This document outlines a home automation project that aims to control devices in the home remotely using an Android application and wireless communication. The project will be divided into an Android transmitter app, a microcontroller circuit for control, and wireless communication. The document discusses advantages of home automation, project objectives of convenience and security, and technologies involved including Arduino, Ethernet, XBee wireless modules, and their programming. It also provides an overview of work accomplished so far and future plans.
This document provides an overview and agenda for a presentation on network design, security analysis, risk assessment, disaster recovery, and business continuity planning. It covers various networking technologies, architecture considerations, outsourcing decisions, security issues, fault tolerance planning, and management responsibilities.
Helios is a leading manufacturer of telecom equipment in China, founded in 1994. It has a large R&D team focused on analog and digital RF technologies. Helios produces a range of wireless network optimization solutions including residential and pico repeaters to expand network coverage. Their repeaters use innovative digital and SDR technologies allowing flexible bandwidth adjustment and upgrading without hardware changes. Helios has passed key certifications and sells products to over 30 international operators worldwide.
Measuring Fiber / Merenja na optičkim vlaknimaNemanja Radić
1. Fiber optic networks are constantly increasing in speed and capacity to meet new application demands like interactive video.
2. Standards like ANSI/TIA-568-C set allowable loss limits for fiber optic links based on factors like cable length, number of splices and adapters.
3. Proper cleaning, inspection and testing of fiber optic connections and links is important to ensure low loss and good performance. A visual fault locator can be used to check basic connectivity but more advanced testing may be required.
This document provides specifications for the PTP 250 (5 GHz) point-to-point wireless Ethernet solution. The PTP 250 operates in the 5.4-5.8 GHz bands, offers data rates up to 256 Mbps, and high packet processing speeds. It provides a robust and high-speed wireless link for applications like video surveillance and VoIP. Key features include adaptive modulation from BPSK to 64 QAM, integrated antennas with a 23 dBi gain, operating temperatures from -40 to 60 degrees Celsius, and encryption support.
The Z1900 is a cell phone signal booster that improves indoor coverage for homes and offices up to 2,500 square feet. It amplifies voice and 3G data signals, ensuring clear calls and fast downloads. The system includes a network access unit, coverage unit, cables, and power supply to broadcast signals from outdoor cell towers indoors. It supports all major carriers and wireless technologies.
Komunikacja bezprzewodowa w obszarach przemysłowychAgnieszka Kuba
Tematyka poruszana w prezentacji:
Podstawy transmisji radiowej
Parametry transmisji radiowej
Ścieżka nadawania
Spadek jakości sygnału wraz ze wzrostem odległości
Wzmocnienie sygnału radiowego
Odbicia i tłumienność
Wpływ czynników atmosferycznych na sygnał radiowy
Typy anten
Równoległe współistnienie sieci bezprzewodowych
Wpływ zakłóceń na sygnał radiowy
Internet2 will be aggressive in its deployment of its Innovation Platform in order to allow its members to capitalize on the groundswell of support for high-speed software defined networking - summer of networking, Chris Robb, Indiana University/Internet2
This document provides an overview and agenda for a presentation on network design, security analysis, risk assessment, disaster recovery, and business continuity planning. It covers various networking technologies, architecture considerations, outsourcing decisions, security issues, fault tolerance planning, and management responsibilities.
Helios is a leading manufacturer of telecom equipment in China, founded in 1994. It has a large R&D team focused on analog and digital RF technologies. Helios produces a range of wireless network optimization solutions including residential and pico repeaters to expand network coverage. Their repeaters use innovative digital and SDR technologies allowing flexible bandwidth adjustment and upgrading without hardware changes. Helios has passed key certifications and sells products to over 30 international operators worldwide.
Measuring Fiber / Merenja na optičkim vlaknimaNemanja Radić
1. Fiber optic networks are constantly increasing in speed and capacity to meet new application demands like interactive video.
2. Standards like ANSI/TIA-568-C set allowable loss limits for fiber optic links based on factors like cable length, number of splices and adapters.
3. Proper cleaning, inspection and testing of fiber optic connections and links is important to ensure low loss and good performance. A visual fault locator can be used to check basic connectivity but more advanced testing may be required.
This document provides specifications for the PTP 250 (5 GHz) point-to-point wireless Ethernet solution. The PTP 250 operates in the 5.4-5.8 GHz bands, offers data rates up to 256 Mbps, and high packet processing speeds. It provides a robust and high-speed wireless link for applications like video surveillance and VoIP. Key features include adaptive modulation from BPSK to 64 QAM, integrated antennas with a 23 dBi gain, operating temperatures from -40 to 60 degrees Celsius, and encryption support.
The Z1900 is a cell phone signal booster that improves indoor coverage for homes and offices up to 2,500 square feet. It amplifies voice and 3G data signals, ensuring clear calls and fast downloads. The system includes a network access unit, coverage unit, cables, and power supply to broadcast signals from outdoor cell towers indoors. It supports all major carriers and wireless technologies.
Komunikacja bezprzewodowa w obszarach przemysłowychAgnieszka Kuba
Tematyka poruszana w prezentacji:
Podstawy transmisji radiowej
Parametry transmisji radiowej
Ścieżka nadawania
Spadek jakości sygnału wraz ze wzrostem odległości
Wzmocnienie sygnału radiowego
Odbicia i tłumienność
Wpływ czynników atmosferycznych na sygnał radiowy
Typy anten
Równoległe współistnienie sieci bezprzewodowych
Wpływ zakłóceń na sygnał radiowy
Internet2 will be aggressive in its deployment of its Innovation Platform in order to allow its members to capitalize on the groundswell of support for high-speed software defined networking - summer of networking, Chris Robb, Indiana University/Internet2
The document discusses different optical access network architectures including Fiber To The Building (FTTB), Fiber To The Curb (FTTC), and Fiber To The Home (FTTH). It also describes Passive Optical Networks (PON) and Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network (GPON) technologies. Specifically, GPON uses wavelength division multiplexing and time division multiple access to enable bidirectional communication between an optical line terminal and multiple optical network terminals over a single fiber at data rates of 2.5 Gbps downstream and 1.2 Gbps upstream.
