This document provides an overview of GPS (Global Positioning System) including how it works, its components, and applications. GPS is a satellite-based navigation system consisting of 24 satellites that continuously transmit radio signals. A GPS receiver triangulates its position by calculating the time delay of signals from at least 3 satellites. GPS has widespread uses including navigation, data collection, and tracking applications in fields like agriculture, natural resources, aviation and more. The document discusses factors affecting accuracy and provides examples of how GPS can be used.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of three segments - the control segment, space segment, and user segment. The control segment monitors the satellites and ground stations. The space segment is made up of 24 satellites that orbit the Earth. The user segment includes all GPS receivers on Earth. GPS uses trilateration to determine the precise position of receivers by calculating distances to multiple satellites. Sources of error include clock errors, atmospheric delays, and multipath interference. Error correction techniques like differential GPS improve accuracy. GPS has many applications including navigation, mapping, and timing systems. Its accuracy and uses are continuing to improve in the future.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of three segments - the control segment, space segment, and user segment. The control segment monitors the satellites and ground stations. The space segment is made up of 24 satellites that orbit the Earth. The user segment includes all GPS receivers on Earth. GPS uses trilateration to determine the precise position of receivers by calculating distances to multiple satellites. Sources of error include clock errors, atmospheric delays, and multipath interference. Error correction techniques like differential GPS improve accuracy. GPS has many applications including navigation, mapping, and timing systems. Its accuracy and uses are continuing to improve and expand.
This document provides an overview of the Global Positioning System (GPS). It discusses what GPS is, its evolution, how it works, and its three segments: the space segment consisting of 24 satellites, the control segment of 5 ground stations, and the user segment of GPS receivers. The document outlines the information contained in GPS signals, how triangulation is used to determine position, and sources of errors like the ionosphere. It also discusses differential GPS, applications of GPS, and concludes with a bibliography.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the Global Positioning System (GPS). It describes GPS as a satellite-based navigation system that provides precise location and timing services worldwide. The key segments of GPS are the space, control, and user segments. It explains how GPS determines position using trilateration based on distance measurements to at least three satellites. Common applications discussed include navigation, mapping, and tracking uses in areas like farming, mining, and vehicle tracking. Advantages include low cost and all-weather capability, while disadvantages include occasional lower accuracy in obstructed areas. The future may see more integrated GPS in transportation systems.
This document provides information about GPS (Global Positioning System) and planimeters. It describes the three main parts of GPS as satellites, receivers, and software. It explains how GPS works by using signals from satellites to calculate a receiver's distance and position on Earth. Examples of GPS applications include navigation, agriculture, surveying, and more. The document also gives an overview of how planimeters can be used to accurately measure the area of any shape on a plane or map. It describes the two main types of planimeters as polar and roller planimeters.
GPS, or the Global Positioning System, is a satellite-based navigation system that provides location and time information to users with GPS receivers. It works by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellites high above the Earth. GPS was originally developed by the U.S. military but is now used worldwide for both military and civilian purposes. In healthcare, GPS technology helps emergency responders locate patients faster, tracks patients with cognitive issues, and aids in telemedicine, disease surveillance, disaster response, and more. It provides accurate positioning information that supports a variety of applications improving healthcare delivery and outcomes.
GPS uses a network of 24 satellites to enable positioning worldwide. It works by calculating the distance from the user to at least 4 satellites to determine the 3D position. While generally accurate to 15 meters, newer receivers with WAAS can achieve 3 meters of accuracy. The main sources of error used to be selective availability, an intentional degradation of the signal by the US military, but this was turned off in 2000, improving civilian accuracy significantly.
The document discusses the Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS is a worldwide radio-navigation system consisting of 24 satellites and their ground stations. It allows users to determine their precise location by calculating the time it takes signals from GPS satellites to reach their receiver. The signals contain information about the satellite's location and timing, allowing the receiver to use triangulation to determine the user's position. While there are some sources of error, such as atmospheric delays, most errors can be corrected through mathematics and modeling or with differential GPS.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of three segments - the control segment, space segment, and user segment. The control segment monitors the satellites and ground stations. The space segment is made up of 24 satellites that orbit the Earth. The user segment includes all GPS receivers on Earth. GPS uses trilateration to determine the precise position of receivers by calculating distances to multiple satellites. Sources of error include clock errors, atmospheric delays, and multipath interference. Error correction techniques like differential GPS improve accuracy. GPS has many applications including navigation, mapping, and timing systems. Its accuracy and uses are continuing to improve in the future.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of three segments - the control segment, space segment, and user segment. The control segment monitors the satellites and ground stations. The space segment is made up of 24 satellites that orbit the Earth. The user segment includes all GPS receivers on Earth. GPS uses trilateration to determine the precise position of receivers by calculating distances to multiple satellites. Sources of error include clock errors, atmospheric delays, and multipath interference. Error correction techniques like differential GPS improve accuracy. GPS has many applications including navigation, mapping, and timing systems. Its accuracy and uses are continuing to improve and expand.
