Global warming is the rise in average temperatures due to increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activities like burning fossil fuels. The planet's average surface temperature has increased by about 0.8°C since the late 19th century, with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980. Climate models project further global temperature increases of 1.1-6.4°C by 2100 depending on emissions levels. Effects of warming include sea level rise, changes in precipitation patterns, and more extreme weather events.
The Earth’s climate is changing. Temperatures are rising, snow and rainfall patterns are shifting, and more extreme climate events—like heavy rainstorms and record-high temperatures, are already taking place. One important way to track and communicate the causes and effects of climate change is
through the use of indicators. An indicator represents the state or trend of certain environmental or societal conditions over a given area and a specified period of time. This lesson highlights all those indicators for a better understanding of climate change.
Contribution of greenhouse gas emissions: animal agriculture in perspectiveLPE Learning Center
What are the emissions of relevant greenhouse gases from animal agriculture production and how does that compare to other industries? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
Few global trends have been as controversial as climate change and the Earth’s warming. The Earth has gone through many shifts in cooling and warming driven by natural factors like the sun’s energy or variations in its orbit, but the trend scientists have seen over the past 50 years is unmistakable.
The Earth’s climate is changing. Temperatures are rising, snow and rainfall patterns are shifting, and more extreme climate events—like heavy rainstorms and record-high temperatures, are already taking place. One important way to track and communicate the causes and effects of climate change is
through the use of indicators. An indicator represents the state or trend of certain environmental or societal conditions over a given area and a specified period of time. This lesson highlights all those indicators for a better understanding of climate change.
Contribution of greenhouse gas emissions: animal agriculture in perspectiveLPE Learning Center
What are the emissions of relevant greenhouse gases from animal agriculture production and how does that compare to other industries? For more on this topic, visit: http://extension.org/60702
Few global trends have been as controversial as climate change and the Earth’s warming. The Earth has gone through many shifts in cooling and warming driven by natural factors like the sun’s energy or variations in its orbit, but the trend scientists have seen over the past 50 years is unmistakable.
Global warming is a long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earths climate system, an aspect of climate change shown by temperature measurements and by multiple effects of the warming. A worldwide temperature alteration, the wonder of expanding normal air temperatures close to the surface of Earth over the past one to two centuries. Atmosphere researchers have since the mid-twentieth century assembled itemized perceptions of different climate marvels, for example, temperatures, precipitation, and storms and of related influences on atmosphere, for example, sea flows and the airs compound creation . These information demonstrate that Earths atmosphere has changed over pretty much every possible timescale since the start of geologic time and that the influence of human exercises since in any event the start of the Industrial Revolution has been profoundly woven into the specific texture of environmental change. Prof. S. S. Patil "A Study on Global Warming and its Effects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20301.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/20301/a-study-on-global-warming-and-its-effects/prof-s-s-patil
Vivid description about climate change
A NASA database based presentation.
Geoengineering, solar , Mitigation and Adaption
a social cause , vital signs of planet
brief intoduction
www.climate.nasa.gov
This presentation briefly describes the term - climate change and what we know and what we don't know. The intention was to understand the ideology of the term, framing of the term and politics behind this.
Presentation on behalf of the SA Weather Service presented during SA National Science Week - The harsh realities of climate change, 29 July to 2 August 2019.
IB Extended Essay Sample APA 2018-2019 by WritingMetier.comWriting Metier
APA style International Baccalaureate Extended Essay Sample years 2018-2019 written by WritingMetier.com
Topic:
Adverse effects of global warming and what can be done to reduce it?
Climate change impact on animal and human healthHinaMalik64
This presentation contains the shreds of evidence of climate change along with the impacts of changing climate on animal and human health. International agencies working on mitigation and adaptation steps.
Lecture power point of Climate change Adaptation and Mitigation for Department of Natural Resource Management. This short lecture power point is prepared by Mengistu Tilahun
Thanks!!!
