The document discusses global demography as a statistical study of human populations concerning births, deaths, income, and diseases, and its significance in geopolitics and public administration. It outlines the demographic transition process driven by improvements in medicine and evolving societal norms, which influences global population trends, migration, and the formation of a global civil society. The document details the four stages of demographic transition, highlighting the factors affecting birth and death rates throughout these stages.

1. GLOBAL
DEMOGRAPHY

2. Demography is a field in statistics that is concerned with births,
deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which later illustrates the
changing structure of human populations. In the context of political
science, demography is a statistical study to determine world
population that can be used as a tool to identify certain phenomenon in
geopolitics, public administration, and others. The changing perspective
on technology and technological advancements and the movement of
international organizations (IOs) have made the world a global civil
society.

3. The idea of a global civil society was seen during the '90s as
"a mosaic of new groups, organizations, and movements that
started to appear, which both sought to challenge or resist
what was seen as'corporate' globalization and create
articulate models of social, economic, and political
development" (Heywood, 2011).The formation of a global
civil society is a result of a backlash against free-market
capitalism. It is in a global civil society where transnational
non-governmental organizations and social movements
operate and offer an alternative to transnational
corporations.
The role of a global civil society in global demography is its
salient influence on institutional decision-making, affecting
the populations at large.

4. Global demography is about the trends and practices in world politics.
It is the study of the issues and developments of the global population.
Basically, it lays out the present condition of the world and its population.
To understand this concept, citing an example of current world issues and humanitarian crises can
be done. In addition, this idea is also a tool in understanding migration and global citizenship.
According to Ronald Lee (2003), demography is currently in transition; the mortality rate
declined followed by fertility, causing population growth rates to accelerate and then to slow
down again. This demographic transition leads to low fertility, long life, and an old population.
The global demographic transition all began in the 19th century when Europeans were declining
in mortality rate (Lee, 2003) and there were some rising societies in Asian and Latin American
regions.

5. Lee (2003) explains that the transition to low mortality rate was
influenced by the reduction of contagious and infectious diseases
caused by advancements in medicine and improved nutrition because
of the presence of local and international markets due to better
transportation of goods. Meanwhile, the factors that led to low fertility
rate are the preference over child survival than number of child births
and the assumption that raising children is more costly than the
consumption of goods, as children render less economic contributions
due to years spent on education.

6. Aside from increasing birth rate, excessive movements of people
from one place to another are also a factor in overpopulation.
International migration is becoming more tremendous. Population is
part of human demography and since the world is shrinking, this
condition develops a concept of a globalized world wherein a state
population transcends into global population.

7. • The Demographic Transition
During the first half of the 20th century, demographers conceived the notion of the
demographic transition. The Demographic Transition Framework illustrates
population growth in terms of discrepancies and changes in two crude vital rates-
mortality and fertility.
Stage 1: Preindustrial Society - high and unstable birth and death rates, population
growth rate slow, importance of children, low life expectancy

8. Reasons for the changes in birth rate
1. Children are needed for farming.
2. They die at an early age due to illnesses.
3. No family planning and conception/giving
birth is encouraged by religion and society.
Reasons for the changes in death rate
1. Disease
2. Famine
3. Poor medical knowledge

9. Stage 2: Early Industrial Society - high birth rates, falling
death rate, high population growth
Reasons for the changes in birth rate
1. Children are needed for farming. 2. They die at an early
age due to illnesses.
No family planning and conception/giving birth is encouraged
by religion and society.
Reasons for the changes in death rate
1. Improvements in medical care 2. Water
3. Supply and sanitation 4. Fewer children die

10. Stage 3: Late Industrial Society - low death
rate, falling birth rate, high population growth
Reasons for the changes in birth rate
1. Improved medical care and diet
2. Fewer children are needed for work
Reasons for the changes in the death rate
1. Improvements in medical care
2. Water
3. Supply and sanitation
4. Fewer children die

11. Stage 4: Post Industrial Society - low birth and death
rates, low population growth
Reasons for the changes in birth rate
1. Family planning
2. Good health
3. Later marriages
4. Improving status of women
for the changes in death rate
1. Good health care
2. Reliable food supply
3. People are living much longer

12. THANKS