Starview International manufactures and distributes optical transceivers and networking solutions. They offer a wide range of transceiver products including SFP, SFP+, GBIC, XFP, and QSFP modules that are compatible with major networking equipment vendors. Starview's transceivers feature digital diagnostics monitoring and comply with various industry standards. They provide reliable products, dedicated after-sales support, and competitive pricing to customers in the telecom, enterprise, and industrial sectors.
The document describes a UT USB modem that provides portable wireless broadband internet access via WiMAX technology. It has an omni-directional antenna and supports download speeds up to 20Mbps. It connects to a computer via a USB port and provides plug-and-play internet access without additional installation or software. The modem has security features like AES encryption and supports remote management of firmware updates.
The document describes the UH Modem, a high gain USB modem from Greenpacket that supports both fixed and nomadic WiMAX. It has a 5dBi omnidirectional antenna for improved coverage and throughput. Key features include support for 2.3-3.6GHz frequencies, MIMO, 128-bit security, and remote management via OMA-DM. The modem is designed for enhanced personal broadband access both indoors and outdoors.
The proliferation of consumer devices, HDTV and internet based services will continue to drive consumer bandwidth demand and Fiber is the only access technology capable of supporting dedicated gigabit Ethernet bandwidths.
New technologies options include WDM-PON, VDLS2 bonding, G.fast, and more. In addition, there are new compression techniques and noise mitigation that extend the life of existing networks.
Which approaches are practical, necessary and beneficial and what factors determine the best path to take?
A home wireless network allows multiple digital devices in a home, like computers, laptops, tablets, phones, and printers, to connect and communicate with each other over Wi-Fi. A wireless router broadcasts the Wi-Fi signal, which devices can detect and connect to wirelessly using built-in Wi-Fi adapters or external USB adapters. Common wireless network standards are 802.11b providing speeds up to 11 Mbps and 802.11g providing speeds up to 54 Mbps. The router's firewall, network address translation, and ability to share a single internet connection allow multiple devices on the home network to securely access the internet simultaneously.
This document provides information about the Belkin SURF N150 Wireless Modem Router.
It has multi-beam technology that provides powerful wireless signal strength and coverage throughout the home. Setup is easy, taking only 3 steps to connect to the internet at speeds up to 150Mbps.
The modem router connects your devices to the internet and each other wirelessly. It supports common wireless standards and has security features like WPA/WPA2 encryption.
The document provides specifications for the PTP 500 series of point-to-point wireless Ethernet bridges. The PTP 500 systems can create powerful wireless networks for businesses and governments while providing flexibility. They operate between 5.4-5.8 GHz, support data rates up to 105 Mbps at distances up to 155 miles. Key features include throughput, reach, security and reliability required for applications such as backhaul, campus connectivity, and more.
This document provides specifications for Ubiquiti's NanoStation M and NanoStation Loco M compact, high-power 2x2 MIMO AirMax TDMA stations. The stations feature integrated antennas, compact and versatile designs, integrated AirMax technology, and are available in various frequency models. They are suitable for use as clients in point-to-multipoint networks or for creating point-to-point links, and their low cost and small form factor make them well-suited for different applications.
This document discusses 10 Gigabit Ethernet networking technology. It provides an overview of 10 Gigabit Ethernet standards and applications. Various 10GbE transceiver modules are described such as XENPAK, X2, XFP, and SFP+. Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is discussed for extending transmission distances over fiber with DWDM SFP+ transceivers. Ordering information is also provided.
This document provides an overview of Passive Optical Networks (PONs). It describes the key components of a PON including the Optical Line Terminal (OLT), optical splitters and combiners, and Optical Network Units (ONUs). The OLT broadcasts data downstream to multiple ONUs via passive splitters. ONUs send data upstream to the OLT. PONs allow sharing of fiber infrastructure between users in a cost-effective way. The document compares ATM PON and Ethernet PON standards and discusses advantages like high bandwidth and applications including fiber to the home/building.
ShenZhen Pakite Technology Co.,Ltd provides several wireless transmission products including wireless AV senders, wireless IR remote extenders, and digital STB wireless sharing devices. The documents describe the technical specifications of each product including operating voltage, transmission distance, video resolution, size, and other key specifications. Thank you for choosing our wireless transmission products for use in applications such as home entertainment, surveillance, and wireless signal sharing between devices in different rooms.
CoolSpots is a system that coordinates the operation of multiple wireless radios (e.g. Bluetooth, WiFi) in mobile devices to provide a unified network connection while minimizing power consumption. By dynamically switching between radios based on policies that consider factors like application needs, radio characteristics, and device location, CoolSpots can achieve around a 50% reduction in energy use over relying on a single radio's power management. The most effective switching policy adapts to changing conditions by dynamically remembering bandwidth thresholds instead of using fixed thresholds that do not work as device location varies.
The document provides an overview of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology and Juniper's packet optical solutions. It discusses key optical transmission challenges like attenuation, dispersion, and nonlinearities. It also covers topics such as receive power, multiple wavelengths, amplifiers, ROADMs, transponders, and Juniper's integrated and disaggregated product portfolio including the MX series and BTI7000/7800 series. The training is intended to provide a high-level introduction to DWDM 101 and Juniper's end-to-end packet optical solutions.
