This document outlines information about glycopeptide antibiotics including vancomycin, teicoplanin, telavancin, and dalbavancin. It discusses their mechanisms of action, mechanisms of resistance, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and adverse reactions. Specifically, it notes that vancomycin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis, has activity against gram-positive bacteria, and is excreted renally. It is used to treat infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus but can cause adverse reactions like red man syndrome. Teicoplanin and telavancin are similar to vancomycin while dalbavancin has an extremely long half-life allowing
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about anti-fungal drugs. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way.
These are a class of antibiotics having a nucleus of four cyclic rings. The tetracyclines are primarily bacteriostatic; inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribosomes in susceptible organism.
Subsequent to such binding, attachment
of aminoacyl-t-RNA to the acceptor (A) site of
mRNA-ribosome complex. The carrier involved
in active transport of tetracyclines is absent in
the host cells. Moreover, protein synthesizing
apparatus of host cells is less susceptible to
tetracyclines. These two factors are responsible
for the selective toxicity of tetracyclines for
the microbes.
Hello friends. In this PPT I am talking about anti-fungal drugs. If you like it, please do let me know in the comments section. A single word of appreciation from you will encourage me to make more of such videos. Thanks. Enjoy and welcome to the beautiful world of pharmacology where pharmacology comes to life. This video is intended for MBBS, BDS, paramedical and any person who wishes to have a basic understanding of the subject in the simplest way.
These are a class of antibiotics having a nucleus of four cyclic rings. The tetracyclines are primarily bacteriostatic; inhibit protein synthesis by binding to 30S ribosomes in susceptible organism.
Subsequent to such binding, attachment
of aminoacyl-t-RNA to the acceptor (A) site of
mRNA-ribosome complex. The carrier involved
in active transport of tetracyclines is absent in
the host cells. Moreover, protein synthesizing
apparatus of host cells is less susceptible to
tetracyclines. These two factors are responsible
for the selective toxicity of tetracyclines for
the microbes.
The poultry industry in China is dominated by chicken production which comprises 70 to 80 percent of all poultry production. On a macro level, by 2011 the country was already the second largest producer of poultry meat and eggs in the world and the size of the industry continues to expand.
This report tracks the growth of the Chinese poultry industry during the past three decades and the implications of this development. China’s poultry industry is going through rapid industrialization, characterized by intensification of farming, horizontal consolidation and vertical integration.
Both the size of the industry and changes in poultry production practices (in conjunction with development in the livestock sector as a whole) have significant implications for public health, the environment, rural livelihoods and animal welfare.
Nutraceuticals= "Nutrition" and "Pharmaceutical"shhhoaib
Nutraceuticals- As a product isolated or purified from the food generally sold in medicinal form not assisted with food and demonstrated to have a physiological benefit and provide protection against chronic disease.
All new antibacterial agents which have been approved after the year 2000 have been described along with their mechanism of action, development of resistance, spectrum of activity and the stage of developmental in case of yet to be approved drugs.
It is a naturally occurring, semi-synthetic, or synthetic type of anti-infective agent that destroys or inhibits the growth of selective microorganisms, generally at low concentrations.
These drugs are used extensively in dentistry for two main reasons: to prevent an infection (chemoprophylaxis) and in the treatment of an infection. Their use in the management of periodontal diseases is often as an adjunct to conventional treatment.