This document provides an overview of the Global Positioning System (GPS). It discusses what GPS is, its evolution, how it works, and its three segments: the space segment consisting of 24 satellites, the control segment of 5 ground stations, and the user segment of GPS receivers. The document outlines the information contained in GPS signals, how triangulation is used to determine position, and sources of errors like the ionosphere. It also discusses differential GPS, applications of GPS, and concludes with a bibliography.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the Global Positioning System (GPS). It describes GPS as a satellite-based navigation system that provides precise location and timing services worldwide. The key segments of GPS are the space, control, and user segments. It explains how GPS determines position using trilateration based on distance measurements to at least three satellites. Common applications discussed include navigation, mapping, and tracking uses in areas like farming, mining, and vehicle tracking. Advantages include low cost and all-weather capability, while disadvantages include occasional lower accuracy in obstructed areas. The future may see more integrated GPS in transportation systems.
This document provides information about GPS (Global Positioning System) and planimeters. It describes the three main parts of GPS as satellites, receivers, and software. It explains how GPS works by using signals from satellites to calculate a receiver's distance and position on Earth. Examples of GPS applications include navigation, agriculture, surveying, and more. The document also gives an overview of how planimeters can be used to accurately measure the area of any shape on a plane or map. It describes the two main types of planimeters as polar and roller planimeters.
GPS, or the Global Positioning System, is a satellite-based navigation system that provides location and time information to users with GPS receivers. It works by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellites high above the Earth. GPS was originally developed by the U.S. military but is now used worldwide for both military and civilian purposes. In healthcare, GPS technology helps emergency responders locate patients faster, tracks patients with cognitive issues, and aids in telemedicine, disease surveillance, disaster response, and more. It provides accurate positioning information that supports a variety of applications improving healthcare delivery and outcomes.
GPS uses a network of 24 satellites to enable positioning worldwide. It works by calculating the distance from the user to at least 4 satellites to determine the 3D position. While generally accurate to 15 meters, newer receivers with WAAS can achieve 3 meters of accuracy. The main sources of error used to be selective availability, an intentional degradation of the signal by the US military, but this was turned off in 2000, improving civilian accuracy significantly.
The document discusses the Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS is a worldwide radio-navigation system consisting of 24 satellites and their ground stations. It allows users to determine their precise location by calculating the time it takes signals from GPS satellites to reach their receiver. The signals contain information about the satellite's location and timing, allowing the receiver to use triangulation to determine the user's position. While there are some sources of error, such as atmospheric delays, most errors can be corrected through mathematics and modeling or with differential GPS.
This document discusses differential GPS (DGPS), which improves the accuracy of GPS positioning. It works by using a stationary GPS receiver at a known location to calculate error corrections, which are transmitted to a roving receiver to improve its position accuracy. DGPS can reduce GPS errors from sources like atmospheric delays, satellite orbit issues, and multipath effects, providing sub-meter accuracy compared to the 5-10 meter accuracy of standard GPS. It allows real-time position correction or post-processed correction through data from a fixed base station.
The document summarizes the Global Positioning System (GPS). It describes GPS as a satellite-based navigation system consisting of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense. GPS satellites transmit radio signals that allow GPS receivers to calculate their precise location on Earth based on the time it takes signals to reach them from multiple satellites. Key components of GPS include the space segment of satellites, the user segment of receivers, and the control segment which monitors the system.
This document discusses GPS systems and how they work. It begins with defining GPS as the Global Positioning System, which uses satellites and radio signals to pinpoint a receiver's location anywhere in the world. It then discusses where GPS is used, including for military and civilian navigation, and how GPS works by measuring distances to multiple satellites. The document also provides details on GPS satellite locations and movements, the radio frequencies used, and how GPS receivers use timing data from satellites to triangulate their position. It concludes with an example of a GPS circuit using a PIC microcontroller.