This document discusses fiber optic installation standards for Malaysia. It covers topics like fiber types used, fusion splicing, indoor and outdoor fiber cable specifications, fiber termination boxes, wall sockets, manholes, ductways and more. Standards are provided for single dwelling units, multi-dwelling units, and different building types. Requirements are outlined for fiber cabling within buildings and premises.
IDEA 2009: Fiber Optics for High Def “Game Day” Sports Productionjimhurwitz
Fiber optics provide a lightweight and flexible solution for high definition sports production. A single fiber optic cable can transmit multiple video, audio, and data signals over long distances with virtually unlimited bandwidth. Camera-mounted fiber optic systems allow all necessary camera signals to be transmitted using just one or two fiber conductors, eliminating the need for multiple copper cables. Many professional sports stadiums and arenas have implemented fiber optic networks for broadcasting games.
Alcatel-Lucent Instant Access Points DatasheetArrow ECS UK
The document discusses Alcatel-Lucent's OmniAccess Instant Access Points 92/93/105. These access points virtualize wireless LAN switch/controller capabilities to create an enterprise-grade Wi-Fi network with simplicity. The access points support up to 16 units being controlled by a single primary access point. They can be easily deployed and centrally managed. As networks expand, the access points can also migrate to a centralized WLAN architecture.
802.11n is a new wireless networking standard that promises to deliver significantly faster speeds than previous standards like 802.11a/b/g. It utilizes two key technologies, MIMO and channel bonding, to achieve this. MIMO uses multiple antennas to reduce interference from multipath signals and allow multiple data streams to be sent simultaneously. Channel bonding combines two 20MHz channels into a single 40MHz channel, effectively doubling the bandwidth. Together, these technologies can increase speeds up to 6 times compared to 802.11a/g. The document discusses various configuration options for 802.11n like the number of spatial streams and guard intervals that impact maximum achievable speeds. It also addresses compatibility with older standards and network
This document provides details on a home automation project using Arduino. The project aims to design a kit that can control AC loads like lights and fans from an Android phone using an Arduino microcontroller. It discusses the components required like a step-down transformer, Arduino, relays, Bluetooth module, and loads. The circuit diagram and Arduino code for controlling relays on button press from a Bluetooth-connected Android app are also provided. The conclusion states that the system provides a flexible and attractive user interface for home automation compared to other systems.
This document describes a home automation system that allows remote control of electrical equipment through the internet using an Arduino board. The system uses an Arduino UNO board connected to an Ethernet shield and WiFi network to control appliances through a web interface. It aims to provide a cheap, open source, and easy to use system for remotely controlling and automating home appliances from any internet-connected device.
The document discusses different optical access network architectures including Fiber To The Building (FTTB), Fiber To The Curb (FTTC), and Fiber To The Home (FTTH). It also describes Passive Optical Networks (PON) and Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network (GPON) technologies. Specifically, GPON uses wavelength division multiplexing and time division multiple access to enable bidirectional communication between an optical line terminal and multiple optical network terminals over a single fiber at data rates of 2.5 Gbps downstream and 1.2 Gbps upstream.
Starview International manufactures and distributes optical transceivers and networking solutions. They offer a wide range of transceiver products including SFP, SFP+, GBIC, XFP, and QSFP modules that are compatible with major networking equipment vendors. Starview's transceivers feature digital diagnostics monitoring and comply with various industry standards. They provide reliable products, dedicated after-sales support, and competitive pricing to customers in the telecom, enterprise, and industrial sectors.
The document describes a UT USB modem that provides portable wireless broadband internet access via WiMAX technology. It has an omni-directional antenna and supports download speeds up to 20Mbps. It connects to a computer via a USB port and provides plug-and-play internet access without additional installation or software. The modem has security features like AES encryption and supports remote management of firmware updates.
The document describes the UH Modem, a high gain USB modem from Greenpacket that supports both fixed and nomadic WiMAX. It has a 5dBi omnidirectional antenna for improved coverage and throughput. Key features include support for 2.3-3.6GHz frequencies, MIMO, 128-bit security, and remote management via OMA-DM. The modem is designed for enhanced personal broadband access both indoors and outdoors.
The proliferation of consumer devices, HDTV and internet based services will continue to drive consumer bandwidth demand and Fiber is the only access technology capable of supporting dedicated gigabit Ethernet bandwidths.
New technologies options include WDM-PON, VDLS2 bonding, G.fast, and more. In addition, there are new compression techniques and noise mitigation that extend the life of existing networks.
Which approaches are practical, necessary and beneficial and what factors determine the best path to take?
A home wireless network allows multiple digital devices in a home, like computers, laptops, tablets, phones, and printers, to connect and communicate with each other over Wi-Fi. A wireless router broadcasts the Wi-Fi signal, which devices can detect and connect to wirelessly using built-in Wi-Fi adapters or external USB adapters. Common wireless network standards are 802.11b providing speeds up to 11 Mbps and 802.11g providing speeds up to 54 Mbps. The router's firewall, network address translation, and ability to share a single internet connection allow multiple devices on the home network to securely access the internet simultaneously.
This document provides information about the Belkin SURF N150 Wireless Modem Router.
It has multi-beam technology that provides powerful wireless signal strength and coverage throughout the home. Setup is easy, taking only 3 steps to connect to the internet at speeds up to 150Mbps.
The modem router connects your devices to the internet and each other wirelessly. It supports common wireless standards and has security features like WPA/WPA2 encryption.
