autumn.
b) Taking up WHAT? (clarification)
a) She passed her DRIving test.
b) She PASSED? (disbelief)
32. Fall Rise
Fall-rise signals dependency, continuity,
and non-finality. It generally occurs in
sentence non-final intonation units.
Consider the following in which the former
of the intonation units are uttered with a
fall-rise tone (the slash indicates a pause):
Examples
Private enterPRISE / is always EFficient.
A quick tour of the CIty / would be NICE.
PreSUmably / he thinks he CAN.
Usually / he comes on SUNday.
33. Cross-linguistic differences
People have a tendency to think of intonation as
being directly linked to the speaker's emotions. In fact, the
meaning of intonation contours is as conventionalized as any
other aspect of language. Different languages can use
different conventions, giving rise to the potential for cross-
cultural misunderstandings. Two examples of cross-linguistic
differences in intonation patterns:
34. Contrastive emphasis
Many languages mark contrastive emphasis like English, using an
intonational accent and additional stress. Many other languages use only
syntactic devices for contrastive emphasis, for example, moving the
emphasized phrase to the beginning of the sentence.
Instead of
I want a car for my birthday. (as opposed to a bike)
you would have to say something like:
A car I want for my birthday.
It's a car that I want for my birthday.
Listeners who speak the second type of language will not necessarily
interpret extra pitch and volume as marking emphasis. Listeners who don't
speak the second type of language will not necessarily interpret a different
word order as marking emphasis (as opposed to assuming that the speaker
doesn't know basic grammar). Questions
35. Questions
The normal intonation contours for questions in English use:
final rising pitch for a Yes/No question
Are you coming today?
final falling pitch for a Wh-question
When are you coming? Where are you going?
Using a different pattern typically adds something extra to the
question. E.g., falling intonation on a Yes/No question can be
interpreted as abruptness. Rising intonation on a Wh-question can
imply surprise or that you didn't hear the answer the first time and
are asking to have it repeated.