This document provides an overview of global warming, including its definition, causes, effects, and solutions. It begins with the history of recognizing global warming starting in the late 19th century. Key points include that global warming is primarily caused by increased greenhouse gas emissions from human activities like fossil fuel use and deforestation. Effects range from rising sea levels and stronger extreme weather to health impacts and economic damages. The international community has established agreements through the UNFCCC and Paris Agreement to cooperatively reduce emissions and mitigate warming, with a goal of limiting temperature rise to 1.5-2°C.

1. GLOBAL WARMING:

2. 01
I N T R O D U C T I O N
& D E F I N I T I O N
02
C A U S E S & E F F E C T S
03
S O L U T I O N S -
I N T E R N A T I O N A L &
L O C A L E F F O R T S
04
C H A L L E N G E S &
C O N C L U S I O N
CONTENT

3. INTRODUCTION & DEFINITION
01

4. 1896- Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius →As humanity burned
fossil fuels such as coal, which added carbon dioxide gas to the
Earth’s atmosphere→raise the planet’s average temperature→
“Greenhouse Effect”. [1]
1930s- People realized that the United States and North Atlantic
region had warmed significantly during the previous half century.
→G.S Callender insisted that greenhouse warming was on the way. [1]
1970s- The term of ‘inadvertent climate modification’ used.
1975 : Geochemist Wallace Broecker published article: "Climatic
Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?“[2].
1988 : NASA scientist James E. Hansen had testified on global
warming→ reached a level such that a cause and effect relationship
between the greenhouse effect and the observed warming [2].
INTRODUCTION

5. Global Warming
• Increase in temperature of the Earth's surface (both land and
water) and its atmosphere [3].
• Average temperatures around the world have risen by 0.8°C
over the last 100 years about two thirds of this increase has
occurred since 1975 [4].
• Global mean surface temperature was predicted would
increase between 3 - 4 °C by 2100 compared to 1986–2005
average if greenhouse gases especially CO2 emissions persist
at current rate [5].
DEFINITION

6. Global Warming
refers to the rise in global temperatures due mainly to the
increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere.
Climate Change
refers to the increasing changes in the measures of
climate over a long period of time – including precipitation,
temperature, and wind patterns.
GLOBAL WARMING
vs CLIMATE CHANGE

7. GLOBAL TEMPERATURE
Diagram 1: Global Average Temperature 1850-2021
Source:Berkeley Earth (www.BerkeleyEarth.org)
Diagram 2: Global Average Temprature Projection [10 year Moving Average]
Source:Berkeley Earth (www.BerkeleyEarth.org)

8. CAUSES & EFFECTS
02

9. UNDERSTANDING GREENHOUSE
GASES & GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Greenhouse gases
Gases that absorb infrared radiation in the atmosphere include water
vapour, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chloroflurocarbon, ozone,
phosphofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons and
hydrochlorofluorocarbons.[3]
Greenhouse Effect
Warming of Earth’s surface and troposphere (the lowest layer of the
atmosphere) caused by the presence of water vapour, carbon dioxide,
methane, and certain other gases in the air.
Although the greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring phenomenon, it is
possible that the effect could be intensified by the emission of greenhouse
gases into the atmosphere as the result of human activity
Image Source : Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate
Assessment report. (Chapter 34)

10. CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING-
Natural Sources
Volcanoes Eruption :
• Eruption causes large amounts of dust , gas and other aerosols are released into
atmosphere[3]
• The aerosols expelled only remain in atmosphere for 1-2 years , therefore volcanic eruptions
do not largely contribute to global warming unless large volcanic eruption occur frequently for
longer duration [3]
*Climate Forcing power : 0..2 – 0.5 W/m2 [3]
Solar Cycle and Cosmic Rays:
• Increasing over past few decades, but its contribution (14%) smaller when compared with
the impact of greenhouse gases.[3]
*Climate forcing power: Solar ray : 0.3W/m2 , CO2: 1.4W/m2 [3]
Wetland Methane Release:
• Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands of concern consist primarily of methane and
nitrous oxide emissions. Wetlands are the largest natural source (20%) of atmospheric
methane in the world, and therefore remain a major area of concern with respect to climate
change.
• Breakdown by microbes in the water releases these methane in high amount.

11. CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING-
Human Activities
Diagram 3:Human and Natural Influences on Global Temprature 1880-2020
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [7]

12. CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING-
Human Activities
1. Pollution
• Fossil Fuel production and use[3][6] : increase emission of CO2 ,
primary contribution to global warming.
2. Deforestation
• Deforestation[3][6] : Plants are cut down for development.
• Loss primary source for filtering greenhouse gases via photosynthesis.
• Accumulation of greenhouse gases especially CO2.
3. Increasing Population
• Leads to more development and vehicles
• More consumption → fossil fuel , more greenhouse gases emission.
“Human Activities over the past 50 years contributed to global
warming.”- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [6]

13. CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING-
Human Activities
4. Farming
• Agricultural fertilizer[3] : usage of nitrous oxide to promote plant growth and
reproduction, eventually released into atmosphere traping more heat than CO2.
5. Refrigerator & Air Conditioner
• Chlorofluorocarbon(CFC) & Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC) usage[6] : linked
with ozone layer depletion & increase radiation and trap more heat.
6. Landfill
• Landfill gas (LFG) is a natural byproduct of the decomposition of organic
material in landfills. LFG is composed-50 percent methane & 50 percent carbon
dioxide (CO2). Methane is a potent greenhouse gas 28 to 36 times more effective
than CO2 at trapping heat. [6][7].
7. Power Plants
• 1 kWh electricity generated in coal-fired power plant →releases around 1 kg of
CO2 & 2 kWh energy into the environment as low grade heat [6].

14. CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING-
Summary
Diagram 4:Global Greenhouse Gas Emission by Sector
Source: http://earthcharts.org/[8]
Diagram 5: Greenhouse Gas Emission by Sector in Malaysia
Source: https://www.climatewatchdata.org/data-explorer/historical-emissions

15. EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING-
Human Health
Diagram 6: Impact of Climate Change on Human Health.
Source: National Center for Environmental Health

16. EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING-
Environment
1. Melting of arctic glaciers [3]
• Rise in sea level → changes in precipitation→ increases flood, storm, loss of
coastal land → threats to biodiversity and human survival challenge.
e.g: Nuvanut, Canada →Inuit hunters face unsafe hunting due to contact with
sea animals after ice loss.
2. Heat waves
• Prolonged elevated temperature → serious health effect, affect crops e.g :
in 2003 , heatwave in Europe ,claimed human 35,000 lives.
3. Increasing duration and frequency of droughts[3]
• Forest fire → damaging ecosystem →threats to animal
4. Negative impact on water resources and food supplies[6]
• Especially in area that depend on melting glacier(glacier depletion)
• Water pollution

17. EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING-
Social & Economic
Diagram 8: Impact of Climate Change on Social & Economic.
Source: https://www.theindianwire.com/

18. EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING-
Summary
Diagram 9: Impact of Global Warming
Source: National Center for Environmental Health
Raise of
atmospheric
temperature
Hydrological Impacts
• Glaciers melting
• High evapotranspiration
• Shift of seasons
• Low precipitation
• Drought and floods
Environmental Impacts
• Raise of sea level
• Ecological alteration
• Groundwater depletion
• Air and water pollution
Social & Economic Impacts
• Fresh water crisis
• Food insecurity
• Resurgence of disease
• Social conflicts
• High energy demand
• Changing policies
1st order
impacts
2nd order
impacts
3rd order
impacts 4th order
impacts