Climate Change Effects on Dengue Fever and Chagas' DiseaseAbigail Lukowicz
Undergraduate capstone project for the class Ecology of Infectious Diseases. This research highlights potential effects of climate change on the Dengue Fever vector (Aedes aegypti) and the Chagas' disease vector (Triatomine spp.). Collaboration with Michael Andreone and Daniel Pastika.
Global warming is a long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earths climate system, an aspect of climate change shown by temperature measurements and by multiple effects of the warming. A worldwide temperature alteration, the wonder of expanding normal air temperatures close to the surface of Earth over the past one to two centuries. Atmosphere researchers have since the mid-twentieth century assembled itemized perceptions of different climate marvels, for example, temperatures, precipitation, and storms and of related influences on atmosphere, for example, sea flows and the airs compound creation . These information demonstrate that Earths atmosphere has changed over pretty much every possible timescale since the start of geologic time and that the influence of human exercises since in any event the start of the Industrial Revolution has been profoundly woven into the specific texture of environmental change. Prof. S. S. Patil "A Study on Global Warming and its Effects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20301.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/20301/a-study-on-global-warming-and-its-effects/prof-s-s-patil
Vivid description about climate change
A NASA database based presentation.
Geoengineering, solar , Mitigation and Adaption
a social cause , vital signs of planet
brief intoduction
www.climate.nasa.gov
This presentation briefly describes the term - climate change and what we know and what we don't know. The intention was to understand the ideology of the term, framing of the term and politics behind this.
Presentation on behalf of the SA Weather Service presented during SA National Science Week - The harsh realities of climate change, 29 July to 2 August 2019.
IB Extended Essay Sample APA 2018-2019 by WritingMetier.comWriting Metier
APA style International Baccalaureate Extended Essay Sample years 2018-2019 written by WritingMetier.com
Topic:
Adverse effects of global warming and what can be done to reduce it?
Climate change impact on animal and human healthHinaMalik64
This presentation contains the shreds of evidence of climate change along with the impacts of changing climate on animal and human health. International agencies working on mitigation and adaptation steps.
Lecture power point of Climate change Adaptation and Mitigation for Department of Natural Resource Management. This short lecture power point is prepared by Mengistu Tilahun
Thanks!!!
Climate Change Effects on Dengue Fever and Chagas' DiseaseAbigail Lukowicz
Undergraduate capstone project for the class Ecology of Infectious Diseases. This research highlights potential effects of climate change on the Dengue Fever vector (Aedes aegypti) and the Chagas' disease vector (Triatomine spp.). Collaboration with Michael Andreone and Daniel Pastika.
http://inarocket.com
Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
10 Insightful Quotes On Designing A Better Customer ExperienceYuan Wang
In an ever-changing landscape of one digital disruption after another, companies and organisations are looking for new ways to understand their target markets and engage them better. Increasingly they invest in user experience (UX) and customer experience design (CX) capabilities by working with a specialist UX agency or developing their own UX lab. Some UX practitioners are touting leaner and faster ways of developing customer-centric products and services, via methodologies such as guerilla research, rapid prototyping and Agile UX. Others seek innovation and fulfilment by spending more time in research, being more inclusive, and designing for social goods.
Experience is more than just an interface. It is a relationship, as well as a series of touch points between your brand and your customer. Here are our top 10 highlights and takeaways from the recent UX Australia conference to help you transform your customer experience design.
For full article, continue reading at https://yump.com.au/10-ways-supercharge-customer-experience-design/
How to Build a Dynamic Social Media PlanPost Planner
Stop guessing and wasting your time on networks and strategies that don’t work!
Join Rebekah Radice and Katie Lance to learn how to optimize your social networks, the best kept secrets for hot content, top time management tools, and much more!
Watch the replay here: bit.ly/socialmedia-plan
Lightning Talk #9: How UX and Data Storytelling Can Shape Policy by Mika Aldabaux singapore
How can we take UX and Data Storytelling out of the tech context and use them to change the way government behaves?