The document discusses the Global Positioning System (GPS). It has three segments - space, control, and user. 24 satellites comprise the space segment. The control segment monitors the satellites. GPS uses triangulation of signals from multiple satellites to determine a user's precise location. It provides location and navigation services to both military and civilian users around the world.
The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS,[1][2] is a space-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force. It is a global navigation satellite system that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites
GPS uses 24 satellites operated by the US Department of Defense to provide location services globally. GPS satellites transmit radio signals that include time and position data. GPS receivers triangulate their position by calculating the time delay of signals from multiple satellites. Factors like atmospheric conditions, signal multipath, and receiver clocks can cause errors, but differential GPS can achieve accuracy within 5 meters. GPS has many applications including navigation, tracking, and data collection across industries like agriculture, aviation, marine, and more.
The document provides an introduction to GPS and GNSS systems. It discusses how GPS works by using timing signals from multiple satellites to calculate a receiver's position via trilateration. It addresses sources of error like atmospheric delays and describes methods to improve accuracy, including using differential GPS with a base station to correct for shared errors over short distances. Real-time kinematic systems can achieve centimeter-level accuracy by correcting carrier phase measurements. The document aims to explain basic GPS concepts and choosing the appropriate receiver type for different applications.
The document provides an overview of GPS (Global Positioning System) including its history, technology, how it works, uses, advantages, and future developments. GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that allows users to determine their precise location and time. It was developed by the US Department of Defense for military navigation but is now widely used globally for both civilian and military applications.
This document provides an overview of GPS (Global Positioning System). It discusses what GPS is, the evolution of GPS, how the three segments (space, control, and user) work together, how GPS determines location using trilateration of signals from multiple satellites, sources of errors in GPS signals, advantages and disadvantages of the system, applications of GPS in fields like aviation, agriculture and more, and concludes that GPS is a valuable positioning system with wide civilian and military usage.
The document provides an overview of GPS technology. It explains that GPS uses trilateration from at least 3 satellites to determine a user's precise location on Earth. It describes how trilateration works in 2D using distance circles and in 3D using distance spheres. The document also discusses the signals that satellites broadcast, including pseudorandom codes, almanac data and ephemeris data. It addresses challenges like atmospheric delays and how differential GPS can help correct errors. Cold starts and warm starts are defined in relation to availability of almanac and ephemeris data. Recent advances like assisted GPS are also summarized.
GPS uses 24 satellites that orbit the Earth twice a day transmitting signals to GPS receivers. Receivers measure the time difference between when a signal was sent and received to determine the distance to each satellite using triangulation to calculate the user's precise latitude and longitude. Accuracy can be affected by factors like satellite distribution, signal interference, and atmospheric conditions but techniques like differential correction can greatly increase precision.
GPS is a global navigation satellite system developed by the U.S. Navy in the 1970s that provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services worldwide. It works by using a network of 24 satellites that transmit timing signals to receivers on Earth, which then use trilateration to calculate their precise location by measuring distances to several satellites. GPS consists of satellites in six orbital planes, ground stations to detect and correct satellite errors, and receivers ranging from $80-600 consumer devices to specialized equipment.
GPS is a global navigation satellite system developed by the U.S. Navy in the 1970s that provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services worldwide. It works by using a network of 24 satellites that transmit timing signals to receivers on Earth, which then use trilateration to calculate their precise location by measuring distances to several satellites. GPS consists of satellites in six orbital planes, ground stations to detect and correct satellite errors, and receivers ranging from $80-600 consumer devices to specialized equipment.
This document provides an introduction to Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and their safe use. It discusses some key concepts about how GPS works including how satellites transmit timing signals that allow receivers to calculate their position. It outlines several sources of error that can impact GPS accuracy such as signal multipath, receiver clock errors, and satellite geometry. The document emphasizes that GPS should be used together with maps and a compass for maximum safety. Hands-on training is recommended before relying solely on a GPS unit for navigation.
GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that provides location and time information to users. It consists of three segments - the space segment with 24 operational satellites orbiting Earth, the control segment of ground stations tracking the satellites, and the user segment of receivers. GPS works by satellites continuously broadcasting signals that include the satellite's location. Receivers use trilateration to calculate the user's position by timing signals from at least four satellites. GPS has many applications including aviation, marine, agriculture, mapping, and vehicle tracking.
