The document discusses global trends in international student mobility and higher education. It notes that the number of international students has increased five-fold since 1970 and is projected to reach 260 million by 2020. While international enrollment in US universities has been rising, the US share of globally mobile students has declined as competition has increased from other countries. The document outlines factors influencing students' choice of destination, including country reputation, institutional ranking and cost. It also examines challenges international students face and the strategic objectives of internationalization for universities.

1. David Stremba
Global Education and Student Mobility Trends
July 2016

2. Case Study – An International Student
2
Goal: The goal of this student
was to transform himself into a
“global citizen,” improve his
ability to communicate, work,
adapt and socialize across
cultures, see and experience new
places, people and ways of
thinking, improve his fluency in a
second language and ultimately
improve his longer-term career
prospects.

3. The 6 global forces fueling the growing participation rate
3
Middle Class Youth Bulge
2 billion youth in 2016 @ ~20% CAGR Falling productivity
Labour productivity undermining growth
Technology #shifts
Accelerating tech changes
Generational shifts
Changing behaviours and
preferences
Competition for jobs
Challenging job market
Constrained funding
Public sector challenges

4. 4
The number of students across the globe in higher
education has increased five-fold since 1970
1970
28m
1980
50m
1990
100m
2000
164m
2020
260m
Source: OECD Education at a Glance, 2015

5. Global HE student mobility (M)
5
2.1
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.0 3.1 3.2
3.5
3.7
4.1
4.3
4.5
8.0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 to
2024
2025
Source: Project Atlas 2014; OECD Education at a Glance, 2015; CBIE

6. Why do students seek HE experiences outside of their
home countries?
6
• In certain markets there is limited capacity of high quality HE provision
• Improve short and long-term career prospects in the competitive job market
• International experience/education creates key point of differentiation
• Participate in an immersive experience
• Improve English language proficiency
• Explore new cultures, places and lifestyles
• Gain insights from different cultural perspectives
• Develop global networks of friends and contacts
• Help educate others about their own country/culture
• US: Graduate from a globally reputable and admired HE system

7. What challenges do international students encounter?
7
• Speed/frequency of native English language speakers; academic English vs.
casual everyday English
• Interpreting slang, sarcasm, metaphors, inferences, references to local
historical events, references to national sporting events/rules
• Writing (in English); understanding abstract theoretical concepts (in English)
• Behavior expectations in the classroom
• Challenging their peers and/or professors w.r.t. assumptions, analysis or conclusions
• Critically analyzing situations or decisions of others
• Asking probing questions
• Concepts of plagiarism, cheating and referencing/citations
• Expectations at social events (particularly those involving alcohol)
• Homesickness and fear, food, weather/climate and driving
• Xenophobic people and reactions

8. What factors influence their choice of destination/institution?
8
• Country:
• Safety and “friendliness”
• Family connection or relatives/friends present
• Political situation and immigration policies
• Prestige of institutions/degrees and perception by native employers
• Exchange rates (but least influential)
• Institution:
• Ranking/Profile/Reputation
• Breadth of programs and specializations
• Size and type of institution
• Location, setting and climate
• Tuition price point (value for money), financial capability, financial assistance
• Selectivity / Entry requirements
• The “student experience”
• “WoM” via direct / indirect peers

9. The age of the dialogue and authenticity
9

10. Trends impacting the US HE Sector
10
• Shrinking domestic high school graduate population.
• High school graduates peaked in 2010, reached a low point in 2014 and are not projected to recover to the previous
peak until in 2024 and then are projected to drop off again.
• The northeast in particular has been experiencing unfavorable demographic trends. High school graduates from the
northeast are projected to decline by approximately 0.8% per year between 2010 and 2028.
Projected High School Graduates (Northeast)Projected High School Graduates (U.S.)
Source: NCES, Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education, Knocking at the College Door: Projections of High School Graduates

11. Continued: Trends impacting the US HE Sector
11
• Postsecondary institutions will face greater competition for fewer traditional age domestic students
over the next 15+ years
• Diminishing public funding over past ~25 years
• The proportion of revenues that public HE institutions received from state appropriations dropped from 38.3% in
1990 to 24.4% in 2009.
• Tuition prices, during the same time period, more than doubled rising by 120%
• State funding decreased between 2009 and 2010 by 7%.
• In 2011-12, state appropriations fell by another 8%, resulting in the largest decline in half a century.
• Declines in funding for 42 states and +20% cuts in 25 states.
• Over the past year, 38 states increased funding per student, but 45 states are spending less per student in 2015/16
than pre-recession.
• Fierce competition in US for full-fee out-of-state students
• Increasing demand for digital delivery and blended learning
• US HEIs beginning to use international recruitment agents
• More focus on recruitment of and special programs for international students

12. Int’l HE enrollment in the US has been increasing
12
974,926 international students in 2014/15, a 10.0% increase over 2013/14
72.5% more international students studying in US colleges and universities than reported a decade ago
122.6% growth in new international enrollments since 2004/05
-
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15
Continuing International Students New International Students
Source: IIE Opendoors

13. At the same time, US int’l student secondary school
enrollment increased by nearly 300%
13
-
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
2004/05 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14
Source: IIE Center for Academic Mobility July 2014

14. 14
What are they studying?
Source: IIE Opendoors
STEM = 44%
20%
20%
12%8%
4%
9%
6%
2%
2%
1%
16%
Business
Engineering
Math & Computer Sciences
Physical & Life Sciences
Health Professions
Social Sciences
Fine & Applied Arts
Humanities
Education
Agriculture
Other

15. But U.S. global market share of internationally mobile
students is in decline as a result of increased,
expanded and intensified global competition
15 …
22.9%
(2000)
16%
(2015)
Source: Project Atlas 2014; OECD Education at a Glance, 2015;

16. US is under-represented
16
The U.S. has the largest number of top 400 universities in the world
However, among English speaking countries, the U.S. has the lowest proportion of
international students relative to the total student population
3218
16
2
TOP 400 Global Universities
13
1
Page 6
4%
9%
16%
17%
18%
United States
Canada
New Zealand
United Kingdom
Australia
Source: OECD 2015 Education at a Glance; ARWU

17. And distribution is uneven…
17
5% of institutions host 69% of international students in
the US
Source: IIE Opendoors

18. Strategic objectives of institutional internationalization
18
 Increase the quantity, quality and diversity of the international student body
 Internationalize the curriculum to reflect the global dimensions of career
opportunities
 Increase participation in study in/out and exchanges; develop all students
(including domestic students) into globally competent students/global citizens
 Establish a globally recognized profile based on a reputation of academic (and
research) excellence
 Provide support for faculty to engage in international teaching, research and
service
 Generate capital for strategic investment purposes

19. But real goal is to develop Global Citizens
19
A Global Citizen is someone who:
 is aware of the wider world and has a sense of their own role as a world
citizen
 respects and values diversity
 has an understanding of how the world works
 is outraged by social injustice
 participates in the community at a range of levels, from the local to the
global
 is willing to act to make the world a more equitable and sustainable place
 takes responsibility for their actions.
Source: Oxfam

20. Looking forward…potential challenges/opportunities
20
 Continued youth population growth out of emerging markets
 But, rising anti-immigration reactions/policies in developed economies
 In ability to integrate effectively – causing “cash cow” perception
 Growth of new disruptors in HE – i.e. Minerva/Keck
 New higher education investment policies leading to a revival??

21. 21