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Gates convening presentation bamako may 2014
Evergreen agriculture involves integrating trees into crop and livestock systems to provide environmental and productivity benefits. It helps smallholders address problems like erratic rainfall, soil degradation and high fertilizer costs. Approaches include farmer-managed natural regeneration of trees on cropland, conservation agriculture with trees, and conventional agriculture with interplanted trees. Examples from Africa show increased yields, soil health, fodder and climate resilience. Seventeen countries now practice evergreen agriculture, with millions of farmers adopting techniques like FMNR. The document advocates expanding this approach across Africa to improve food security and livelihoods.
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Gates convening presentation bamako may 2014
- 1. Creating an EverGreenAgriculture The Vision & The Evidence Dennis Garrity Distinguished Board Research Fellow World Agroforestry Centre UN Drylands Ambassador
- 2. Perfect Storm ofChallenges in the Drylands • Rainfall is becoming more erratic and extreme. • Temperatures are increasing, intensifying crop stress. • Soil fertility is declining in many regions. • Inorganic fertilizers are increasingly expensive. • Population growth rates remain very high and farm sizes are rapidly declining. Farming is expanding into more marginal lands.
- 3. What is EvergreenAgriculture? A form of more intensive farming that integrates trees into crop and livestock production systems. Evergreen farming systems are systems that feature both perennial and annual species (food crops and trees), maintaining a green cover on the land throughout the year.
- 4. Functional Forms ofEverGreen Agriculture in Cropping Systems 1. Directly increasing crop yields and stabilizing yields under drought and heat stress, while… Providing co-benefits of dry season livestock fodder, fuel wood supplies for household use and sales, or 2. Providing products of higher cash value or nutritional value than the same area occupied by food crops (Land Equivalent Ratio). In both cases also providing additional environmental services: Soil health regeneration, Microclimatic buffering, Carbon accumulation, etc
- 5. Types of EvergreenAgriculture 1. Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) on cropland 2. Conservation agriculture with trees (CAWT) 3. Conventional agriculture interplanted with trees
- 6. Refining EverGreen Agriculture tothe Key Farming Systems of Africa
- 7. A Desertifying Landscape SouthernNiger in the 1980s
- 8. Farmer-Managed Natural Regenerationon crop fields: Initial Stages
- 9. A Parkland Renaissanceon Niger farmlands
- 10. The albida haloeffect • Microclimate buffering • Soil fertility improvement
- 11.
- 12. 12 Effect of F.albida on wheat yield, biomass and dry matter according to different radius away from the tree’s canopy in Central part of Tigray (Girmay, 2013)
- 13. Trees keep Ethiopia’swheat cool and productive CIMMYT trials Preliminary results under F. albida in Ethiopia •Lower temperatures under the trees •Soil moisture increases greatly under the canopy, •Higher Stover and grain yield under the canopy
- 14. Aerial view ofa parkland dominated by Faidherbia in Niger
- 15. Farmer-managed regreening inNiger • 5,000,000 hectares re-greened in 20 years -- no outside investment costs -- no recurrent costs to government • 200 million new trees established • Additional cereal production/year at least 500,000 tons • At least an additional 2.5 million people fed; 1.25 million farm households involved • Vast increase in fodder for livestock
- 16. Major agroforestry regionsin West Africa and directions of expansion
- 17. Types of EvergreenAgriculture 1. Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) on cropland 2. Conservation agriculture with trees (CAWT) 3. Conventional agriculture interplanted with trees
- 18. Refining EverGreen Agricultureto the farming systems of Africa
- 19. Evergreen agriculture withFaidherbia albida in Zambia.
- 20. Faidherbia Trial Resultsin Zambia Maize yield - zero fertiliser 2008 2009 2010 ----- Tons/ha ------- With Faidherbia 4.1 5.1 5.6 Without Faidherbia 1.3 2.6 2.6 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Number of trials 15 40 40
- 23. DroughtDroughtFlood P addition resumed Long-term maizeyield without fertilizer in a Gliricidia system P stopped
- 24. Impact of fertilizertrees on maize yield under farmer management _______________________________________ Plot management Yield (t/ha) Maize only 1.30 Maize + fertilizer trees 3.05 ____________________________________________________________ 2011 Survey of farms in six districts (Mzimba, Lilongwe, Mulanje, Salima, Thyolo and Machinga)
- 25. FaidherbiaGliricidia Maize stubble Faidherbi a Gliricidia Maize DRY SEASON WET SEASON Fertilizer-Fodder-FuelwoodTrees in Food Crop Production Systems
- 26. Malawi National AgroforestryFood Security Programme
- 27. Types of EvergreenAgriculture 1. Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) on cropland 2. Conservation agriculture with trees (CAWT) 3. Conventional agriculture interplanted with trees
- 28. Refining EverGreen Agricultureto the farming systems of Africa
- 30.
- 31. Ghana and BurkinaFaso are the biggest growing nations – while Mali, Benin, Nigeria and Ivory Coast also grow the Shea trees. Source: USAID via http://www.confectionerynews.com/Ingredients/Cocoa-butter-equivalent-demand-rising-rapidly-says-Global-Shea-Allian
- 32. 17 Countries areengaged in EverGreen Agriculture Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration Conservation Agriculture with trees Trees interplanted in conventional tilled cropland Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration + Trees interplanted in conventional tilled cropland
- 34. African Climate SmartAlliance Vision: “25-25” 25,000,000 CSA Farmers by 2025
- 35.
- 36. Conclusions – WayForward • The approach of EverGreen Agriculture has taken root in Africa, and is spreading rapidly • Millions of smallholders are adopting effective land regeneration methods • Many nations are creating the policy and institutional environments to favor adoption • The Gates Foundation could be an instrumental partner in expanding the scope for EverGreen Agriculture in Africa • The African CSA Alliance provides a great platform to reach 25 million farmers with EverGreen Agriculture during the coming decade
Editor's Notes
- #30 Wild shea nuts are a sustainable resource for West African communities. http://www.alaffia.com/environmental.asp
- #35 Interactive question for Opening (What would be one word to indicate where you would start?)
- #36 International and regional development organisations - While Worldvision is one of our most important partners, we are also speaking to the Catholic relief service amoung other organisations Donors Governments and Policy International and Regional Research organisations Farmers and agricultural groups Private Sector Education Youth Civil Society