The document provides specifications for the PTP 500 series of point-to-point wireless Ethernet bridges. The PTP 500 systems can create powerful wireless networks for businesses and governments while providing flexibility. They operate between 5.4-5.8 GHz, support data rates up to 105 Mbps at distances up to 155 miles. Key features include throughput, reach, security and reliability required for applications such as backhaul, campus connectivity, and more.
This document provides specifications for Ubiquiti's NanoStation M and NanoStation Loco M compact, high-power 2x2 MIMO AirMax TDMA stations. The stations feature integrated antennas, compact and versatile designs, integrated AirMax technology, and are available in various frequency models. They are suitable for use as clients in point-to-multipoint networks or for creating point-to-point links, and their low cost and small form factor make them well-suited for different applications.
This document discusses 10 Gigabit Ethernet networking technology. It provides an overview of 10 Gigabit Ethernet standards and applications. Various 10GbE transceiver modules are described such as XENPAK, X2, XFP, and SFP+. Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is discussed for extending transmission distances over fiber with DWDM SFP+ transceivers. Ordering information is also provided.
This document provides an overview of Passive Optical Networks (PONs). It describes the key components of a PON including the Optical Line Terminal (OLT), optical splitters and combiners, and Optical Network Units (ONUs). The OLT broadcasts data downstream to multiple ONUs via passive splitters. ONUs send data upstream to the OLT. PONs allow sharing of fiber infrastructure between users in a cost-effective way. The document compares ATM PON and Ethernet PON standards and discusses advantages like high bandwidth and applications including fiber to the home/building.
ShenZhen Pakite Technology Co.,Ltd provides several wireless transmission products including wireless AV senders, wireless IR remote extenders, and digital STB wireless sharing devices. The documents describe the technical specifications of each product including operating voltage, transmission distance, video resolution, size, and other key specifications. Thank you for choosing our wireless transmission products for use in applications such as home entertainment, surveillance, and wireless signal sharing between devices in different rooms.
CoolSpots is a system that coordinates the operation of multiple wireless radios (e.g. Bluetooth, WiFi) in mobile devices to provide a unified network connection while minimizing power consumption. By dynamically switching between radios based on policies that consider factors like application needs, radio characteristics, and device location, CoolSpots can achieve around a 50% reduction in energy use over relying on a single radio's power management. The most effective switching policy adapts to changing conditions by dynamically remembering bandwidth thresholds instead of using fixed thresholds that do not work as device location varies.
The document provides an overview of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology and Juniper's packet optical solutions. It discusses key optical transmission challenges like attenuation, dispersion, and nonlinearities. It also covers topics such as receive power, multiple wavelengths, amplifiers, ROADMs, transponders, and Juniper's integrated and disaggregated product portfolio including the MX series and BTI7000/7800 series. The training is intended to provide a high-level introduction to DWDM 101 and Juniper's end-to-end packet optical solutions.
This document discusses fiber optic installation standards for Malaysia. It covers topics like fiber types used, fusion splicing, indoor and outdoor fiber cable specifications, fiber termination boxes, wall sockets, manholes, ductways and more. Standards are provided for single dwelling units, multi-dwelling units, and different building types. Requirements are outlined for fiber cabling within buildings and premises.
IDEA 2009: Fiber Optics for High Def “Game Day” Sports Productionjimhurwitz
Fiber optics provide a lightweight and flexible solution for high definition sports production. A single fiber optic cable can transmit multiple video, audio, and data signals over long distances with virtually unlimited bandwidth. Camera-mounted fiber optic systems allow all necessary camera signals to be transmitted using just one or two fiber conductors, eliminating the need for multiple copper cables. Many professional sports stadiums and arenas have implemented fiber optic networks for broadcasting games.
Alcatel-Lucent Instant Access Points DatasheetArrow ECS UK
The document discusses Alcatel-Lucent's OmniAccess Instant Access Points 92/93/105. These access points virtualize wireless LAN switch/controller capabilities to create an enterprise-grade Wi-Fi network with simplicity. The access points support up to 16 units being controlled by a single primary access point. They can be easily deployed and centrally managed. As networks expand, the access points can also migrate to a centralized WLAN architecture.
802.11n is a new wireless networking standard that promises to deliver significantly faster speeds than previous standards like 802.11a/b/g. It utilizes two key technologies, MIMO and channel bonding, to achieve this. MIMO uses multiple antennas to reduce interference from multipath signals and allow multiple data streams to be sent simultaneously. Channel bonding combines two 20MHz channels into a single 40MHz channel, effectively doubling the bandwidth. Together, these technologies can increase speeds up to 6 times compared to 802.11a/g. The document discusses various configuration options for 802.11n like the number of spatial streams and guard intervals that impact maximum achievable speeds. It also addresses compatibility with older standards and network
This document provides details on a home automation project using Arduino. The project aims to design a kit that can control AC loads like lights and fans from an Android phone using an Arduino microcontroller. It discusses the components required like a step-down transformer, Arduino, relays, Bluetooth module, and loads. The circuit diagram and Arduino code for controlling relays on button press from a Bluetooth-connected Android app are also provided. The conclusion states that the system provides a flexible and attractive user interface for home automation compared to other systems.
This document describes a home automation system that allows remote control of electrical equipment through the internet using an Arduino board. The system uses an Arduino UNO board connected to an Ethernet shield and WiFi network to control appliances through a web interface. It aims to provide a cheap, open source, and easy to use system for remotely controlling and automating home appliances from any internet-connected device.
Home Automation using Android Phones-Project first phasethrishma reddy
This document describes a home automation system using Android phones. It discusses controlling electrical appliances through voice commands to the Android application. A microcontroller acts as the interface between the app and hardware. Commands are sent from the app to the microcontroller connected to appliances. The proposed system uses GSM to allow remote control of appliances via SMS from any location with network access. This helps disabled users control devices easily through voice.