19. SOLUTIONS- INTERNATIONAL &
LOCAL EFFORTS
03

20. ADDRESSING GLOBAL WARMING-
International Efforts
1. 1987 : Montreal Protocol[3]
•International agreement on
substances(halocarbon gases)
that deplete ozone layer was
signed.
• For recovery of ozone layers
• Results : ozone hole in
Antarctica is slowly recovering.
International Protocols, Agreements, Programs
and Formation of group and bodies are created to
control Global Warming.
2. 1988 : Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change IPCC
(1988) [5]
• Provides regular policy relevant
assessment on scientific basis of
climate change , its impacts , and
options for adaption and
migitation
• Involves in UN Climate
Conference – the United Nations
Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC)
3. 1992 : United Nations
Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) [9]
• 189 nations
• gather, share information on
national policies, best practices,
data on greenhouse gas
emissions
• Support to developing country
• Cooperate to adapt the
impacts of climate change

21. ADDRESSING GLOBAL WARMING-
International Efforts
4. 1997 : Kyoto Protocol [9]
• To strengthen UNFCCC by setting standards for drastic reduce in halocarbon gases
production and decrease other greenhouse gases emissions by certain per centage
depending on country’s emission level.
• Targeted and heavier burden on developed countries with more than 150 years of industrial
activity → who are principal contributors to higher greenhouse gases emission.
• 2001→United State withdrew its support from this protocol, as the U.S President rationale
was that protocol was too costly and the science behind global warming questionable.
• Argument on exemption of major population centers such as China and India.
• 2011 →Canada withdrew
• Currently, there are 192 Parties to the Kyoto Protocol

22. ADDRESSING GLOBAL WARMING-
International Efforts
5. 2006 : Asian Pacific Partnership on Clean
Development and Climate [10].
• New U.S strategy , alternative to Kyoto
Protocol
• involving US, Australia, China, Japan, India
and South-Korea
• Implementation of technological operation
to make fossil fuels cleaner by introducing
clean coal and nuclear power.
• However, unlike Kyoto protocol , this
strategy not focusing on emission reduction
in a certain target year.
6. 2016: Paris Agreement( within UNFCCC) [11].
• is an international treaty on climate change
Aims :
• To keep the increase global temperature above
pre-industrial levels below 2 degree Celsius
• To limit the temperature increase even further to
1.5 degrees Celsius.
• Countries required to report regularly on their
emissions and on their implementation efforts.
• Successfully used in climate litigation forcing
countries and an oil company to strengthen
climate action.
• On 4 July 2022, the Supreme Federal Court of
Brazil recognized the Paris agreement as a human
rights treaty [12].

23. ADDRESSING GLOBAL WARMING-
International Efforts (Summary)
Energy
Efficiency
Technologies
Drastic
measures for
reduction in
fossil fuel
consumption
Renewable
energy
consumption
Greening
transportation
Exploring
nuclear
technology
Reduce emissions
from deforestation
and forest
degradation
Sustainable
Global
Development
Measures and
technologies
developed to
combat global
warming
Facilitate less energy
usage with same or higher
level of
production/ efficiency [13].
Avoid building new coal-
burning powerplants,
initiation of shutdown of
old coal plants in phase.
Solar, geothermal,
wind [13]
Low carbon fuel ,
smart transportation
[13]
Power /electricity production ;
able to limit greenhouse gas
emission, but it has possible
serious threats to health and
security [14]
Ensure agriculture
and food production
practices more
sustainable.
a.Financial assistance from
richer countries to poorer
countries
b.Transition to low-carbon
development pathways ,
cooperate and help each
other in adapting global
warming impacts

24. ADDRESSING GLOBAL WARMING-
Local Efforts
Source :Climate change in Malaysia:
Trends, contributors, impacts, mitigation and adaptation[15]
1. Malaysia ratified the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change in 1994, and the Kyoto Protocol in 2002.
2. A National Policy on Climate Change was enacted in 2009,
along with a National Renewable Energy Policy [16].
3. Around this time Malaysia pledged a 40% reduction in carbon
intensity by 2020 compared to 2005,[16] and the Renewable
Energy Act was adopted in 2011 alongside the Sustainable
Energy Development Authority Act [16].
4. In 2018, the government announced a target for 20%
renewable energy by 2025. Hydropower had grown from 5% of
the energy mix in 2010 to 17% in 2017, matching much of the
increased demand during that time.
5. Solar power has become more used as its price has
decreased, such as along the North–South Expressway. There
is growing interest in biomass from agricultural waste.[16]