INDICATIONS IN PERIODONTAL DISEASES
1. Patients who do not respond to conventional mechanical periodontal therapy
2. Patients with Aggressive periodontitis and other types of early-onset periodontitis
3. Patients with acute or recurrent periodontal infection
(Periodontal abscess, NUG / NUP, Peri-implantitis, Pericoronitis) associated with/without systemic manifestation)
4. Prophylaxis for medically compromised patients, endocarditis
Invitro Potency Analysis of Vancomyc in Capsules by Microbiological Assayiosrjce
Vancomyc in, a glycopeptide antibiotic, has a narrow spectrum of activity, with action primarily
against gram-positive cocci and bacilli. The drug is bacteriostatic against most enterococci and exhibits
synergy when combined with an aminoglycoside. Vancomycin has been used widely in treating many susceptible
infections, but the emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Now a days, It is used for the Treatment
of life threatening Pseudomembranous colitis infection caused by Clostridium difficile . In this work it deals
with invitro potency analysis of vancomycin capsules by microbiological assay. In the pharmaceutical industry,
drug dissolution testing is routinely used to provide vitro drug release information for both quality
control purposes. It is helpful for drug formulation design and post-approval manufacturing changes, stated by
food and drug administration (FDA). It is followed by microbiological assay to check the potency of the drug by
cylinder plate method for vancomycin (125 & 250mg) capsules against ATCC6633 Bacillus subtilis. The
comparison are restricted to relationship between zone diameter measurements within plates, excluding the
variation between plates. Individual plate response are normalized on the basis of the relation zone size of the
standard, compared to mean zone size of a standard across the plates. In this study, the vanomycin capsules
(125 & 250 mg) in raw materials, validation samples, finished products and stability samples showed the
accepted product potency of 98-105%. The assay is designed in such a way that the mathematical model on
which the potency equation is based can be proved to be VALID. In pharmaceutical company, before
commercialization of the drug into markets, the potency of vancomycin, shelf life is predetermined and got
approval of regulatory bodies and then released to commercialization to markets.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
1. University of Kufa
College of Medicine
Department of pharmacology & therapeutics
Done by students :-
1-Muayed Salih Salim
2-Qassim abd -ul-abbas Zigum
Presidencied by :-
Dr.Bassim I. Mohammed
2. OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
VANCOMYCIN
◊◊ Mechanisms of Action
◊◊ Mechanisms of Resistance
◊◊ Antibacterial Activity
◊◊ Pharmacokinetics
◊◊ Clinical Uses
◊◊ Adverse Reactions
OTHER GLYCOPEPTIDES 2
3. INTRODUCTION
Glycopeptide are non-beta lactam cell wall
synthesis inhibitors antibiotics .
are composed of glycosylated cyclic or
polycyclic nonribosomal peptides.
include the :-
◊◊ anti – infective antibiotics ( vancomycin ,
teicoplanin, and telavancin)
◊◊ anti – tumor antibiotic ( bleomycin )
3
4. HISTORY
Vancomycin was isolated in 1953, and used
clinically from 1955. Approved in 1958 by FDA to
treat penicillin resistant staphylococci. MRSA first
seen in 1961.
Bleomycin was first discovered in 1966.
Teicoplanin was discovered in the early 1990s.
Telavancin is a semi-
synthetic lipoglycopeptide derivative of vancomycin
(approved by FDA in 2009).
4
5. VANCOMYCIN
Vancomycin is an antibiotic produced by
Streptococcus orientalis and Amycolatopsis
orientalis.
With the exception of Flavobacterium , it is active
only aginst gram-positive bacteria.
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide of molecular weight
1500 dalton . It is water soluble and quite stable.
5
6. MECHANISMS OF ACTION
Vancomycin inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding
firmly to the D-Ala-D-Ala terminus of nascent
peptidoglycan pentapeptide .
This inhibits the transglycosylase, preventing
further elongation of peptidoglycan and cross-
linking.
The peptidoglycan is thus weakened, and the cell
becomes susceptible to lysis.
The cell membrane is also damaged, which
contributes to the antibacterial effect.
6
8. BASES OF RESISTANCE
Changing the D-Ala-D-Ala unite of the
peptidoglycane to D-Ala-D-Lactate which cannot be
bond to vancomycin.
This results in the loss of a critical hydrogen bond
that facilitates high affinity binding of vancomycin to
its target and loss of activity.
8
9. BASES OF RESISTANCE
9
R
O
N
H
O
H CH3
O
O
O
H CH3
R
O
N
H
H
N
H CH3
O
O
H CH3
O
C-Terminus of D-Ala-D-Ala peptide
C-Terminus of D-Ala-D-Lactate peptide
10. ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
Vancomycin is bactericidal for gram-positive bacteria in
concentrations of 0.5–10 mcg/mL.
