This PPT contains content of Gluconeogenesis, Steps involved in Gluconeogenesis, (Gluconeogenesis from Pyruvate, Gluconeogenesis from lactate, Gluconeogenesis from amino acids, Gluconeogenesis from glycerol, Gluconeogenesis from Propionate), Regulation and significance of Gluconeogenesis
This PPT contains content of Gluconeogenesis, Steps involved in Gluconeogenesis, (Gluconeogenesis from Pyruvate, Gluconeogenesis from lactate, Gluconeogenesis from amino acids, Gluconeogenesis from glycerol, Gluconeogenesis from Propionate), Regulation and significance of Gluconeogenesis
Dr. Dhiraj J. Trivedi presenting Lecture on Carbohydrate metabolism for medical students.
Professor, SDM College of Medical Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
It is an metabolic pathway of synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrate precursors like pyruvate, lactate, amino acid, glycerol etc. Main sites are liver and kidney. It uses enzymes from both cytosol and mitochondria.
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C₆H₁₂O₆, into pyruvate, CH₃COCOO⁻, and a hydrogen ion, H⁺. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP and NADH. Glycolysis is a sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
Glycolysis is an oxygen-independent metabolic pathway. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is an ancient metabolic pathway. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes.
Dr. Dhiraj J. Trivedi presenting Lecture on Carbohydrate metabolism for medical students.
Professor, SDM College of Medical Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
It is an metabolic pathway of synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrate precursors like pyruvate, lactate, amino acid, glycerol etc. Main sites are liver and kidney. It uses enzymes from both cytosol and mitochondria.
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C₆H₁₂O₆, into pyruvate, CH₃COCOO⁻, and a hydrogen ion, H⁺. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy molecules ATP and NADH. Glycolysis is a sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
Glycolysis is an oxygen-independent metabolic pathway. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is an ancient metabolic pathway. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes.
Glycogenolysis, process by which glycogen, the primary carbohydrate stored in the liver and muscle cells of animals, is broken down into glucose to provide immediate energy and to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting. These slides will provide you detail explanation of Glycogenolysis.
Glycogenolysis pathway and its regulation a detailed study.AnjaliKR3
glycogenolysis detailed study. Glycogen breakdown pathway explained each step in detail. regulation of glycogenolysis pathway. allosteric regulation, hormonal regulation and calcium ion regulation.
This powerpoint gives detailed description and clear view about Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis . these two metabolic actions are very important for regulating blood glucose levels. it also explains about the glycogen storage
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. DEGRADATION OF GLYCOGEN
(GLYCOGENOLYSIS)
• The degradative pathway that mobilizes stored glycogen in liver and
skeletal muscle is not a reversal of the synthetic reactions. Instead, a
separate set of cytosolic enzymes is required. When glycogen is
degraded, the primary product is glucose 1-phosphate, obtained by
breaking α(1→4) glycosidic bonds. In addition, free glucose is
released from each α(1→6)-linked glucosyl residue.
3. A. Shortening of chains
Glycogen phosphorylase sequentially
cleaves the α(1→4) glycosidic bonds
between the glucosyl residues at the
nonreducing ends of the glycogen chains
by simple phosphorolysis
(producing glucose 1 phosphate)
until four glucosyl units remain on
each chain before a branch point
4.
5.
6. B. Removal of branches
• Branches are removed by the two enzymic activities of a single
bifunctional protein, the debranching enzyme.
• First, oligo-α(1→4)→α(1→4)-glucan transferase activity removes the
outer three of the four glucosyl residues attached at a branch.
• It next transfers them to the nonreducing end of another chain,
lengthening it accordingly. Thus, an α(1→4) bond is broken and an
α(1→4) bond is made, and the enzyme functions as a 4:4 transferase.
Next, the remaining single glucose residue attached in an α(1→6)
linkage is removed hydrolytically by amylo-α(1→6)-glucosidase
activity, releasing free glucose.
7. C. Conversion of glucose 1-phosphate to
glucose 6-phosphate
• Glucose 1-phosphate, produced by glycogen phosphorylase, is
converted in the cytosol to glucose 6-phosphate.
In the liver, glucose 6-phosphate is transported into the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) by glucose 6-phosphate translocase. There it is
converted to glucose by glucose 6-phosphatase—the same enzyme
used in the last step of gluconeogenesis. The glucose then moves from
the ER to the cytosol.
8. D. Lysosomal degradation of glycogen
A small amount (1–3%) of glycogen is continuously degraded by the
lysosomal enzyme, α(1→4)-glucosidase (acid maltase). The purpose
of this pathway is unknown. However, a deficiency of this enzyme
causes accumulation of glycogen in vacuoles in the lysosomes,
resulting in the serious glycogen storage disease Type II: Pompe disease