A minor project report HOME AUTOMATION USING MOBILE PHONESashokkok
This document is a minor project report on home automation using mobile phones submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses using a MT 8870 IC to enable dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) tone generation and decoding to allow for remote control of home appliances via a mobile phone. The report includes chapters on DTMF technology, components used in the circuit like resistors and capacitors, details of the MT 8870 IC functionality, and conclusions.
Presentation Smart Home With Home AutomationArifur Rahman
This document provides an overview of a presentation on smart home automation. It discusses how home automation can automate lighting, HVAC, appliances and other systems for improved convenience, comfort, energy efficiency and security. It describes how smart homes can be remotely controlled and monitored, including security, entertainment and information functions. It outlines the various wired and wireless devices used in home automation and popular software options like Linux, Mister House and Heyu. The presentation also includes diagrams of sample home automation architectures and a remote web interface.
XBee & XBee-PRO ZB adapters provide wireless connectivity through mesh networks to electronic devices in legacy wired applications. They utilize ZigBee PRO technology for robust self-healing networks. The adapters are available in various interfaces like RS-232, RS-485, USB, and I/O and can be powered by batteries or mains. They integrate with Digi's Drop-in Networking solutions for flexible and scalable communication between devices.
This document outlines ZigBee technology. It is created for low-power wireless sensor and control networks based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. ZigBee can connect over 65,000 devices for applications like home automation with lighting, HVAC, and security controls. It operates on various frequencies with data rates up to 250kbps and ranges from 10-100 meters. ZigBee networks use star, mesh, and tree topologies and provide long battery life, security, and reliability for uses in homes, buildings, and industrial settings.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data. Experts estimate that the IoT will consist of almost 50 billion objects by 2020! Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure.
This slide is about WiFi & Bluetooth that we use everyday in our Smart devices. These devices are used for connect with other devices for sharing or plug & play purpose. Here is everything about wifi & bluetooth that you need to know or present to others for educational purpose.
The document introduces the SPZB32W series of IEEE 802.15.4 RF modules based on the STM32W platform. It discusses key technologies such as IEEE 802.15.4 and target application domains including smart energy, home automation, healthcare, and industrial. The presentation outlines the product portfolio and roadmap. It highlights competitive advantages of the modules such as off-the-shelf solutions and advanced design. Software libraries and the STM32W chipset are also overviewed along with module certifications and reference boards.
The document discusses wireless sensor network challenges and various wireless communication standards. It introduces Zigbee as a new low power protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSN). Zigbee is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard and targets applications that require low data rates, long battery life, and secure networking. It provides features like mesh networking, an extended 64-bit addressing scheme and encryption for reliable and secure communication in WSNs.
The document provides an overview of various wireless technologies, including their standards, operating frequencies, data rates, ranges, and power consumption. It discusses radio frequency spectrum reuse through spread spectrum technology and some problems with radio technology like hidden stations, eavesdropping, reliability, and power consumption. It then provides more details on 802.11 WLAN/WiFi technologies, including the different standards, operating modes, protocol stack, and frame structure.
Wireless networking technologies have evolved significantly over the past few decades. Early technologies like HiperLAN and 802.11 provided connectivity at speeds up to 2 Mbps in the 1990s. 802.11 standards have since been updated to support speeds up to 54 Mbps. Meanwhile, other technologies like Bluetooth, WiMax and 4G/LTE were developed to provide wireless broadband and meet increasing bandwidth demands, with 4G/LTE targets of 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps speeds. However, the future remains uncertain as different standards compete and many expect a mix of technologies will be used depending on the situation and device capabilities.
The document discusses several key protocols used in IoT applications:
1. Bluetooth, Zigbee, WirelessHART and Z-Wave are discussed as short-range wireless protocols suitable for personal area networks.
2. Long-range wide area network protocols discussed include LoRaWAN, LTE-M and NB-IoT which are designed for low-power wide area networks supporting millions of devices over large areas.
3. IEEE 802.11ah is presented as an alternative for energy-efficient WiFi designed for IoT applications in the sub-1GHz spectrum to provide longer range than typical WiFi.
Cable free low cost microwave radio datasheetAbrar Ahmad
CableFree provides low cost microwave radios for wireless networking using licensed frequencies between 6-38GHz. The radios can transmit PDH and IP/Ethernet traffic up to 130Mbps and feature compact indoor and outdoor units, advanced modulation techniques, and flexible network interfaces. Typical applications include point-to-point wireless networking, telecom backbones, and temporary deployments. The radios offer high performance, software-defined capabilities, and low total cost of ownership.
Bluetooth bluetooth-low-energy-ant-nfc-wifi-compareDroidcon Berlin
The document compares different short-range wireless technologies available on Android devices, including NFC, Bluetooth, ANT+, and WiFi. It provides information on supported standards, frequency ranges, data rates, and examples of applications for each technology in contexts like vehicles, homes, and factories. Bluetooth Low Energy is highlighted as particularly suitable for creating simple wireless designs for sensors and other Internet of Things applications using chips from Nordic Semiconductor.
The Differences of between ZigBee and Bluetooth technologiesCan KAYA
ZigBee and Bluetooth are wireless network technologies but they have key differences. ZigBee is intended for low data rate, long battery life applications like sensor networks and home automation. It has a range of 10-100m, very low power consumption, supports large networks, and a long battery life. Bluetooth is intended for cable replacement between devices like phones, laptops, and headsets within 10m. It has higher data rates but also higher power consumption and shorter battery life than ZigBee.