Most pathogenic staphylococci, including those
producing β lactamase and those resistant to nafcillin
and methicillin, are killed by 2 mcg/mL or less.
Vancomycin kills staphylococci relatively slowly and
only if cells are actively dividing; the rate is less than
that of the penicillins both in vitro and in vivo.
Vancomycin is synergistic in vitro with gentamicin and
streptomycin against Enterococcus faecium and
Enterococcus faecalis strains that do not exhibit high
levels of aminoglycoside resistance.
10
12. PHARMACOKINETICS
Vancomycin is poorly absorbed from the
intestinal tract and is administered orally only for
the treatment of antibiotic-associated colitis caused
by C. difficile .
Parenteral doses must be administered
intravenously. A 1-hour intravenous infusion of 1 g
produces blood levels of 15–30 mcg/mL for 1–2
hours.
The drug is widely distributed in the body.
Cerebrospinal fluid levels 7–30% of simultaneous
serum concentrations are achieved if there is
meningeal inflammation. 12
13. PHARMACOKINETICS
Ninety percent of the drug is excreted by glomerular
filtration.
The drug has a serum elimination half-life of about
6 hours.
In the presence of renal insufficiency, striking
accumulation may occur .
In functionally a nephric patients, the half-life of
vancomycin is 6–10 days.
A significant amount (roughly 50%) of vancomycin
is removed during a standard hemodialysis run
when a modern, high-flux membrane is used.
13
15. CLINICAL USES
Blood stream infections and endocarditis caused by
methicillin-resistant staphylococci MRSA.
enterococcal endocarditis in a patient with serious
penicillin allergy( in combination with gentamicin) .
meningitis suspected or known to be caused by a
penicillin-resistant strain of pneumococcus(in
combination with cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, or
rifampin)
Oral vancomycin, 0.125–0.25 g every 6 hours, is
used to treat antibiotic
associated pseudomembranous colitis caused by
C. difficile .
15
16. ADVERSE REACTIONS
Adverse reactions are encountered in about 10% of
cases (Most reactions are minor).
Vancomycin is irritating to tissue, resulting in
phlebitis at the site of injection.
Chills and fever may occur.
Ototoxicity is rare and nephrotoxicity uncommon
with current preparations.
“red man” or “red neck” syndrome.
16
18. OTOTOXICITY AND NEPHROTOXICITY
Ototoxicity is rare and nephrotoxicity
uncommon with current preparations.
However, administration with
another ototoxic or nephrotoxic drug,
such as an aminoglycoside, increases
the risk of these toxicities.
Ototoxicity can be minimized by maintaining
peak serum concentrations below 60 mcg/mL.
18
19. “RED MAN” OR “RED NECK” SYNDROME.
This infusion-related flushing is
caused by release of histamine.
It can be largely prevented by
prolonging the infusion period
to 1–2 hours or pretreatment
with an antihistamine such as
diphenhydramine.
19
20. TEICOPLANIN
Teicoplanin is a glycopeptide antibiotic that is very
similar to vancomycin in mechanism of action and
antibacterial spectrum.
Unlike vancomycin, it can be given intra- muscularly
as well as intravenously.
Teicoplanin has a long half-life (45–70 hours),
permitting once-daily dosing .
This drug is available in Europe but has not been
approved for use in the United States.
20
21. TELAVANCIN
Telavancin is a semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide
derived from vancomycin.
The half-life of telavancin is approximately 8 hours,
which supports once-daily intravenous dosing.
Telavancin is approved for treatment of complicated
skin and soft tissue infections at a dose of 10 mg/kg
IV daily.
Telavancin is potentially teratogenic, so
administration to pregnant women must be avoided.
21
22. DALBAVANCIN
Dalbavancin is a semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide
derived from teicoplanin.
It is not active against most strains of vancomycin-
resistant enterococci.
Dalbavancin has an extremely long half-life of 6–11
days, which allows for onceweekly intravenous
administration.
Development of dalbavancin has been put on hold
pending additional clinical trials.
22