Gorbachevs economic-and-political-reforms-and-the-disintegration
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Gorbachev implemented economic and political reforms called Perestroika and Glasnost in the Soviet Union in the 1980s. Perestroika restructured the Soviet command economy to introduce private businesses and free markets. Glasnost increased openness, freedoms of speech and the press. These reforms weakened the Soviet government's control and emboldened independence movements. Ultimately, the Soviet Union disintegrated as its republics declared sovereignty, and Gorbachev resigned on December 24, 1991, dissolving the USSR into 15 independent states.
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The document summarizes the end of the USSR, beginning with key events and figures in the early Soviet period through World War II under Stalin. It then discusses reforms under Gorbachev in the 1980s that contributed to the collapse of the Soviet Union, including perestroika and glasnost. Major events of the dissolution included the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, independence of Baltic states in 1989-1991, a failed coup against Gorbachev in 1991, and the formal dissolution of the USSR on December 25, 1991, resulting in 15 new independent countries emerging from the former Soviet republics.
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Disintegration of Soviet Union gave an end to Cold War confrontations and to ideological disputes between two superpowers. 2. Military alliances had been abolished and demand arose for world peace and security.
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Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985 and sought to reform the Soviet system through his policies of perestroika, glasnost, uskorenie, and demokratizatsiya. This involved restructuring the political and economic system, increasing transparency, accelerating reforms, and democratizing. He faced opposition from conservatives and Boris Yeltsin. Glasnost allowed for greater freedom of expression and criticism, but also increased unrest in Soviet republics and satellite states. Reforms began to spread through Eastern Europe in 1989, with Solidarity gaining power in Poland and Hungary liberalizing under Soviet non-intervention.
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- 1. GORBACHEV’S ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL REFORMS AND THE DISINTEGRATION OF USSR Presented by: Quratulain Ali Maheen Raza
- 2. PRE-REFORM ENVIRONMENT O Before 1985,government of soviet union was communist in name. O Government reflected more of a dictatorship style of government. O Citizens were highly controlled. O Political and social freedom were minimal. O Press was not free. O In this environment reform became necessary.
- 3. GORBACHEV’S EFFORT O Came to power in 1985. O Last president of Soviet Union. O Implemented policies to bring individual freedom and economic and political change . O Introduced “Perestroika” and “Glasnost”.
- 4. PERESTROIKA O Reconstruction of economic system. O First reform was alcohol reform. Prices on alcohol were raised. Sale was restricted. Drinking was banned. Wineries were destroyed. It was serious blow to state budget. Black market flourished.
- 5. Continue… OAllowed semi-private business to function. Goal was to create semi-free market. OIndustrial units started to reconstruct “Aeroflot-the soviet airline was split into number of independent companies
- 6. GLASNOST OOpenness OSocial and political reforms. OTo make government transparent. OTo increase accessibility to affairs of government. OEase censorship laws.
- 7. Continue… OElections were introduced. OCitizens were given freedom of speech. OCriticism was allowed. OImproved Soviet-USA relations. OEnd of cold war.
- 8. AFTERMATH OAlcohol reform: Initial trigger Forced underground alcohol production. Mafia took control. OLeasing of land: Lands were given on lease to farmers Limited number of private enterprises were opened
- 9. Continue… OFreedom to media Decreased censoring of media (Glasnost). Writers exposed corruption of government. It created panic in people. People became outspoken. Increased social protests.
- 10. Continue… OEconomic policy: Government spending increased to support non profitable enterprises. Tax revenues decreased State deficit grew from 0 to 109 rubles. Gold funds decreased from 2000 to 200 tons. External debt grew from 0 to 120 billion dollars.
- 11. Continue… OPolitical reforms: OPolicy made soviet more of a modern nation. OLead to collapse of strict government
- 12. Continue… OBaltic Region: Soviet states began to rebel First state to demand freedom was Baltic. Government started feeling pressure. OAttempt to take over government: Soviet hardliners decided to take action. Kidnapped Gorbachev. Citizens protested.
- 13. Continue… Military was called but it refused. Takeover failed, Gorbachev failed to re-establish control and USSR disintegrated.
- 14. DISINTEGRATION O24th december,1991. OGorbachev resigned after disintegration OSoviet Union divided into 15 states.
- 15. Continue… O RUSSIA O AZERBAIJAN O TAJIKISTAN O TURMENISTAN O KAZAKHSTAN O KYRGYSTAN O UZBEKISTAN O ARMENIA O BELARUS O ESTONIA O GEORGIA O LATVIA O LITHUANIA O MOLDOVA O UKRAINE