Robulink is a leading supplier of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) solutions using its independently developed RobuNet mesh network technology. Robulink provides mesh network modules, devices, and aggregators that have been deployed in over 3.5 million electricity meters across
WPAN technologies like Bluetooth, Zigbee, and WiFi enable wireless connectivity between devices within short ranges of up to 100 meters. Bluetooth is commonly used to connect devices like headphones, mice, and keyboards. Zigbee is optimized for low data rate, long battery life applications like home automation and sensor networks. Newer technologies like Ultra Wideband provide very high data rates over short ranges. RFID and NFC use radio waves to wirelessly transfer data between tags and readers, with applications in supply chain management, contactless payments, and data sharing between devices.
WiFi, Bluetooth, ZigBee, and NFC are common wireless technologies. WiFi has the highest throughput but shortest range, while Bluetooth has lower throughput but longer range. NFC operates at 13.56MHz and has a very short range of around 4cm, used for applications like mobile payments. ZigBee is designed for low power wireless networks like building automation and wireless sensor networks. Each technology has its own standards and applications depending on the needed throughput, range, and power consumption.
When setting up and maintaining Wi-Fi home networks, consider these tips for maximizing the security of the computers and data on these networks.
Securing Wireless Networks by maximizing the security of 802.11 standard and minimizing the Risk on Wireless network
The document compares different short-range radio technologies inside Android phones, including NFC, Bluetooth, ANT+, and WiFi. It provides tables showing the specifications and capabilities of each technology, such as supported phones, frequency, range, bit rate, and power consumption. The document also provides examples of applications for each technology in automotive, home, and industrial contexts.
This presentation gives brief description of Wi-Fi Technolgy, standards, applications,topologies, how Wi-Fi network works, security,advantages and innovations.
Ieee institute of electrical and electronics engineershimanshu yadav
The document discusses the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), which is an international non-profit organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity. It has over 419,000 members in 160 countries. The document then summarizes several key IEEE standards including 802.3 Ethernet, 802.11 WiFi, 802.15 Bluetooth, 802.16 WiMAX, and provides details on technologies such as CSMA/CD, FHSS, DSSS, and MIMO.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
3. procedure
We divide our project into three main parts:
• Android application (transmitter)
• Core circuit (microcontroller)
• Wireless communication
5. Advantages of home automation
• Flexibility & Convenience
• Security
• Cost Saving
• Security
• Remote Control
6. project objectives
• Make our home under control
• reduce time & effort and make it more secure
• give handicapped people ability to serve
themselves by themselves
• Eliminate the use of wires and reducing
installation costs by keep the infrastructure of
home without any changes
10. Wireless communication
Name
of
Name Description.
standar
d
The 802.11a standard (called Wi-Fi 5) allows higher bandwidth (54 Mbps maximum
802.11
Wi-Fi5 throughput, 30 Mbps in practice). The 802.11a standard provides 8 radio channels in the 5
a
GHz frequency band.
The 802.11b standard is currently the most widely used one. It offers a maximum
802.11
Wi-Fi throughput of 11 Mbps (6 Mbps in practice) and a reach of up to 300 meters in an open
b
environment. It uses the 2.4 GHz frequency range, with 3 radio channels available.
The 802.11g standard offers high bandwidth (54 Mbps maximum throughput, 30 Mbps in
802.11 practice) on the 2.4 GHz frequency range. The 802.11g standard is backwards-compatible
g with the 802.11b standard, meaning that devices that support the 802.11g standard can also
work with 802.11b.
Hypothetical Range Range
speed (indoors) (outdoors)
11 Mbit/s 50 m 200 m
5.5 Mbit/s 75 m 300 m
2 Mbit/s 100 m 400 m
1 Mbit/s 150 m 500 m
12. Ethernet Shield Module
• What is Ethernet 802.11.3
• Ethernet is the most widely-installed local area network
(LAN) technology.
• uses coaxial cable or special grades of twisted pair wires.
• Ethernet is also used in wireless LANs. The most commonly
installed Ethernet systems are called 10BASE-T and provide
transmission speeds up to 10 Mbps.
16. XBEE Module
Feature Series 1 Series 2
s
ZigBee Wi-Fi Bluetooth Firmwa 802.15.4 ZigBee
Range 10-100 meters 50-100 10 – 100 meters
meters re
Networking TopologyAd-hoc, peer to Point to Ad-hoc, very small Networ Point-to-point, Same as 1
peer, star, or mesh hub networks k peer-to-peer, +Mesh
Operating Frequency 868 MHz 2.4 and 5 2.4 GHz topologi point-to- Network
(Europe) GHz multipoint (star)
900-928 MHz es
(NA), 2.4 GHz Indoor/ 100 ft (30 m) / 133 ft (40
(worldwide) Urban 300 ft (90 m) m)
Complexity Low High High
range
Power Consumption Very low (low High Medium
(Battery option and power is a design Outdoo 300 ft (90 m) / 400 ft (120
life) goal) r/RF 1 mi (1.6 km) m)
Security 128 AES plus 64 and 128 bit line-of-
application layer encryption
security sight
Typical Applications Industrial control Wireless Wireless range
and monitoring, LAN connectivity ADC (6) 10-bit ADC (4) 10-bit
sensor networks, connectivit between devices inputs, inputs,(8) ADC
building y, such as phones, Digital I/O inputs, (10)
automation, home broadband PDA, laptops, Digital
I/O Digital I/O
control and Internet headsets
automation, toys, access Serial 1200 - 250000 1200 – 1
games bps Mbps
data
Connection Make connection Connection Bluetooth
when connection is open at communicates with rate
is needed all Transm 1 mW (0 dBm) 1.25 mW
other device while
so low power it power /60 mW (+18 (+1 dBm)
consumption maintaining
output dBm) (2 mW (+3
connection So high
dBm) boost
power consumption mode)
18. Accomplishment
• What we did this semester:
1. Attended many of the online courses and read several educational
books about the programming of Arduino and Android.
