Glossary unit1
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The document defines key terms related to astronomy, cartography, and geography. It explains that an artificial satellite is an object made by humans that orbits Earth, and defines terms like galaxy, Milky Way, orbit, planet, star, and solar system from an astronomical perspective. It also defines cartography terms including map, map projections, scale, coordinates, meridian, Greenwich Meridian, longitude, parallel, equator, latitude, and hemisphere for describing locations on Earth.
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The document is about Earth and the solar system. It contains the following key points:
1. The solar system includes the Sun and objects that orbit it, like planets and satellites.
2. Earth is able to support life because it has an atmosphere, ideal temperature, and water.
3. The Earth rotates on its axis, causing day and night, and revolves around the Sun, causing seasons.
Unit 1, part 4, the study of geography, earth
1) The ancient Greeks knew as early as the 3rd century BC that the Earth was round. Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the Earth with remarkable accuracy in the 3rd century BC.
2) Eratosthenes was the first person to use the terms "geography" and "latitude and longitude" to describe locations on Earth. He invented the concept of measuring locations using lines of latitude and longitude.
3) Time zones were established in 1884 to standardize time based on lines of longitude, in order to account for the fact that the sun reaches different places on Earth at different times. There are 24 global time zones, each approximately 15 degrees of longitude wide.
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This document discusses cartographers' tools used to understand location and geography. It defines key terms like maps, globes, map projections and mental mapping. It explains different types of maps like political, physical, reference and thematic maps. It also discusses important map elements like keys, scale bars and compass roses. It describes globes and how they represent Earth spheroidally. It notes how geographic information systems (GIS) convert geographic data into digital form to produce maps.
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The document discusses the Earth's rotation around its own axis from east to west when viewed from the North Star. It also describes the Earth's orbit around the Sun at an average distance of 150 million kilometers, completing this orbit every 365.256363 days. Additionally, it explains that meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude form a grid that helps locate places on Earth.
THE REPRESENTATION OF THE EARTH
The document discusses key concepts in geography including:
1. Parallels and meridians - imaginary lines that circle the globe and are used to measure latitude and longitude.
2. Latitude and longitude - systems used to identify locations on Earth by their angular coordinates.
3. Map projections - methods of representing the 3D Earth on a 2D surface like a map, including cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal projections.
4. Cardinal directions, compass roses, and geographic coordinates - tools used to orient locations on maps.
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The document discusses imaginary lines used on maps and globes to describe locations on Earth, including meridians that run from the North to South poles and are measured in degrees east or west, and parallels that run horizontally around the planet and are measured in degrees north or south. It also briefly outlines that the Earth rotates on its axis over 24 hours, causing day and night, and that it has three main layers - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. Finally, it states that astronomers study objects in space like the sun, moon and planets.
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The document discusses the relationships between the Earth, moon, and sun. It explains that the moon's rotation is synchronized such that the same side always faces Earth. The moon affects Earth's tides and orbital motion. While the sun gravitationally influences Earth and the moon as a single system, Earth's elliptical orbit and changing rotation rate mean the sun's position is not uniform from Earth's perspective. Therefore, mean solar time uses a theoretical mean sun point that moves at a constant rate instead of the real sun's position.
The motion of Earth
1) The Earth rotates on its axis daily, causing the apparent motion of the sun, moon, and stars across the sky from east to west.
2) The Earth also revolves around the sun yearly, leading to seasons and variations in the sun's path.
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Unit1.Planet Earth
The document is about Earth and the solar system. It contains the following key points:
1. The solar system includes the Sun and objects that orbit it, like planets and satellites.
2. Earth is able to support life because it has an atmosphere, ideal temperature, and water.
3. The Earth rotates on its axis, causing day and night, and revolves around the Sun, causing seasons.
Unit 1, part 4, the study of geography, earth
1) The ancient Greeks knew as early as the 3rd century BC that the Earth was round. Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the Earth with remarkable accuracy in the 3rd century BC.
