This document provides a table of constants, conversion factors, and other reference information for physics: 1) It lists fundamental constants like the speed of light, Planck's constant, gravitational constant, and others along with their standard units and values. 2) Conversion factors are provided to relate units like the unified atomic mass unit to kilograms, electron volts to joules, and atmospheres to pascals. 3) Common physics equations for mechanics, electricity and magnetism, thermodynamics, and other topics are also included along with trigonometric functions and calculus rules. 4) Additional tables provide the mass of subatomic particles, prefixes for units, and geometry formulas for shapes

1. TABLE OF INFORMATION FOR 2000
CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS
1 unified atomic mass unit, 1 166 10 27
u kg
931 MeV/ 2
= ×
=
−
.
c
Proton mass, mp = × −
167 10 27
. kg
Neutron mass, mn = × −
167 10 27
. kg
Electron mass, me = × −
911 10 31
. kg
Magnitude of the electron charge, e = × −
160 10 19
. C
Avogadro’s number, N0
23 1
6 02 10
= × −
. mol
Universal gas constant, R = ⋅
8 31
. / ( )
J mol K
Boltzmann’s constant, kB = × −
138 10 23
. J/K
Speed of light, c = ×
3 00 108
. /
m s
Planck’s constant, h
hc
= ×
= ×
= ×
= ×
−
−
−
⋅
⋅
⋅
⋅
6 63 10
414 10
199 10
124 10
34
15
25
3
.
.
.
.
J s
eV s
J m
eV nm
Vacuum permittivity, ⑀0
12 2 2
8 85 10
= × −
⋅
. /
C N m
Coulomb’s law constant, k = = × ⋅
1 4 9 0 10
0
9 2 2
/ . /
π⑀ N m C
Vacuum permeability, µ π
0
7
4 10
= × −
⋅
( ) /
T m A
Magnetic constant, k
= T m A
0
µ π
/ ( ) /
4 10 7
= −
⋅
Universal gravitational constant, G m kg s
= × −
⋅
6 67 10 11 3 2
. /
Acceleration due to gravity
at the Earth’s surface, g = 9 8 2
. m/ s
1 atmosphere pressure, 1 10 10
10 10
5 2
5
atm N/m
Pa
= ×
= ×
.
.
1 electron volt, 1 160 10 19
eV J
= × −
.
UNITS
Name Symbol
meter m
kilogram kg
second s
ampere A
kelvin K
mole mol
hertz Hz
newton N
pascal Pa
joule J
watt W
coulomb C
volt V
ohm Ω
henry H
farad F
tesla T
degree
Celsius o
C
electron-
volt eV
PREFIXES
Factor Prefix Symbol
109
giga G
106
mega M
103
kilo k
10 2
−
centi c
10 3
−
milli m
10 6
−
micro µ
10 9
−
nano n
10 12
−
pico p
VALUES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
FOR COMMON ANGLES
θ sin θ cos θ tan θ
0
o
0 1 0
30o
1/2 3 2
/ 3 3
/
37o
3/5 4/5 3/4
45o
2 2
/ 2 2
/ 1
53o
4/5 3/5 4/3
60o
3 2
/ 1/2 3
90o
1 0 ∞
The following conventions are used in this examination.
I. Unless otherwise stated, the frame of reference of any problem is assumed to be inertial.
II. The direction of any electric current is the direction of flow of positive charge (conventional current).
III. For any isolated electric charge, the electric potential is defined as zero at an infinite distance from the charge.
IV. The work done by a thermodynamic system is defined as a positive quantity.

2. ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS B EQUATIONS FOR 2000
NEWTONIAN MECHANICS ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
u u
u
u u
m
u
t
q
u
p
p
= +
= + +
= + −
∑ = =
≤
=
=
=
= =
=
=
= =
=
=
= −
=
=
=
=
= −
= −
0
0 0
0 0
2
1 2
2
1 2
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2
2 2
2
2
at
x x t at
a x x
m
F N
a
r
r
m
t
K m
U mgh
W Fs
P
W
t
P F
k
U kx
T
m
k
T
g
T
f
F
Gm m
r
U
Gm m
r
net
c
s
s
p
fric
g
avg
s
G
G
0 5
F F a
p v
J F p
F s
F x
F sin q
u
D D
D
D
ⴢ cos
l
a = acceleration
F = force
f = frequency
h = height
J = impulse
K = kinetic energy
k = spring constant
l = length
m = mass
N = normal force
P = power
p = momentum
r = radius or distance
s = displacement
T = period
t = time
U = potential energy
u = velocity or speed
W= work
x = position
m = coefficient of friction
q = angle
t = torque
F
q q
r
q
U qV
q q
r
E
V
d
V
q
r
C
Q
V
C
A
d
U QV CV
I
Q
t
R
A
V IR
P IV
C C
C C
R R
R R
F q B
F BI
B
I
r
BA
t
B
E
avg
i
i
i
avg
i
i
B
B
c
p i
i
s i
i
s i
p i
m
m
=
=
= =
= −
=
=
=
= =
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
= =
= −
=
∑
∑
∑
∑
∑
•
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
2
1
2
1 1
1 1
2
0
1 2
0
1 2
0
0
2
0
2
p
p
p
u
m
p
f
f
u
e
e
⑀
⑀
⑀
⑀
E
F
B A
D
D
D
D
r
q
q
q
l
sin
sin
cos
l
l
avg
A = area
B = magnetic field
C = capacitance
d = distance
E = electric field
e= emf
F = force
I = current
l = length
P = power
Q = charge
q = point charge
R = resistance
r = distance
t = time
U = potential (stored) energy
V = electric potential or
potential difference
u = velocity or speed
r = resistivity
fm = magnetic flux

3. ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS B EQUATIONS FOR 2000
THERMAL PHYSICS ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
D D
D
D
D
D
D D
l l
=
=
=
=
=
=
= =
=
=
= −
=
= =
−
=
−
a
u
0
3
2
3 3
T
Q mL
Q mc T
p
F
A
pV nRT
K k T
RT
M
k T
W p V
Q nc T
U Q W
U nc T
e
W
Q
Q Q
Q
e
T T
T
avg B
rms
B
V
H
H C
H
c
H C
H
m
A = area
c = specific heat or molar
specific heat
e = efficiency
Kavg = average molecular
kinetic energy
L = heat of transformation
l = length
M= molecular mass
m = mass of sample
n = number of moles
p = pressure
Q = heat transferred
T = temperature
U = internal energy
V = volume
urms = root-mean-square
velocity
W = work done by system
a = coefficient of linear
expansion
µ = mass of molecule
E hf pc
K hf
h
p
E m c
= =
= −
=
=
max
( )
f
l
D D 2
E = energy
f = frequency
K = kinetic energy
m = mass
p = momentum
l = wavelength
f = work function
WAVES AND OPTICS
u l
u
q q
q
q l
l
=
=
=
=
+ =
= = −
=
=
f
n
c
n n
c
n
n
si s f
M
hi
h
si
s
f
R
d m
xm
m L
d
1 1 2 2
2
1
0
0 0
1 1 1
2
sin sin
sin
sin
⬇
d = separation
f = frequency or focal
length
h = height
L = distance
M= magnification
m = an integer
n = index of refraction
R = radius of curvature
s = distance
u = speed
x = position
l = wavelength
q = angle
GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY
Rectangle
Triangle
Circle
Parallelepiped
Cylinder
Sphere
Right Triangle
A bh
A bh
A r
C r
V wh
V r
S r r
V r
S r
a b c
a
c
b
c
a
b
=
=
=
=
=
=
= +
=
=
+ =
=
=
=
1
2
2
2 2
4
3
4
2
2
2
3
2
2 2 2
p
p
p
p p
p
p
q
q
q
l
l
l
sin
cos
tan
A = area
C = circumference
V = volume
S = surface area
b = base
h = height
l = length
w = width
r = radius
c a
b
90
q

4. ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C EQUATIONS FOR 2000
MECHANICS ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM
u u
u
u u
m
u
u w
u w
w
w w a
q q w a
= +
= + +
= + −
∑ = =
=
= I =
=
≤
= I
=
=
=
= =
= ×
∑ = =
= I = ∑
= ∑
∑
=
= × =
=
= +
= + +
= −
=
•
0
0 0
0 0
0
0 0
1
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
at
x x t at
a x x
m
d
dt
dt
m
F N
W d
K m
P
dW
dt
U mgh
a
r
r
I
I r dm mr
m m
r
I
K I
t
t t
k
U kx
net
g
c
net
cm
s
s
fric
0 5
F F a
F
p
J F p
p v
F s
r F
r r
L r p
F x
D
D
t
t t a
w
2
2 1
2
2
1 2
2
1 2
T
f
T
m
k
T
g
Gm m
r
U
Gm m
r
s
p
G
G
= =
=
=
= −
= −
p
w
p
p l
F r
$
a = acceleration
F = force
f = frequency
h = height
I = rotational inertia
J = impulse
K = kinetic energy
k = spring constant
l = length
L = angular momentum
m = mass
N = normal force
P = power
p = momentum
r = radius or distance
s = displacement
T = period
t = time
U = potential energy
u = velocity or speed
W= work
x = position
m = coefficient of friction
q = angle
t = torque
w = angular speed
a = angular acceleration
F
q q
r
q
d
Q
E
dV
dr
V
q
r
U qV
q q
r
C
Q
V
C
A
d
C C
C C
I
dQ
dt
U QV CV
R
A
V IR
R R
R R
P IV
q
d I
Id
B nI
d
d
dt
L
dI
dt
U
i
i
i
E
i
i
M
L
p i
i
s i
i
c
s i
p i
s
m
m
=
=
=
= −
=
= =
=
=
=
=
=
= =
=
=
=
=
=
= ×
=
= I ×
=
= I
= −
= −
•
•
•
∑
∑
∑
∑
∑
1
4
1
4
1
4
1 1
1
2
1
2
1 1
0
1 2
0
0
0
1 2
0
2
0
0
2
p
p
p
k
r
m
m
f
f
e
e
⑀
⑀
⑀
⑀
⑀
E
F
E A
F v B
B
F B
B A
养
养
l
l
l
=
1
2
2
LI
A = area
B = magnetic field
C = capacitance
d = distance
E = electric field
e= emf
F = force
I = current
L = inductance
l = length
n = number of loops of wire
per unit length
P = power
Q = charge
q = point charge
R = resistance
r = distance
t = time
U = potential or stored energy
V = electric potential
u = velocity or speed
r = resistivity
fm = magnetic flux
k = dielectric constant

5. ADVANCED PLACEMENT PHYSICS C EQUATIONS FOR 2000
GEOMETRY AND TRIGONOMETRY
Rectangle
Triangle
Circle
Parallelepiped
Cylinder
Sphere
Right Triangle
A bh
A bh
A r
C r
V wh
V r
S r r
V r
S r
a b c
a
c
b
c
a
b
=
=
=
=
=
=
= +
=
=
+ =
=
=
=
1
2
2
2 2
4
3
4
2
2
2
3
2
2 2 2
p
p
p
p p
p
p
l
l
l
sin
cos
tan
q
q
q
A = area
C = circumference
V = volume
S = surface area
b = base
h = height
l = length
w = width
r = radius
c a
b
90
q
CALCULUS
df
dx
df
du
du
dx
d
dx
x nx
d
dx
e e
d
dx
x
x
d
dx
x x
d
dx
x x
x dx
n
x n
e dx e
dx
x
x
x dx x
x dx x
n n
x x
n n
x x
=
=
=
( ) =
( ) =
( ) = −
I =
+
≠ −
I =
=
I =
I = −
•
−
+
I
2 7
2 7
1
1n
1n
1
1
1
1
1
sin cos
cos sin
,
cos sin
sin cos