This document provides an overview of GPS (Global Positioning System), including its history, components, working principles, accuracy, signals, sources of errors, and methods to improve accuracy. GPS is a satellite-based navigation system consisting of 30+ satellites that transmits location and time information to GPS receivers. It became fully operational in 1995 and is maintained by the US government. The three segments are the space, control, and user segments. The working principle involves determining the location of GPS satellites and calculating distances to them using signal travel times. [END SUMMARY]
LT and GPS allow for tracking of objects and people using satellites and receivers. The GPS system consists of 24 operational satellites controlled from stations on Earth that communicate with receivers to determine location via trilateration of distances. While useful for applications like fleet management and emergency response, GPS has drawbacks like cost and inability to track powered-down or insulated receivers.
This document discusses the Global Positioning System (GPS). It describes how GPS works using a constellation of 24 satellites that allow receivers to determine their precise location by measuring distances to four or more satellites. The accuracy of GPS depends on factors like time of measurement, receiver quality, and satellite geometry. While free and precise, GPS does have some limitations like signal blockage, but systems like WAAS can provide sub-meter accuracy across North America. The document outlines common uses of GPS like navigation, recreation, and GIS data collection.
The document discusses the Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS is a satellite-based navigation system consisting of three segments - space, control, and user. The space segment includes 24 satellites that transmit radio signals used by GPS receivers to determine location, velocity, and time. The control segment monitors the satellites and updates their clocks. The user segment includes GPS receivers that calculate position by precisely timing signals from at least three satellites. Common sources of error and differential GPS for improving accuracy are also covered, as well as many applications of GPS technology.
The document discusses Global Positioning System (GPS), including its components, how it works, accuracy, and uses. GPS consists of three segments - the space segment with 24 satellites, the control segment with stations that track the satellites, and the user segment of GPS receivers. GPS works by satellites broadcasting signals that receivers use for triangulation to determine location. It can locate a position within 15 meters on average but can achieve sub-meter accuracy with enhancements. GPS has many applications including navigation, tracking, and determining location, distance, speed and nearby points of interest.
The document provides an overview of the Department of Civil Engineering at Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology. It discusses the department's vision, programs offered, curriculum aspects, teaching and learning methods, research activities, infrastructure, student performance, faculty and staff details, collaborations, and best practices. The department aims to achieve excellence in civil engineering education and research through state-of-the-art facilities and nurturing students to serve society competently and ethically. It offers UG, PG, and PhD programs and has revised its curriculum to align with industry needs. The department promotes active teaching-learning and has strong industry collaborations.
This document provides information on environmental impact assessments (EIAs), including:
1) It describes the history and legislation around EIAs, beginning with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) passed in the United States in 1969, and the EU Directive on EIAs passed in 1985.
2) It outlines the philosophy of EIAs, which aims to introduce environmental considerations early in the planning process and ensure broad public participation.
3) It details the typical EIA process, which involves screening projects, scoping the assessment, preparing an environmental impact statement, public consultations, evaluating results, and monitoring post-implementation.
This document discusses differential GPS (DGPS), which improves the accuracy of GPS positioning. It works by using a stationary GPS receiver at a known location to calculate error corrections, which are transmitted to a roving receiver to improve its position accuracy. DGPS can reduce GPS errors from sources like atmospheric delays, satellite orbit issues, and multipath effects, providing sub-meter accuracy compared to the 5-10 meter accuracy of standard GPS. It allows real-time position correction or post-processed correction through data from a fixed base station.
The document summarizes the Global Positioning System (GPS). It describes GPS as a satellite-based navigation system consisting of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense. GPS satellites transmit radio signals that allow GPS receivers to calculate their precise location on Earth based on the time it takes signals to reach them from multiple satellites. Key components of GPS include the space segment of satellites, the user segment of receivers, and the control segment which monitors the system.
This document discusses GPS systems and how they work. It begins with defining GPS as the Global Positioning System, which uses satellites and radio signals to pinpoint a receiver's location anywhere in the world. It then discusses where GPS is used, including for military and civilian navigation, and how GPS works by measuring distances to multiple satellites. The document also provides details on GPS satellite locations and movements, the radio frequencies used, and how GPS receivers use timing data from satellites to triangulate their position. It concludes with an example of a GPS circuit using a PIC microcontroller.