2) Eratosthenes was the first person to use the terms "geography" and "latitude and longitude" to describe locations on Earth. He invented the concept of measuring locations using lines of latitude and longitude.
3) Time zones were established in 1884 to standardize time based on lines of longitude, in order to account for the fact that the sun reaches different places on Earth at different times. There are 24 global time zones, each approximately 15 degrees of longitude wide.
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This document discusses cartographers' tools used to understand location and geography. It defines key terms like maps, globes, map projections and mental mapping. It explains different types of maps like political, physical, reference and thematic maps. It also discusses important map elements like keys, scale bars and compass roses. It describes globes and how they represent Earth spheroidally. It notes how geographic information systems (GIS) convert geographic data into digital form to produce maps.
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The document discusses the Earth's rotation around its own axis from east to west when viewed from the North Star. It also describes the Earth's orbit around the Sun at an average distance of 150 million kilometers, completing this orbit every 365.256363 days. Additionally, it explains that meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude form a grid that helps locate places on Earth.
THE REPRESENTATION OF THE EARTH
The document discusses key concepts in geography including:
1. Parallels and meridians - imaginary lines that circle the globe and are used to measure latitude and longitude.
2. Latitude and longitude - systems used to identify locations on Earth by their angular coordinates.
3. Map projections - methods of representing the 3D Earth on a 2D surface like a map, including cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal projections.
4. Cardinal directions, compass roses, and geographic coordinates - tools used to orient locations on maps.
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The document discusses imaginary lines used on maps and globes to describe locations on Earth, including meridians that run from the North to South poles and are measured in degrees east or west, and parallels that run horizontally around the planet and are measured in degrees north or south. It also briefly outlines that the Earth rotates on its axis over 24 hours, causing day and night, and that it has three main layers - the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. Finally, it states that astronomers study objects in space like the sun, moon and planets.
Moon earth sun
The document discusses the relationships between the Earth, moon, and sun. It explains that the moon's rotation is synchronized such that the same side always faces Earth. The moon affects Earth's tides and orbital motion. While the sun gravitationally influences Earth and the moon as a single system, Earth's elliptical orbit and changing rotation rate mean the sun's position is not uniform from Earth's perspective. Therefore, mean solar time uses a theoretical mean sun point that moves at a constant rate instead of the real sun's position.
The motion of Earth
1) The Earth rotates on its axis daily, causing the apparent motion of the sun, moon, and stars across the sky from east to west.
2) The Earth also revolves around the sun yearly, leading to seasons and variations in the sun's path.
3) Additionally, the Earth's axis undergoes a slow wobble called precession and a nodding motion called nutation, along with variations in its rotation.
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The Earth rotates on its axis every 24 hours, causing day and night. It also revolves around the Sun every 365 days, producing the seasons as it revolves - spring, summer, autumn, and winter. The Earth is spherical in shape and can be represented using globes or maps, with cartographers creating maps using imaginary lines of longitude and latitude coordinates, including the Greenwich Meridian and the Equator.
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The document discusses representation of the Earth. It describes the sun as a gigantic ball of hot gas at the center of the solar system that provides light and heat for life on Earth. It states there are eight planets that orbit the sun without their own light, and other celestial bodies like asteroids, comets, and meteorids. It explains that the Earth is divided into 24 time zones separated by meridians where all places in the same zone have the same time. Finally, it defines maps as representations of the Earth or parts of it, noting they use symbols and colors and there are different types like physical, political, and thematic maps.
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1) Maps use imaginary lines like latitude and longitude to show locations on Earth's surface.
2) The Earth rotates on its axis and orbits the sun, causing seasons and different amounts of sunlight in each hemisphere.
3) Maps are 2D representations of the 3D Earth, so various projections are used to depict its surface on a flat plane. Scale, symbols, and other elements help readers understand maps.
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2) The Earth rotates on its axis and orbits the sun, causing seasons and different amounts of sunlight in each hemisphere.