Showcasing the truth is the highest goal of data storytelling. Because the design of a chart can affect the interpretation of data in a major way, one must wield visual tools with care and deliberation. Using quantitative facts to evoke an emotional response is best achieved with the combination of UX and data storytelling.
Content personalisation is becoming more prevalent. A site, it's content and/or it's products, change dynamically according to the specific needs of the user. SEO needs to ensure we do not fall behind of this trend.
Succession “Losers”: What Happens to Executives Passed Over for the CEO Job?
By David F. Larcker, Stephen A. Miles, and Brian Tayan
Stanford Closer Look Series
Overview:
Shareholders pay considerable attention to the choice of executive selected as the new CEO whenever a change in leadership takes place. However, without an inside look at the leading candidates to assume the CEO role, it is difficult for shareholders to tell whether the board has made the correct choice. In this Closer Look, we examine CEO succession events among the largest 100 companies over a ten-year period to determine what happens to the executives who were not selected (i.e., the “succession losers”) and how they perform relative to those who were selected (the “succession winners”).
We ask:
• Are the executives selected for the CEO role really better than those passed over?
• What are the implications for understanding the labor market for executive talent?
• Are differences in performance due to operating conditions or quality of available talent?
• Are boards better at identifying CEO talent than other research generally suggests?
Global warming
What is global warming?
Green house effect
Cause of global warming
Effect of global warming
Ozone layer depletion
Global warming statistics
Projection of global warming
Future prediction
Controlling Global Warming
"Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis", assesses the current
scientific knowledge of the natural and human drivers of climate change,
observed changes in climate, the ability of science to attribute changes
to different causes, and projections for future climate change.
The report was produced by some 600 authors from 40 countries. Over 620
expert reviewers and a large number of government reviewers also
participated. Representatives from 113 governments reviewed and revised
the Summary line-by-line during the course of this week before adopting
it and accepting the underlying report.
“Climate Change
2007: The Physical Science Basis”, assesses the current scientific knowledge of
the natural and human drivers of climate change, observed changes in climate,
the ability of science to attribute changes to different causes, and projections
for future climate change.
The report was
produced by some 600 authors from 40 countries. Over 620 expert reviewers and a
large number of government reviewers also participated. Representatives from 113
governments reviewed and revised the Summary line-by-line during the course of
this week before adopting it and accepting the underlying
report.
1. GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans since the
late 19th century and its projected continuation. Since the early 20th century, Earth's mean
surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), with about two-thirds of the increase
occurring since 1980.[2] Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and scientists are more
than 90% certain that it is primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases
produced by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.[3][4][5][6]
These findings are recognized by the national science academies of all major industrialized
nations.[7][A]
Climate model projections were summarized in the 2007 Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) by the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). They indicated that during the 21st century
the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 1.1 to 2.9 °C (2 to 5.2 °F) for their lowest
emissions scenario and 2.4 to 6.4 °C (4.3 to 11.5 °F) for their highest.[8] The ranges of these
estimates arise from the use of models with differing sensitivity to greenhouse gas
concentrations.[9][10]
According to AR4, warming and related changes will vary from region to region around the
globe.[11] The effects of an increase in global temperature include a rise in sea levels and a change
in the amount and pattern of precipitation, as well a probable expansion of subtropical
deserts.[12] Warming is expected to be strongest in the Arctic and would be associated with the
continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely effects of the warming include a
more frequent occurrence of extreme-weather events including heat waves, droughts and heavy
rainfall, ocean acidification and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects
significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the loss
of habitat from inundation.[13][14]
Proposed policy responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction,
adaptation to its effects, and possible future geoengineering. Most countries are parties to the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),[15] whose ultimate
objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) climate change.[16] Parties
to the UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions[17]:10[18][19][20]:9 and to assist in adaptation to global
warming.[17]:13[20]:10[21][22] Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions
are required,[23] and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative
to the pre-industrial level.[23][B] Reports published in 2011 by the United Nations Environment
Programme[24] and the International Energy Agency[25] suggest that efforts as of the early 21st
century to reduce emissions may be inadequate to meet the UNFCCC's 2 °C target.
