5. An
urban
hierarchy
Hamlet Small collection of homes – population 10-100
Village Rural in character?
Population less than 10,000
Urban area Defined by land use? E.g. 75% built up; by
function?
Town Larger than a village but smaller than a city
With town charter!
Less than 100,000 population?
City Legal status in some countries
Over 100, 000?
Conurbation Urban area incorporating adjacent centres e.g.
former free-standing towns and villages. After
Geddes 1915
Metropolis Large urban agglomeration, usually over 1
million?
Millionaire city By definition, over 1 million
Megacity Urban metropolis over 10 million
Megalopolis Chain of adjacent metropolitan areas. After
Mumford 1938 The Culture of Cities
World or global
city
A global centre for finance, culture, political
influence (Sassen 1990s)
Eperopolis ‘Continental city’ after Doxiadis 1968
10. Changing distribution of cities
www.worldkit.org/population
www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html
11. China: ‘Enter the dragon’
• Net addition ½ billion urban
population
• Accounting for ¼ of global
economic growth by 2030
• Most rapid rural-to-urban
transition in human history.
• Under 20% urban 1970 to over
50% by 2020
12. 1.2 Defining a global city
• Command points in the organisation of the
world economy
• Key locations and marketplaces for finance
and specialised services
• Major sites of production, including
innovations
• Around 70 worldwide Sassen Cities in a world economy
16. Centres of innovation
• Major information and communication centres
• Access to the largest markets (for specialist and mass
consumption)
• Competitive environment requires business to innovate
• