Glover transforming key african farming systems through sustainable intensification

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The document discusses sustainable intensification approaches to transform key African farming systems. It notes that over 1 billion people are hungry in Africa where most agriculture is rainfed with poor soils. The Green Revolution improved yields but failed to address social and environmental issues. The Africa RISING program is researching options for smallholders in three regions that meet multiple needs through approaches like push-pull pest management using desmodium and napier grass, evergreen agriculture with nitrogen-fixing trees, and doubled-up maize-legume systems. These sustainable intensification methods can increase yields and reduce risk while protecting soils and water.

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Transforming Key African Farming Systems through
Sustainable Intensification
Jerry Glover Bureau for Food Security USAID jglover@usaid.gov
Can Sustainable
Agricultural
Intensification
Feed the World?
USDA Ag Outlook
Forum
23 February 2012

Over 1 billion people classified as
‘urgently hungry.’
Food and Agriculture Organization (2010)
Too little:

“…largest threat to biodiversity and
ecosystem function of any single
human activity.”
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005)
Too much:

Green Revolution =
Improved seeds + inputs + water
Most successful with good
soils, abundant water
Failed to address some social
and environmental issues

Africa:
•>80% soils with
serious limitations
•95% rainfed
•High variability
•Low input
investment

Africa RISING www.africa-rising/wikispaces.com
Africa Research In Sustainable Intensification for the Next Generation
Transforming Key African Farming Systems
through Sustainable Intensification

Africa RISING www.africa-rising/wikispaces.com
Africa Research In Sustainable Intensification for the Next Generation
Research for development of TRANSFORMING
options for small-holder farmers
• Meet multiple needs at multiple scales (includes
social, economic, nutrition, gender, natural resource management issues)
• Go beyond trade-offs
• Adaptable & adoptable

Sudano – Sahelian zone
East and
Southern
Africa Maize
Mixed
Ethiopian
Highlands
KEY FARMING SYSTEMS
in 3 regions
• High poverty
• High population
• Medium – high
agriculture potential
Africa RISING www.africa-rising/wikispaces.com

SUSTAINABLE INTENSIFICATION
• While increasing productivity and/or reducing risk:
• Utilize ecological processes (e.g., biological N fixation, natural
predators)
• Minimize environmental hazards
• Maintain soil & water quality
• Use modern & traditional strategies
• Acknowledge local environmental & cultural conditions
(Pretty et al. 2011)
Africa RISING www.africa-rising/wikispaces.com

Illustrative examples:
• ‘Push-pull’ management of pests and weeds
• Evergreen Agriculture
• Doubled-up maize-legume systems
(Pretty et al. 2011)
Africa RISING www.africa-rising/wikispaces.com

‘Push-pull’ management of stem-borers and
Striga weeds
Desmodium:
• N-fixing perennial
• Intercropped with maize
• “Pushes” Striga and
stemborer moths
• “Pulls” natural enemies
(Khan et al. 2010)
Napier grass:
• Perennial forage crop
• Planted around field
• “Pulls” stemborer females

Benefits
• 3.5X greater maize yields
• Locally available crops
• Reduced external inputs
• Increased livestock
forage production
• Improved soil fertility &
moisture retention
• Adopted on 30,000 farms
(Khan et al. 2010)
‘Push-pull’ management of stem-borers and
Striga weeds

Evergreen
Agriculture
• Intercropping of trees
in annual crop fields
• Low investment costs
• Often use N-fixing trees
• Complementary
growing seasons &
resource use
(Garrity et al. 2010)

Benefits
• 4X greater maize yields
• Better yields in high & low
rainfall years
• Enables farm investment
• Increased fuel & forage
production
• Improved soil fertility &
moisture retention
• Adopted on >5 m ha
(Garrity et al. 2010)
Evergreen
Agriculture

Doubled-up Maize/Legume Systems
Pigeonpea
Soybean
• Yr 1: Intercrop soybean &
shrubby pigeonpea
• Yr 2: Pigeonpea regrows in
planted maize
(Snapp et al. 2010)

Doubled-up Maize/Legume Systems
Benefits
• Same maize yields
with ½ the fertilizer
• 50% greater protein
yield
• Permanent soil cover
• Decreased risk, labor
requirements
• Livestock fodder
production
• >8,000 adopters in
Malawi

Can Sustainable
Agricultural Intensification
Feed the World?

Greatest loss of
biodiversity in human
history, much due to
agriculture
Harvested
nutrients
(1960-2010)

Greatest loss of
biodiversity in human
history, much due to
agriculture
Harvested
nutrients
(1960-2010)
Even greater impacts?
Harvested
nutrients
(1960-2010)
Additional
needs

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