2. OBSERVED TEMPERATURE CHANGED
The Earth's average surface temperature rose by 0.74±0.18 °C over the period 1906–2005. The
rate of warming over the last half of that period was almost double that for the period as a whole
(0.13±0.03 °C per decade, versus 0.07±0.02 °C per decade). The urban heat island effect is very
small, estimated to account for less than 0.002 °C of warming per decade since
[27]
1900. Temperatures in the lower troposphere have increased between 0.13 and 0.22 °C (0.22
and 0.4 °F) per decade since 1979, according to satellite temperature measurements. Climate
proxies show the temperature to have been relatively stable over the one or two thousand
years before 1850, with regionally varying fluctuations such as the Medieval Warm Period and
[28]
theLittle Ice Age.
The warming that is evident in the instrumental temperature record is consistent with a wide range
[29]
of observations, as documented by many independent scientific groups. Examples include sea
[30] [31]
level rise (water expands as it warms), widespread melting of snow and ice, increasedheat
[29] [29] [32]
content of the oceans, increased humidity, and the earlier timing of spring events, e.g.,
[33]
the flowering of plants. The probability that these changes could have occurred by chance is
[29]
virtually zero.
Recent estimates by NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) and the National Climatic
Data Center show that 2005 and 2010 tied for the planet's warmest year since reliable, widespread
instrumental measurements became available in the late 19th century, exceeding 1998 by a few
[34][35][36]
hundredths of a degree. Estimates by the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) show 2005 as the
second warmest year, behind 1998 with 2003 and 2010 tied for third warmest year, however, "the
error estimate for individual years ... is at least ten times larger than the differences between these
[37]
three years." The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) statement on the status of the
global climate in 2010 explains that, "The 2010 nominal value of +0.53 °C ranks just ahead of those
of 2005 (+0.52 °C) and 1998 (+0.51 °C), although the differences between the three years are not
[38]
statistically significant..."
NOAA graph of Global Annual Temperature Anomalies 1950–2011, showing the El Niño-Southern Oscillation
Temperatures in 1998 were unusually warm because global temperatures are affected by the El
Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the strongest El Niño in the past century occurred during
[39]
that year. Global temperature is subject to short-term fluctuations that overlay long term trends
and can temporarily mask them. The relative stability in temperature from 2002 to 2009 is
[40][41]
consistent with such an episode. 2010 was also an El Niño year. On the low swing of the
oscillation, 2011 as an La Niña year was cooler but it was still the 11th warmest year since records
3. began in 1880. Of the 13 warmest years since 1880, 11 were the years from 2001 to 2011. Over
the more recent record, 2011 was the warmest La Niña year in the period from 1950 to 2011, and
[42]
was close to 1997 which was not at the lowest point of the cycle.
Temperature changes vary over the globe. Since 1979, land temperatures have increased about
[43]
twice as fast as ocean temperatures (0.25 °C per decade against 0.13 °C per decade). Ocean
temperatures increase more slowly than land temperatures because of the larger effective heat
[44]
capacity of the oceans and because the ocean loses more heat by evaporation. The northern
hemisphere warms faster than the southern hemispherebecause it has more land and because it
has extensive areas of seasonal snow and sea-ice cover subject to ice-albedo feedback. Although
more greenhouse gases are emitted in the Northern than Southern Hemisphere this does not
contribute to the difference in warming because the major greenhouse gases persist long enough to
[45]
mix between hemispheres.
The thermal inertia of the oceans and slow responses of other indirect effects mean that climate can
take centuries or longer to adjust to changes in forcing. Climate commitment studies indicate that
even if greenhouse gases were stabilized at 2000 levels, a further warming of about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F)
[46]
would still occur.