The document discusses the Global Positioning System (GPS). It has three segments - space, control, and user. 24 satellites comprise the space segment. The control segment monitors the satellites. GPS uses triangulation of signals from multiple satellites to determine a user's precise location. It provides location and navigation services to both military and civilian users around the world.
The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS,[1][2] is a space-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force. It is a global navigation satellite system that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites
GPS uses 24 satellites operated by the US Department of Defense to provide location services globally. GPS satellites transmit radio signals that include time and position data. GPS receivers triangulate their position by calculating the time delay of signals from multiple satellites. Factors like atmospheric conditions, signal multipath, and receiver clocks can cause errors, but differential GPS can achieve accuracy within 5 meters. GPS has many applications including navigation, tracking, and data collection across industries like agriculture, aviation, marine, and more.
The document provides an introduction to GPS and GNSS systems. It discusses how GPS works by using timing signals from multiple satellites to calculate a receiver's position via trilateration. It addresses sources of error like atmospheric delays and describes methods to improve accuracy, including using differential GPS with a base station to correct for shared errors over short distances. Real-time kinematic systems can achieve centimeter-level accuracy by correcting carrier phase measurements. The document aims to explain basic GPS concepts and choosing the appropriate receiver type for different applications.
The document provides an overview of GPS (Global Positioning System) including its history, technology, how it works, uses, advantages, and future developments. GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that allows users to determine their precise location and time. It was developed by the US Department of Defense for military navigation but is now widely used globally for both civilian and military applications.
This document provides an overview of GPS (Global Positioning System). It discusses what GPS is, the evolution of GPS, how the three segments (space, control, and user) work together, how GPS determines location using trilateration of signals from multiple satellites, sources of errors in GPS signals, advantages and disadvantages of the system, applications of GPS in fields like aviation, agriculture and more, and concludes that GPS is a valuable positioning system with wide civilian and military usage.
The document provides an overview of GPS technology. It explains that GPS uses trilateration from at least 3 satellites to determine a user's precise location on Earth. It describes how trilateration works in 2D using distance circles and in 3D using distance spheres. The document also discusses the signals that satellites broadcast, including pseudorandom codes, almanac data and ephemeris data. It addresses challenges like atmospheric delays and how differential GPS can help correct errors. Cold starts and warm starts are defined in relation to availability of almanac and ephemeris data. Recent advances like assisted GPS are also summarized.
GPS uses 24 satellites that orbit the Earth twice a day transmitting signals to GPS receivers. Receivers measure the time difference between when a signal was sent and received to determine the distance to each satellite using triangulation to calculate the user's precise latitude and longitude. Accuracy can be affected by factors like satellite distribution, signal interference, and atmospheric conditions but techniques like differential correction can greatly increase precision.
GPS is a global navigation satellite system developed by the U.S. Navy in the 1970s that provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services worldwide. It works by using a network of 24 satellites that transmit timing signals to receivers on Earth, which then use trilateration to calculate their precise location by measuring distances to several satellites. GPS consists of satellites in six orbital planes, ground stations to detect and correct satellite errors, and receivers ranging from $80-600 consumer devices to specialized equipment.
GPS is a global navigation satellite system developed by the U.S. Navy in the 1970s that provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services worldwide. It works by using a network of 24 satellites that transmit timing signals to receivers on Earth, which then use trilateration to calculate their precise location by measuring distances to several satellites. GPS consists of satellites in six orbital planes, ground stations to detect and correct satellite errors, and receivers ranging from $80-600 consumer devices to specialized equipment.
This document provides an introduction to Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and their safe use. It discusses some key concepts about how GPS works including how satellites transmit timing signals that allow receivers to calculate their position. It outlines several sources of error that can impact GPS accuracy such as signal multipath, receiver clock errors, and satellite geometry. The document emphasizes that GPS should be used together with maps and a compass for maximum safety. Hands-on training is recommended before relying solely on a GPS unit for navigation.
GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that provides location and time information to users. It consists of three segments - the space segment with 24 operational satellites orbiting Earth, the control segment of ground stations tracking the satellites, and the user segment of receivers. GPS works by satellites continuously broadcasting signals that include the satellite's location. Receivers use trilateration to calculate the user's position by timing signals from at least four satellites. GPS has many applications including aviation, marine, agriculture, mapping, and vehicle tracking.
