Global warming refers to the increase in the Earth's average surface temperature due to a buildup of greenhouse gases from human activity like the burning of fossil fuels. This is causing broader changes around the world, such as sea level rise and more extreme weather, as well as impacts to ecosystems and human communities through changes in issues like agricultural yields, species extinctions, and trade routes. Natural factors like solar variation and volcanoes have also caused some warming, but human-caused greenhouse gas emissions are the dominant cause of warming observed since pre-industrial times.