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The document defines several key astronomical terms:
- The zenith and nadir are the points directly above and below an observer on an imaginary celestial sphere.
- Hour circles are great circles that pass through the north and south celestial poles.
- Hour angle is the angle between an observer's meridian and the hour circle containing a celestial body, expressed in hours and minutes to indicate the time since the body's last transit of the meridian.
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- Time zones which divide the globe into 24 hourly sections measured at 15 degree intervals based on the Prime Meridian.
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The document discusses concepts related to Earth's motion and how it causes seasons. It explains that Earth's tilted axis and yearly revolution around the sun, combined with the changing angle of sunlight, create the seasons in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Specifically, it notes that summer occurs in the Northern Hemisphere when it leans toward the sun in June, and winter occurs when it leans away in December. The equinoxes in March and September occur when neither hemisphere is tilted toward the sun.
Marlon
This document defines and describes several key geographic and physics concepts:
Latitude ranges from 0° at the Equator to 90° at the poles, and lines of constant latitude run east-west parallel to the equator. Latitude and longitude are used to specify locations on Earth. Longitude specifies the east-west position as an angle ranging from 0° at the Prime Meridian to 180° east and west. The Equator is an imaginary line equidistant from the poles that divides Earth into hemispheres. The prime meridian is the line of longitude where longitude is defined as 0°. Inertia is the resistance of objects to changes in motion and is the tendency of objects to stay in motion or at rest.
Unit 1.-Earth. Maps
The document discusses geographic concepts used to locate points on Earth. It describes parallels and meridians, which are imaginary lines that divide the globe. Parallels run east-west and are perpendicular to meridians. Meridians run north-south and connect the North and South Poles. Latitude and longitude specify a point's location using degrees measured from the Equator and Prime Meridian. Maps and globes represent Earth's spherical surface on a flat plane using projections that inevitably distort some features. Common projections include cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal. Elements like scales, keys, titles, and compass roses help interpret maps.
Reading & interpreting maps notes
This document provides an overview of common map types and key map elements:
1) It describes several common types of maps including general reference maps, projection maps, charting maps, topical maps, and cartograms. It also highlights topographic maps, which show elevation and physical features.
2) It explains basic geographic elements including hemispheres defined by the equator and prime meridian, as well as cardinal directions shown on compasses.
3) It notes that maps use scales to relate distances on maps to actual distances, and that legends provide keys to symbols and colors used on maps.
Reading & interpreting maps notes
This document provides an overview of common map types and key map reading concepts:
1) It describes several common types of maps including general reference maps, projection maps, charting maps, topical maps, cartograms, and topographic maps.
2) It explains basic geographic concepts like hemispheres, cardinal directions, compass roses, and how maps use scales to represent distances on Earth.
3) It discusses additional mapping elements like time zones, legends, and how topographic maps use contour lines to indicate elevations.
Unit1 160131210057
1. The document discusses the structure and content of a unit on planet Earth and its representation. It will cover topics like the shape and movements of the Earth, coordinates, maps, and time zones.
2. Key concepts that will be explained include the rotation and revolution of the Earth, latitude and longitude, map projections that represent the spherical Earth on a flat surface, and different types of maps and scales.
3. Questions to be answered relate to the position of Earth in the solar system, its movements and seasons, geographic coordinates, representations of Earth, and defining features of maps like scale and time zones. Useful vocabulary is also provided.
2_Earth_and_its_coordinates.ppt
The document describes the Earth's coordinate system of latitude and longitude. It defines key terms like the equator, which divides the Earth into northern and southern hemispheres. Latitude is the angular distance north or south of the equator, while longitude is the angular distance east or west of the prime meridian. Together, latitude and longitude provide a framework for precisely locating any position on Earth.
PLANET EARTH
The document provides an overview of planet Earth, including:
1. The universe was formed 13.7 billion years ago by the Big Bang. Our solar system includes the sun and eight planets that revolve around it.
2. The Earth is the third planet from the sun. It is an imperfect sphere that rotates daily and revolves annually around the sun, causing seasons.