25. CHALLENGES & CONCLUSION
04

26. • Cost – technology transfer , research, education, campaign
• To achieve the balance between economy growth ,
development goals and to avoid deforestation and land
degradation.
• Explore Nuclear technology : accidents has serious public
health threat
• International cooperation and commitment essential to
combat global warming and adaptation of climate change
impact
• Require cumulative efforts by the government, businesses,
industries , households and individuals.
CHALLENGES IN PROTECTING THE
PLANET AGAINST GLOBAL WARMING

27. .
GLOBAL WARMING IS A
MAJOR CHALLENGE FOR
OUR GLOBAL SOCIETY
U R B A N I Z A T I O N ,
O V E R D E V E L O P M E N T , C O S T L Y
I N T E R V E N T I O N , L A C K O F
C O M M I T M E N T , K N O W L E D G E A N D
I G N O R A N C E I S G I V I N G S L O W E R
I M P A C T O N C H A N G E S .
CONSERVING ECOSYSTEMS IS OFTEN
MORE COST-EFFECTIVE THAN HUMAN-
MADE INTERVENTIONS.
EFFECTIVE CONTROL OF GLOBAL
WARMING AND THE ADAPTATION TO
THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
REQUIRES STRONG COLLABORATION
AND EFFORTS AT ALL LEVELS.
SAVE NATURE.
IT’S CHEAPER
CONCLUSION

28. “We can't save the world by playing by the
rules, because the rules have to be
changed. Everything needs to change - and
it has to start today.
“G R E T A T H U M B E R G

29. References
1. Weart,S. (2008) The Discovery of Global Warming [Excerpt]. Harvard University Press.
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/discovery-of-global-warming/
2. Conway, E. (2008). What's in a Name? Global Warming vs. Climate Change[Internet]. Available from: National Aeronautics and
Space Administration(NASA).
3. Merill, R.M. (2010) Environmental Epidemiology Principles and Methods.1st ed. London: Jones and Bartlett.
4. Robert Levy. World of Change: Global Temperatures [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2020 Jan 7]. Available from: Earth
Observatory NASA.
5. Pachauri, R.K and Reisinger, A. (2008.), Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the
Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Internet].Available from: Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change(IPCC).
6. 5th Assessment Report by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2020 Jan 6].
Available from: UN chronicle United Nation.
7. Environmental Protection Agengy (EPA). U.S. Global Change Research Program, Fourth National Climate Assessment, Chapter
2: Our Changing Climate, 2017.
8. "Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector". EarthCharts. 6 March 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2020.

30. References
9. Depledge, J. (25 November 2000), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Technical paper: Tracing
the Origins of the Kyoto Protocol: An Article-by-Article Textual History (PDF), United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change.
10. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255726843_The_Asia-Pacific_Partnership_on_Clean_Development_
and_Climate_What_it_is_and_What_it_is_Not.
11. UNFCCC. "The Paris Agreement". unfccc.int. Archived from the original on 19 March 2021. Retrieved 18 Sept 2021.
12. Ciuffo, Leandro Neumann (7 July 2022). "Brazil's High Court First to Declare Paris Agreement a Human Rights Treaty". Yale
Program on Climate Change Communication. Archived from the original on 24 July 2022.
Robert H.Friis. Essentials of Environmental Health. 2nd edition. United States of America. APHA Press. 2012.
13. R. Zevenhoven, A.Beyene. The relative contribution of waste heat from power plants to global warming [Internet].
2011 June 6 . [cited 2020 Jan 11]. Available from: Researchgate
14. Global Warming Effects Around The World. Solution to Global Warming. Union of Concerned Scientist [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2020
Jan 12] Available from: ClimateHotMap.
15. Tang.K.H. (2018). Climate change in Malaysia: Trends, contributors, impacts, mitigation and adaptation , Kuok Ho DanielTang
Department of Environmental Engineering, Curtin University Malaysia.Science Direct Journal.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.316
16. "Climate and Health Country Profile – 2015 Malaysia". World Health Organization. 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2021.