4. Stem Changers
Changing the vowels to go with who ever you are speaking to
I > ie
O> ue
empezar almorzar
E> i conseguir
to begin to east
to obtain
(something) lunch
change e to ie o to ue e to i
yo empiezo almuerzo consigo
tú empiezas almuerzas consigas
ud., él, ella empieza almuerza consige
empezamo almorzamo conseguimo
nostros
s s s
uds., ellos,
empiezan almuerzan consigan
ellas
5. Para
Means “for”
Gracias por la información.
Thanks for the information.
Este regalo es para Juan.
This gift is for Juan.
6. Indirect Object Pronouns
me (me)
te (you-familiar)
le (him, her, you-formal)
nos (us)
os (you-all-familiar)
les (them, you-all-formal)
Tells what direct object is doing EX: Juan me compra un regalo. -> Juan
buys a gift for me
7. Pronoun Placement
Attached to infinitve, gerund, before conjugated verb, affirmative command
Me.te.le.nos.os.les
comer
8. Gustar
Means “to like”
Me gusta el libro.
I like the book.
Te gusta el libro.
You like the book.
Nos gusta el libro.
We like the book.
Me gustan los libros.
I like the books.
Te gustan los libros.
You like the books.
Nos gustan los libros.
We like the books.
9. Affirmative & Negative Words
Affirmative: start with a Negative: start with n
Algo : something Nada : nothing
Nadie : no one
Algiuen : someone Ningun : none
Alguno : some Nunca : never
Siempre : always Tampoco : either, neither
Tambíen : also
10. Superlativos
To add more emphasis on a word drop last vowel and add ísimo(a)
La idea de Rosa es interesantísima -> Rosas idea is very interesting
When last consonant is c, g, or z spelling changes
C > qu
G > gu
Z>c
11. Reflexivos
Reflect actioin being done
Use pronouns to indicate who is doing it
llamarse - to call oneself
Me,te,se,nos,os,se
¿Cómo se llama usted?
What do you call yourself?
Me llamo Juan.
I call myself Juan.
lavar
yo lavo
tú lavas
él, ella, usted lava
nosotros/as lavamos
vosotros/as laváis
ellos, ellas, ustedes lavan
12. Affirmative and Negative Tú
Commands & Irregs
Affirmative drop s
Negative put in yo form, change to opposite vowel add s
Comerla!
No la comes!
irregulars
decir – di, no des salir – sal, no salgas,sepas
hacer – haz, no hagas ser – sé, no seas
ir – ve, no vayas tener – ten, no tengas
poner – pon, no pongo venir – ven, no vengas
13. Sequencing Events
Primero > first
Entonces >then
Luego > later
Despues > after
Por fin > finally
Antes de, despues de > before and after
Por la manana/tarde/noche > during the..
Los lunes..etc > on mondays…etc
14. Preterite
Ar verbs: e, aste, o, amos , aron
Er/Ir : i, iste, io, imos, ieron
Talking about past tense action
15. Trigger Words
ayer yesterday
anteayer the day before yesterday
pasado last
de repente suddenly
una vez once / one time
anoche last night
anteanoche the night before last
por fin finally
en seguida right away
inmediatamente immediately
18. Modal Verbs
tener que to have to
deber to have to / must
hay que it is necessary to
querer to want / wish for
poder to be able to / can
19. Present progressives
When stem of verb er/ir end in vowel change to iendo or yendo to form
present participle
Leer-leyendo
Oir-oyendo
Pedir-pidiendo
Servir-sirviendo
Ar verbs add ando
Planchar-planchando
Hablar-hablando
20. Adverbs
Add mente to adjective makes it an adverb
With o ending change to feminine or e just add mente
Ending in consonant add mente
Lento- lentamente
Rapido-rapidamente