3. Key characteristics that enabled life on Earth include its distance from the sun, abundant water, and protective atmosphere. The document discusses the Earth's movements, geographic coordinates system, and map projections.
Maps And Globes Are Models Of The Earth
1. Maps and globes are models that represent features on Earth's surface. Maps show natural and human features from an above view, while globes show Earth as seen from space with accurate sizes and shapes.
2. Maps use symbols to indicate different land features such as mountains, plateaus, and plains. They also use scales and legends to relate distances on maps to actual distances and explain symbols.
3. Latitude and longitude lines are used to locate positions on Earth, with latitude measuring distances north and south of the equator and longitude measuring distances east and west of the prime meridian.
The representation of the earth
The document discusses different ways of representing the Earth, including globes, maps, and coordinate systems. It explains that globes accurately portray the spherical shape of the Earth, while maps are flat representations that provide more detailed information. It also describes how latitude and longitude are used to precisely locate places on maps using lines of meridians and parallels that divide the Earth into hemispheres and time zones.
Radio Astronomy and radio telescopes
This document defines and summarizes various units of measurement used in astronomy, including the astronomical unit (AU), light-year, and parsec. It describes coordinate systems like right ascension and declination that are used to specify positions of celestial objects. It also discusses magnitude scales used to measure the brightness of stars and other astronomical objects.
Unit 1.
The document summarizes key information about the Earth. It describes the Earth as a planet in the Solar System that is a sphere called a geoid. It orbits the Sun and rotates on its axis, causing day and night and the changing of seasons. It further explains that the Earth is habitable due to factors like temperature, atmosphere, and water. The elements of the Earth - atmosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere - are also delineated. Finally, the representation of the Earth through maps and cartographic projections is outlined.
GEOGRAPHY YEAR 10: SPACE - THE SOLAR SYSTEM
The solar system consists of the Sun and objects that orbit it, including 8 planets, dwarf planets like Pluto, moons, comets, and asteroids. Planets orbit the Sun in nearly circular orbits at different distances, causing their years to range from 88 days for Mercury to 164 years for Neptune. Comets and asteroids also orbit the Sun but have more elliptical orbits. The Moon is Earth's natural satellite, while artificial satellites orbit Earth for uses like communication, navigation, weather monitoring, and spying.
Unit 1 - Earth in space
The document summarizes key information about planet Earth and its place in the solar system. It describes Earth's structure, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. It also discusses Earth's rotation and revolution around the sun, which causes seasons. The document explains how to locate places using latitude and longitude coordinates on maps and read different types of maps. It provides details on time zones and how the Earth is divided for time.
Readingmaps
This document provides information about key elements of maps, including latitude, longitude, hemispheres, directions, time zones, scale, and legends. It explains that latitude and longitude are lines that measure distances on Earth and divide it into a grid. The equator is 0 degrees latitude and runs east to west, while the prime meridian is 0 degrees longitude and runs north to south. Maps also use compass directions, scales to relate distances on maps to real distances, time zones that group places by longitude, and legends to explain symbols on the map.
Astrophysics for Grade 10s - Part 1.pptx
This is the first part of a series of power points for Space Physics. As a recently introduced topic at IGCSE by CIE, this resource is valuable
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The Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula began in 711 CE and within a few years they had occupied nearly the entire region, establishing the independent Emirate of Cordoba by 756 CE. This evolved into the powerful Caliphate of Cordoba from 929-1031 CE, which saw a golden age of culture and learning. However, internal conflicts later caused the fragmentation of Al-Andalus into competing taifa states by 1031 CE, weakening the region as Christian kingdoms grew in strength. The last remnants of Muslim rule in Iberia ended with the fall of Granada
Unit4.art in the middle ages
During the Middle Ages between the 10th-15th centuries, the dominant artistic styles in Europe were Romanesque and Gothic. Romanesque art spread throughout Europe in the 11th-12th centuries featuring thick walls, rounded arches and barrel vaults in architecture along with rigid religious sculptures and paintings. Gothic art emerged in 12th century France using pointed arches, rib vaults and flying buttresses allowing taller buildings filled with stained glass windows illuminating religious subjects. Gothic sculptures showed more emotion and movement while paintings included stained glass, manuscripts, altarpieces and later portraits.
