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water resources and water pollution
1.
2.
3. Surface water
Perception that does not infiltrate into the ground is
known as surface run off, which flows into rivers,
lakes, land is divided into many distinct drainage
basins and watersheds . These areas drain into many
streams and lakes.
Surface water is most easily accessible where available.
Which often polluted.
4. Ground water
This water has percolated down, filling the voids in
soils, sediments, and rocks.
Most groundwater held in layers of
high porosity and permeability. Known as aquifers.
May be unconfined (aquifer extends to the surface)
or confined(aquifer bounded on top and bottom by
low porosity and permeability material. Groundwater
moves slowly (meters/year) through aquifers from
high elevation (or pressure) to low.
5. Human use of water
Has increased about 500% since 1950. Will double again by
2025 at which point we will be using essentially 100% of all
reasonably accessible fresh water.
Most water (65%) is used for irrigation where it is lost to
the local hydrologic cycle (consumed) due to evaporation
and infiltration. Value varies from place to place.
Another 25% used for energy and industrial production.
Most returned to the local hydrologic cycle but often it is
polluted. Only 10% used for drinking, bathing, flushing,
cooking, etc.
6. Dams and reserviors
Pros: Large year-round capacity, used for flood control,
used for recreation, and can generate electricity without
pollution. Some of these uses conflict with one another
Cons: Large evaporative loss, loss of habitat and
displacement of people due to flooding by reservoir, may
cause earthquakes, risk of collapse and catastrophic
downstream flooding, blocks fish migration, traps
sediment, causing increased downstream erosion and loss
of beaches, and expensive to build and maintain.
9. Organic pollutants
Organic chemicals, including oil, gasoline, plastics,
pesticides, solvents, detergents. Present health risks to
humans and other organisms
10. In organic pollutant types
Inorganic plant nutrients (nitrates and phosphates)
from fertilizers. Cause excessive algal and plant growth
that lower oxygen levels when they decompose
12. Lake pollution
Lakes have less dilution due to water stratification and
low flow. Pollution recovery can take years rather than
the days typical for streams.
Less dilution also leads to more bioaccumulation
through the food chain. Even low pollution amounts in
the water lead to large levels in top-level predators.
13. Ground water pollution
It has the longest recovery times from pollution due to
low flow, dispersion and dilution, colder temperatures,
and lower bacteria levels. May take thousands of years
to cleanse itself of degradable wastes and non
degradable waste is permanent. For all intents and
purposes, once groundwater is polluted, it stays that
way indefinitely.
25% of the U.S. groundwater is contaminated. All
major aquifers in New Jersey are
14. Ocean pollution
Oceans are capable of diluting, dispersing, and degrading
huge amounts of pollutants, particularly in the deep ocean.
Shallow continental shelves much more susceptible to
pollution impacts and environmental degradation.
The most polluted areas are coastal regions where raw
sewage and industrial wastes are dumped directly into the
water. 35% of U.S. sewage dumped into marine waters.
Agricultural runoff near the mouths of large rivers
(Mississippi) cause algal blooms (red, brown, and green
tides) and create "dead zones" due to oxygen depletion.