This document provides an overview of GPS (Global Positioning System), including its history, components, working principles, accuracy, signals, sources of errors, and methods to improve accuracy. GPS is a satellite-based navigation system consisting of 30+ satellites that transmits location and time information to GPS receivers. It became fully operational in 1995 and is maintained by the US government. The three segments are the space, control, and user segments. The working principle involves determining the location of GPS satellites and calculating distances to them using signal travel times. [END SUMMARY]
LT and GPS allow for tracking of objects and people using satellites and receivers. The GPS system consists of 24 operational satellites controlled from stations on Earth that communicate with receivers to determine location via trilateration of distances. While useful for applications like fleet management and emergency response, GPS has drawbacks like cost and inability to track powered-down or insulated receivers.
This document discusses the Global Positioning System (GPS). It describes how GPS works using a constellation of 24 satellites that allow receivers to determine their precise location by measuring distances to four or more satellites. The accuracy of GPS depends on factors like time of measurement, receiver quality, and satellite geometry. While free and precise, GPS does have some limitations like signal blockage, but systems like WAAS can provide sub-meter accuracy across North America. The document outlines common uses of GPS like navigation, recreation, and GIS data collection.
The document discusses the Global Positioning System (GPS). GPS is a satellite-based navigation system consisting of three segments - space, control, and user. The space segment includes 24 satellites that transmit radio signals used by GPS receivers to determine location, velocity, and time. The control segment monitors the satellites and updates their clocks. The user segment includes GPS receivers that calculate position by precisely timing signals from at least three satellites. Common sources of error and differential GPS for improving accuracy are also covered, as well as many applications of GPS technology.
The document discusses Global Positioning System (GPS), including its components, how it works, accuracy, and uses. GPS consists of three segments - the space segment with 24 satellites, the control segment with stations that track the satellites, and the user segment of GPS receivers. GPS works by satellites broadcasting signals that receivers use for triangulation to determine location. It can locate a position within 15 meters on average but can achieve sub-meter accuracy with enhancements. GPS has many applications including navigation, tracking, and determining location, distance, speed and nearby points of interest.
The document provides an overview of the Department of Civil Engineering at Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology. It discusses the department's vision, programs offered, curriculum aspects, teaching and learning methods, research activities, infrastructure, student performance, faculty and staff details, collaborations, and best practices. The department aims to achieve excellence in civil engineering education and research through state-of-the-art facilities and nurturing students to serve society competently and ethically. It offers UG, PG, and PhD programs and has revised its curriculum to align with industry needs. The department promotes active teaching-learning and has strong industry collaborations.
This document provides information on environmental impact assessments (EIAs), including:
1) It describes the history and legislation around EIAs, beginning with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) passed in the United States in 1969, and the EU Directive on EIAs passed in 1985.
2) It outlines the philosophy of EIAs, which aims to introduce environmental considerations early in the planning process and ensure broad public participation.
3) It details the typical EIA process, which involves screening projects, scoping the assessment, preparing an environmental impact statement, public consultations, evaluating results, and monitoring post-implementation.
The document discusses key concepts in geographic information systems (GIS) including map fundamentals, features, properties, and scales. It explains that maps represent spatial data through location and attribute information. Locational data conveys where features are on Earth, while attribute data describes characteristics. Maps can show points, lines, polygons and their properties at different scales from small to large.
This document outlines revised minimum qualifications for the appointment of teachers and other academic staff in universities and colleges in Haryana, based on University Grants Commission Regulations 2018.
Key points include:
1. Minimum qualifications are established for positions like Professor, Associate Professor, Assistant Professor, Senior Professor, Principal, Librarian, and Director of Physical Education.
2. Recruitment will be on merit basis through all-India advertisement and selection committee.
3. Pay scales and age of superannuation are aligned with state government rules. Teachers can be re-employed up to age 65 under certain conditions.
4. Possession of NET/SLET/SET is a requirement for Assistant Professor and
The document provides instructions for setting up and operating a Sokkia SET 550 total station for surveying tasks. It describes leveling the instrument, focusing the optical system, and performing electronic tilt verification. It also explains how to measure target heights using the REM function, calibrate the instrument using backsight by angle or coordinate methods, and obtain 3D coordinates in absolute or relative systems. The key steps are to carefully level the total station for accurate results, focus the reticle and image, and calibrate the instrument to the desired coordinate system before performing measurements and surveys.