Spelling bee 2 eso ss
This document appears to list various terms related to European history between approximately 500-1500 AD. Key terms include those related to medieval feudalism such as nobility, fief, and vassalage. Religious topics are also represented including clergy, cathedral, heresy, inquisition, monasticism, crusade, and schism. Military and economic aspects of the middle ages include terms like cavalry, barracks, guild, and irrigation. The list touches on interactions with other cultures through missionary work, mosques, and conversion.
Unit4 climate
This document discusses the atmosphere and factors that influence climate and weather. It covers the layers of the atmosphere, temperature variations based on altitude and latitude, different types of precipitation and what influences precipitation amounts. It also discusses atmospheric pressure and winds, how weather maps work, and how human activities like air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions can impact climate through global warming and climate change.
Glossary unit4
This document defines key architectural terms used in medieval churches during the Romanesque and Gothic periods. It explains elements like the ambulatory, apse, barrel vault, buttresses, capitals, domes, flying buttresses, gargoyles, pointed arches, portals, ribbed vaults, and the Latin cross plan. Stylistically, it distinguishes between the Romanesque style from the 11th-12th centuries and the later widespread Gothic style from the mid-12th century onwards.
Political map of spain
España está dividida en 17 comunidades autónomas y 2 ciudades autónomas. Cada comunidad autónoma contiene varias provincias y cada provincia tiene una capital. El documento lista cada comunidad autónoma y sus respectivas provincias y capitales.
Political map of europe
This document provides instructions for locating and labeling countries on a political map of Europe. Students are asked to locate all European states listed, color and mark the capitals of countries that are members of the European Union, and note that the United Kingdom is leaving the EU in 2019 after a 2016 referendum. Countries that must be located include EU members like Germany, France, and Spain, as well as non-members such as Russia, Ukraine, and Turkey.
Physical map of europe contents
This document provides a physical map of Europe, locating major mountain ranges, plains, peninsulas, and straits on the continent. It also maps the oceans, seas, islands, and rivers of Europe, identifying locations such as the Alps, Great European Plain, Gibraltar Strait, Iceland, Baltic Sea, Thames River, and Danube River.
Contents physical relief of spain
1. Spain has several mountain ranges that run along its borders and interior, including the Cantabrian Mountains along the northern coast, the Pyrenees along the northern border with France, and the Baetic mountain ranges in the south.
2. The country also has two high plateaus in its center, the Northern Plateau and Southern Plateau, as well as river basins such as the Ebro Basin and Guadalquivir Basin.
3. Off its coasts are the Canary Islands and Balearic Islands, with notable mountains like Teide on Tenerife and Sa Tramontana on Mallorca.
Glossary unit3
The document defines key terms from the High Middle Ages, including:
- Apprentice, who worked without salary to learn a trade from a master.
- Black Death, a plague that killed 25 million Europeans between 1347-1352.
- Guilds, associations of artisans in the same trade.
- Parliaments, assemblies that helped monarchs raise taxes and funds for wars.
High middleages
The document summarizes key developments during the High Middle Ages:
1) The period saw economic growth fueled by improved agriculture and increased trade. Cities also grew as centers of trade, production, and government.
2) Medieval cities had fortified walls, distinct neighborhoods, and large market squares at their centers. Guilds organized artisans and regulated their trades.
3) The 12th century saw a "Renaissance" of culture as cathedrals and universities were founded and literature/philosophy advanced. Royal power also increased as monarchies gained independence from feudal lords and established early parliaments.