Initial causes of temperaturechanges (externalforcings)
Greenhouse effect schematic showing energy flows between space, the atmosphere, and earth's surface. Energy
exchanges are expressed in watts per square meter (W/m 2).
This graph, known as the Keeling Curve, shows the increase of atmosphericcarbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations
from 1958–2008. Monthly CO2measurements display seasonal oscillations in an upward trend; each year's maximum
occurs during theNorthern Hemisphere's late spring, and declines during its growing season as plants remove some
atmospheric CO2.
[47][48]
The climate system can respond to changes in external forcings. External forcings can "push"
[49]
the climate in the direction of warming or cooling. Examples of external forcings include changes
in atmospheric composition (e.g., increased concentrations of greenhouse gases), solar
4. [50]
luminosity, volcanic eruptions, and variations in Earth's orbit around the Sun. Attribution of recent
climate change focuses on the first three types of forcing. Orbital cycles vary slowly over tens of
thousands of years and at present are in an overall cooling trend which would be expected to lead
towards an ice age, but the 20th century instrumental temperature record shows a sudden rise in
[51]
global temperatures.
GREENHOUSE GASES
The greenhouse effect is the process by which absorption and emission of infrared radiation by
gases in the atmosphere warm a planet's lower atmosphere and surface. It was proposed
[52]
by Joseph Fourier in 1824 and was first investigated quantitatively by Svante Arrhenius in 1896.
Naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases have a mean warming effect of about 33
[53][C]
°C (59 °F). The major greenhouse gases are water vapor, which causes about 36–70% of the
greenhouse effect; carbon dioxide (CO2), which causes 9–26%; methane (CH4), which causes 4–
[54][55][56]
9%; and ozone (O3), which causes 3–7%. Clouds also affect the radiation balance
through cloud forcings similar to greenhouse gases.
Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO 2, methane, tropospheric
ozone, CFCs and nitrous oxide. The concentrations of CO2 and methane have increased by 36%
[57]
and 148% respectively since 1750. These levels are much higher than at any time during the last
[58][59][60][61]
800,000 years, the period for which reliable data has been extracted from ice cores. Less
direct geological evidence indicates that CO2 values higher than this were last seen about 20 million
[62]
years ago. Fossil fuelburning has produced about three-quarters of the increase in CO2 from
human activity over the past 20 years. The rest of this increase is caused mostly by changes in
[63]
land-use, particularly deforestation.
Per capita greenhouse gas emissions in 2005, including land-use change.
Total greenhouse gas emissions in 2005, including land-use change.
Over the last three decades of the 20th century, gross domestic product per capita and population
[64]
growth were the main drivers of increases in greenhouse gas emissions. CO2 emissions are
[65][66]:71
continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change. Emissions can
be attributed to different regions. The two figures opposite show annual greenhouse gas emissions
for the year 2005, including land-use change. Attribution of emissions due to land-use change is a
[67][68]:289
controversial issue.
5. Emissions scenarios, estimates of changes in future emission levels of greenhouse gases, have
been projected that depend upon uncertain economic, sociological, technological, and natural
[69]
developments. In most scenarios, emissions continue to rise over the century, while in a few,
[70][71]
emissions are reduced. Fossil fuel reserves are abundant, and will not limit carbon emissions in
[72]
the 21st century. Emission scenarios, combined with modelling of the carbon cycle, have been
used to produce estimates of how atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases might change
in the future. Using the six IPCC SRES"marker" scenarios, models suggest that by the year 2100,
[73]
the atmospheric concentration of CO2 could range between 541 and 970 ppm. This is an
increase of 90–250% above the concentration in the year 1750.
The popular media and the public often confuse global warming with ozone depletion, i.e., the
[74][75]
destruction ofstratospheric ozone by chlorofluorocarbons. Although there are a few areas of
linkage, the relationship between the two is not strong. Reduced stratospheric ozone has had a
slight cooling influence on surface temperatures, while increased tropospheric ozone has had a
[76]
somewhat larger warming effect.