2. Read many topics in addition to the data sheet on how to connect
the XBees on the same network for the exchange of data
wirelessly.
3. In the practical side and despite significant delay in the arrival of
the electronic parts that we needed in our project, we have done
the following:
• Transferring of the data between 2 XBees using serial port.
• Writing several codes to make sure that we understand the Arduino
programming properly.
• Start writing Android code to use Smartphone in the transfer of the
data wirelessly to the Arduino through a router.
19. Future work
• Continue reading the books, attending learning
courses, and expanding Android and Arduino
programs.
• Writing a whole Arduino code to receive Data
from Smartphone which will be to run lights or
move the engine or Receive Sensors Data.
• Finish writing the Android application in high
quality.
• Build and connect the electronic parts together.
Editor's Notes
Design the command transmitter and its application which is android application depends on Wi-Fi technologyDesign the core circuit and Peripheral circuitsDesign telecommunication network to connect the task to the destination by Wi-Fi technology
As the world gets more and more technologically advanced, we find new technology coming in deeper and deeper into our personal lives even at home. Home automation is becoming more and more popular around the world and is becoming a common practice.Most advanced home automation systems in existence today require a big and expensive change of infrastructure. This means that it often is not feasible to install a home automation system in an existing building.The Home Automation is a wireless home automation system that is supposed to be implemented in existing home environments, without any changes in the existing infrastructure. Home Automation lets the user to control his home from his or her computer. In the computer program the user can create actions what should happen with electrical devices in the network depending on the sensors sensing surrounding environment.Let's take some examples of Home Automation : using a remote control to turn on a light across the room or unlocking the front door as you pull into the driveway are examples of using home automation, turning on your home sprinkler system with your cell phone or logging in from your computer at work to view your home security cameras are also examples of using home automation. Home automation includes anything that gives you remote or automatic control of the electronics inside it.
Make our home under control, such as (lighting, air-condition, garage and camera ) by single click at android applicationreduce time & effort and make it more secureby controlling temperature and lighting based on the programmed schedules, automation systems reduce the energy bills considerably.
Make our home under control, such as (lighting, air-condition, garage and camera ) by single click at android applicationreduce time & effort and make it more securegive handicapped people ability to serve themselves by themselvesEliminate the use of wires and reducing installation costs.
The flow chart of our project summarized this process: The command transmitted to the access point using the build in Wi-Fi module in smart phone which support 802.11 a\\b\\g.The command that out from smart phone has specific data and signaling information, the data is what the action of the command will be, like light on. On the other hand signaling will be specific source and destination IP.When the TP-Link access point received the commands transmitted from the smart phone, it will route the transmitted commands to the Ethernet port which is connected to the programmed Arduino microcontroller through Ethernet shieldThen the microcontroller will transmit the command wirelessly by ZigBee for far destinations and the destinations that we will not be able to connect it by copper wire because we don’t need to affect on the infrastructure of the home
5.1What is an Android?Android is open source and Google releases the code under the Apache License, allows the software to be freely modified and distributed by device manufacturers, wireless carriers and enthusiast developers. Android relies on Linux version 2.6 for core system services such as security, memory management, process management, network stack, and driver model. Additionally; Android has a large community of developers writing applications ("apps") that extend the functionality of devices, written primarily in a customized version of the Java programming language.[7] 5.2 Development of Android applicationsTo develop Android applications (or any Java applications, for that matter), you need a development environment to write and build applications. Eclipse is a very popular development environment (IDE) for Java and the preferred IDE for Android development. It’s freely available for Windows, Mac, and Linux operating systems. Android also provides Android SDK (Software development kit) which gives you the API libraries and developer tools necessary to build, test, and debug apps for Android.[7]
4.1 Android application We will write android application using java language to send wireless data to the access point ,controlling every device by a button at the android application.The layout of android will be like this :Username &Password First & Second Floor choices main room in each floor some devices that we want to it to be under control like light ,air condition …,etc. [7]
2.1 What is IP address? An IP address refers to a unique number assigned to each computer on the Internet. The IP number is called an "address" because it serves the same purpose as a home address; it allows each machine on the Internet to be located by a numerical scheme. The current version of the Internet protocol is IPv4, which provides a 32-bit address system. "Example of an IP addresses 192.168.1.1". Every device connected to a network, be it a local area network (LAN) or the Internet, is given an Internet protocol number. This address is used to identify the device uniquely among all other devices connected to the extended network. So in our project we will get the Arduino micro controller a specific IP address in order to reach it from network router that lies in our home and we will design to reach this router wirelessly (IEEE802.11 Wi-Fi) by smart phone to send a command to our home from anywhere. 2.2 What is IEEE 802.11 protocol? Wi-Fi is a short name for Wireless Fidelity. Generally, Wi-Fi refers to any type of IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). More specifically, Wi-Fi is the industry standard for products as defined by the Wi-Fi alliance and conforming to IEEE802.11. WLANs extend the reach of Local Area Networks (LANs) by providing wireless connectivity. It designed originally for cable replacement in corporate environments; WLANs have become very popular in providing IP connectivity in residential, small office and campus environments. With Wi-Fi, it is possible to create high-speed wireless local area networks, provided that the computer to be connected is not too far from the access point. In practice, Wi-Fi can be used to provide high-speed connections (11 Mbps or greater) and here are three versions of IEEE802.11: Nowadays there are many devices support all these standards together, as you can see above in the table, These type of Wi-Fi standards are different in data rate and coverage area, so in our project we don’t need high bit rate because we don’t need to transfer huge data. The data that we will transfer is just commands, on the other hand we need wide coverage area to cover all parts of our home so the best choice will be 802.11b.