4) The Late Middle Ages saw a crisis as the Black Death plague pandemic killed over
Glossary unit2(updated)
Feudal Europe was organized into a strict hierarchy with the king at the top who granted land to nobles in exchange for military service. Society was divided into estates with the privileged nobility and clergy who did not pay taxes unlike the unprivileged peasants who worked the lands. The system was based on a network of obligations between lords and vassals and ensured military protection in a decentralized agrarian society.
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Vocabulary unit2
This document defines 20 geographic landforms and ocean floor features. It describes cliffs as steep rock formations, beaches as areas of sand or pebbles along a shore, and peninsulas as areas of land mainly surrounded by water. It also defines isthmuses, capes, islands, gulfs, bays, continental shelves, continental slopes, abyssal plains, mid-ocean ridges, ocean trenches, and various landforms such as mountains, mountain ranges, valleys, plains, plateaus and basins.
Glossary unit2
Feudal Europe was organized into a strict hierarchy with the king at the top who granted land to nobles in exchange for military service. Society was divided into estates with the privileged nobility and clergy who did not pay taxes unlike the unprivileged peasants who worked the lands. The system was based on a network of obligations between lords and vassals and ensured military protection in a decentralized agrarian society.
UNIT2: Feudal europe
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Unit2.theearth'srelief
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Introduction to History 2ndESO
Historians investigate the past through primary and secondary sources to support their interpretations. Primary sources were created during the time under study, like coins or letters, while secondary sources are later analyses and interpretations, such as textbooks. Historians must determine if sources are authentic, distinguish facts from opinions, and consult multiple perspectives to contrast information. In addition to studying history directly, historians may examine how the past is represented in culture or study the field of historiography itself. They use techniques like timelines and maps to locate events in time and space.
El desarrollo de las ciudades Ed.Media
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Glossary unit1
- 2. Artificial satellite (noun): an object made by man which orbits the Earth.
- 3. (noun): the imaginary line round which a body (e.g. a planet) rotates. The Earth axis is tilted (inclined to one side) Axis
- 4. Galaxy (noun): a large grouping of stars and their planets.
- 5. Milky Way (noun): our galaxy, the one which contains the Sun, Earth, etc.
- 6. Orbit (noun): the elliptical path of a smaller celestial body around a larger one. (verb): the movement of a smaller celestial body around a larger one. (e.g. a planet revolves around a star, and a satellite around a planet.)
- 7. Planet / Satellite (noun): a celestial body orbiting a star. (noun) : natural body or a man-made object that orbits a planet.
- 8. Star (noun): a huge ball of very hot burning gas, such as the Sun.
- 9. Solar System (noun): the Sun and the celstial bodies that orbit it, planets and their satellites.
- 10. (noun): the process of making maps . Cartography
- 11. (noun): a location and navigation system based on satellite information. Global Positioning System (GPS)
- 12. Map. (noun): a flat representation of the Earth’s surface.
- 13. Map projections. (noun): ways that cartographers represent the Earth on a map. Remember: when cartographers try to flatten the Earth for a map projection, distortions in terms of shape, distance, direction, or land area are inevitable.
- 14. Scale. (noun): the relationship between teh real size of a particular area of the Earth and its size on a map.
- 15. Coordinates. (noun): numbers used to give the exact location of a persona or place on the Earth.
- 16. Meridian. (noun): an imaginary line that divides the Earth’s surface from pole to pole.
- 17. Greenwich Meridian Prime Meridian. (noun): The meridian, at 0º longitude, that is the reference point for all other meridians. It divides the Earth into the Western and Eastern Hemispheres.
- 18. Longitude. (noun): the distance between a place on the Earth’s surface and the Greenwich or Prime Meridian.
- 19. Parallel. (noun): an imaginary line that encircles the Earth horizontally.
- 20. Equator. (noun): the imaginary line that encircles the Earth horizontally and divides it into the Northen and Southern Hemispheres. It is the parallel at 0º latitude.
- 21. Latitude. (noun): the distance between a place on the Earth’s surface and the Equator.
- 22. (noun): one of two equal halves of a planet. Hemisphere.