Dcrust b voc bt scheme & syllabus by bos civil on 11-1-16 (3)Arti Raha
This document outlines the scheme of examination and syllabus for the Bachelor of Vocation in Construction (Building Technology) program offered by the Community College of Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology, Murthal, Haryana, India. The 3-year B.Voc program has a modular structure with exit options after 1 year with a Diploma and after 2 years with an Advanced Diploma. The program aims to develop practical skills in construction and building technology. The document provides details on eligibility, program structure, course structure, credits and outcomes for each certification level.
The document provides information about the National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, including its academic programs. It offers 7 undergraduate B.Tech programs with a total intake of 957 students. It also offers 20 M.Tech programs with a total of 568 seats and programs in MBA, MCA, and Ph.D. The institute has seen steady growth in overall student enrollment over the past few years from 4045 students in 2012 to 4663 students in 2014. It provides details on the admission process, evaluation system, scholarships awarded, and student enrollment data for both undergraduate and postgraduate programs.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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3. Why GPS?
What is GPS?
How GPS Works.
What you need to know about GPS.
What can you do with GPS?
Applications of GPS.
3
4. Many features have addresses and landmarks
that are associated with a destination.
4
5. Many features have addresses and landmarks
to get you to a destination.
However, there are many features that do not
have addresses…
5
6. Many features have addresses and landmarks to
get you to a destination
However, there are many features that do not
have addresses…
There are many MAJOR cities that do not even
have STREET NAMES!
7. Many features have addresses and landmarks to
get you to a destination
However, there are many features that do not
have addresses…
There are many cities that do not even have
STREET NAMES!
And then there is the open ocean and sky…
7
9. Navigation is critical!!!
Historical Navigational tools have limits:
-The Sextant – contingent on weather
10. Navigation is critical
Historical Navigational tools have limits:
-The Sextant – contingent on weather
-Radionavigation (Lowrance): only works near
land…
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11. Navigation is critical
Historical Navigational tools have limits:
-The Sextant – doesn’t work if it is cloudy
-Lowrance – radionavigation: only worked near
land…
The military had its own reasons for determining
location…
-Identify targets
-Friendly fire issues
-“smart bombs”
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13. GPS is not a single UNIT!
GPS = Global Positioning
SYSTEM
GPS was developed by the
Department of Defense at a
cost of >$12 billion
Funding for the GPS was
contingent on making the
system available to the
public.
14. There are three major
components in this system:
1. Satellites
2. Ground Control Stations
3. GPS Receivers (or units)
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15. There are 24-32 satellites up there at any given
time orbiting the earth at ~11,000 naut. miles.
The DOD knows the EXACT location of each of
the satellites at any given moment.
These satellites have VERY accurate clocks on
board.
The satellites continuously send radio signals
towards earth.
These radio signals are picked up by GPS
receivers.
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16. • Control stations enable information on Earth to be
transmitted to the satellites (updates and fine
turning).
• Control stations continuously track satellites, and
update the positions of each satellite.
• Without control stations, the accuracy of the system
would degrade in a matter of days.
There are five control
stations that monitor the satellites.
16
17. • GPS units are referred to as “receivers”.
• They receive information (radio signals) from
satellites.
• The GPS receiver is able to
determine when the signal left
the satellite, and when the
signal arrived to the GPS
receiver.
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18. • The Receiver knows exactly when the signal
leaves the satellite (time stamp) and when the
signal arrives at the receiver.
• The Receiver is therefore able to calculate its
distance from the satellite.
-Distance = time x velocity
-Distance = time x 186,355 mi./sec.
• The receiver can calculate the time that signal
traveled from the satellite to the receiver.
• The receiver is therefore able to determine its
exact distance from the satellite.
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28. Signal Accuracy Issues
Selective Availability
Tricks of the Trade
Current Applications of GPS
Future applications of GPS
29. There are 2 types of GPS Signals:
P-code: (“Precise” code)
This is only available to the military and some
selected public officials.
Very precise, not degraded.
C-code: (“Civilian” Code).
Less precise
Degraded (by scrambling the signal) especially
in times of conflict
This is what the GARMIN Legends work
with…
29
30. For national security reasons, the military
sometimes degrades the C-code signal. This is
called selective availability.
These errors are random
Errors be as high as +300 feet
30
31. SA errors can put you on the wrong side of a
stream, or even a different city block or street!
300 feet is a lot of real estate!!!
The GPS tells you
that you are located
here…
But your real
location is here…
32. It is possible to correct for Selective
Availability.
This process is called Differential Correction
Here’s how it works…
33. There are already established base stations
around Virginia
Surveyors have determined the precise location
of these base stations already.
Each base station has a GPS receiver, which
collects incoming (scrambled) signals.
The true (surveyed) location is then compared
to the GPS coordinates.
The correction values are then sent to other
GPS receivers in the field.
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34. Exact known coordinates
differ significantly from GPS
coordinates at this location
= exact amount of error!
GPS receiver in the field
collecting points, routes, etc.
Differential Correction
Signal
Base station w/ GPS
receiver
at known location:
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35. • The Wide Area Augmentation System
(WAAS) is a differential GPS system that
is being constructed to support GPS
accuracy in aircraft.
• WAAS also provides additional accuracy
“on the ground”
• The GPS receivers that we are using are
WAAS compatible
• WAAS is supported by a number of
satellites that emit signals to standard GPS
units. 35
36. Note: Not all GPS receivers are WAAS compatible.
The GARMIN Legend is WAAS compatible
36
37. Averaging: A GPS receiver can collect points
continuously for 15-30 seconds. The receiver
can then average all these locations together
This only works when you are standing still!!
GPS Collected Points
GPS Averaged Position
“True” location
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38. It is better for your receiver to get a fix on
“distributed” satellites, then poorly distributed
satellites.
Poor
Satellite
Distribution
Good
Satellite
Distribution
“Positional Dilution of Precision”
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39. Try and stay away from buildings and other
structures when using a GPS receiver
Satellites may not be visible…
This can introduce error…
40. GPS has worldwide coverage…
HOWEVER…
You can lose satellite coverage (or received
degraded signals) in areas with dense foliage,
in “urban canyons”, etc.
You may also lose satellite coverage (or receive
degraded signals) in deep valleys or gorges.
40
43. Brand “A” Day 1
Brand “A” Day 2
Brand “A” Day 3
Brand “A” Day 4
Brand “A” Day 5
Brand “B” Day 1
Brand “B” Day 2
Brand “B” Day 3
Brand “B” Day 4
Brand “B” Day 5
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45. Collect and store points (positions)
These are called WayPoints.
Field corners, insect infestation areas, crop
damage, individual trees, trail heads, creek
crossings, point source pollution, etc.
Download the points onto your computer and
integrate them with other mapping programs
45
47. Collect and store the path that you have
walked / driven
These paths are called TRACKS.
Calculate the distance of a track (i.e. perimeter
around a field)
Calculate AREA measurements within a
TRACK (after walking around a field)
Save and Download TRACKS onto your
computer.
47
49. Collect and store ROUTES
Routes are similar to TRACKS, but are created
by Waypoints
Routes can be handy for measuring “square
fields” and “straight lines”
You can measure the length and area (acreage)
of a Route.
49
50. 1. Establish Waypoints at strategic locations
2. The GPS Receiver “Connects the dots”
3. Area and perimeter measurements are generated
#1 #4
#3
#2
#5
50
51. The GOTO function
Using the ‘GOTO’ function, the GPS will guide
you to a predefined Waypoint (you choose
which one…) using a compass and “pointer”
The GOTO/FIND function is like using
“Autopilot”
You can program the GPS to “beep” when you
are within a certain distance of a selected
Waypoint
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52. Tide Tables
Many of the marine GPS’s have built in tide
tables. They provide tidal information and
ranges for any date and any place…
The GARMIN Legend does not have tide table
information…
What can you do with a GPS?
52
53. Speed
GPS’s calculate your ground speed as you walk,
run, drive or fly
What can you do with a GPS?
53
54. Elevation
In addition to providing you with your
latitude and longitude, GPS provides you
with elevation information.
What can you do with a GPS?
55. Measure Area / perimeter
Farmers can use a GPS to measure the area of a
pasture or a field of corn…
Natural Resource Agents can measure the area
of a proposed conservation easement…
What can you do with a GPS?
55
56. Public Safety
Environmental resource
management
Aviation
Military
Local planning
Surveying
Recreation
Business
59. GPS can serve as an accurate data collection
tool for GIS applications;
GPS applications are becoming increasingly
prevalent in our society, and support a variety
of applications;
With GPS receivers, you (more or less) get
what you pay for (w/ prices ranging from
$20,000+ - $59)
Knowing how to use a GPS does not make you
a surveyor!!!
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