Access PointIn computer networking , a wireless access point (AP) is a device that allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network using Wi-Fi, or related standards. The AP usually connects to a router (via a wired network) if it's a standalone device, or is part of a router itself.Definition: Wireless access points (APs or WAPs) are specially configured nodes on wireless local area networks (WLANs). Access points act as a central transmitter and receiver of WLAN radio signals. Access points used in home or small business networks are generally small, dedicated hardware devices featuring a built-in network adapter, antenna, and radio transmitter. Access points support Wi-Fi wireless communication standards.Although very small WLANs can function without access points in so-called "ad hoc" or peer-to-peer mode, access points support "infrastructure" mode. This mode bridges WLANs with a wired Ethernet LANand also scales the network to support more clients. Older and base model access points allowed a maximum of only 10 or 20 clients; many newer access points support up to 255 clients.
2.3 What is Ethernet 802.11.3?Ethernet is the most widely-installed local area network (LAN) technology. Specified in a standard, IEEE 802.3, Ethernet was originally developed by Xerox from an earlier specification called Alohanet (for the Palo Alto Research Center Aloha network) and then developed further by Xerox, DEC, and Intel. An Ethernet LAN typically uses coaxial cable or special grades of twisted pair wires. Ethernet is also used in wireless LANs. The most commonly installed Ethernet systems are called 10BASE-T and provide transmission speeds up to 10 Mbps. Devices are connected to the cable and compete for access using a Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) protocol.Fast Ethernet or 100BASE-T provides transmission speeds up to 100 megabits per second and is typically used for LAN backbone systems, supporting workstations with 10BASE-T cards.
3.2.1 What is Ethernet Shield Module The Arduino Ethernet Shield allows an Arduino board to connect to the internet. It is based on the Wiznet W5100 Ethernet chip providing a network (IP) stack capable of both Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) andUser Datagram Protocol (UDP). The Arduino Ethernet Shield supports up to four simultaneous socket connections. Use the Ethernet library to write sketches which connect to the internet via a standard RJ45 Ethernet jack using the shield.
3.1 Arduino microcontroller [1]Arduino is an open-source single-board microcontroller, and a software suite for programming it. It's an open-source physical computing platform based on a simple microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing software for the board. Arduino can be used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety of switches or sensors, and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and other physical outputs. Arduino projects can be stand-alone, or they can be communicating with software running on your computer (e.g. Flash, Processing and Max/MSP.) The boards can be assembled by hand or purchased preassembled; the open-source IDE (integrated development environments) can be downloaded for free.3.1.1 Why Arduino?There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms available for physical computing. Parallax Basic Stamp.Net-media's BX-24.Phidgets, MIT's Handy-board.PIC- microcontroller. And many others offer similar functionality. All of these tools take the messy details of microcontroller programming and wrap it up in an easy-to-use package. Arduino also simplifies the process of working with microcontrollers, but it offers some advantage for teachers, students, and interested amateurs over other systems:Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other microcontroller platforms. Cross-platform - The Arduino software runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino programming environment is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as wellOpen source and extensible software- The Arduino software is published as open source tools, available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be expanded through C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical details can make the leap from Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it's based.
What is XBEE?XBee is the brand name from Digi International for a family of form factor compatible radio modules. The first XBee radios were introduced under the Max Stream brand in 2005 and were based on the 802.15.4-2003 standard designed for wireless point-to-point and point-to-multipoint communications at baud rates of 250 Kbit/s.They are designed for high-throughput applications requiring low latency and predictable communication timing. XBee modules are ideal for low-power, low-cost applications.The XBee radio family consists of many types for example there is:XBee 802.15.4 (also known as Series 1 hardware) : The initial point-to-point (PTP), point-to-multipoint (PTM) radio running the IEEE 802.15.4 protocolXBee-PRO 802.15.4 (a.k.a. Series 1): A higher power versionXBee ZB (a.k.a. Series 2) : An XBee module that incorporates the ZigBee PRO Feature Set mesh networking protocol3.3.4 Why XBEE 2 (ZigBee)?In our project we will use the XBee ZB (series 2) that used the ZigBee protocol for many reasons that we will discuss here.ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on an IEEE802 standard for personal area networks.Features of series two:Low-cost: The low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications.Low-power: Low power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries.Wireless mesh network standard: Mesh networking provides high reliability and more extensive range.ZigBee chip vendors typically sell integrated radios and microcontrollers with between 60 KB and 256 KB flash memory.Applications include Home automation, wireless light switches, electrical meters with in-home-displays, traffic management systems, and other consumer and industrial equipment that requires short-range wireless transfer of data at relatively low rates. 3.3.4.1 XBEE 1 Vs XBEE 2
Programming the XBee 2 Module ZigBee defines three difference device types: Coordinator: Start a new personal area network (PAN) by selecting the channel and PAN ID. Allow routers and end devices to join the PAN, transmit and receive RF data transmission and route the data through the mesh network.Router: Transmit and receive RF data transmission, and route data packet through the network.End Device: Cannot assist in routing the data transmission but transmit or receive RF data transmission and intended to be battery powered devices.To make Point to point communication between two XBees, we need to make one of the XBee S2 as Coordinator, another as Router. So, you will need to buy two units in order to get communication up. As mentioned early, XBee S1 and S2 cannot communicate, so you need to have a pair of XBee S2.Plug the XBee S2 module on the breakout board. Mind the polarity. Plug the USB cable to it and computer.In the programming of our XBees we will need to use the X-CTU software.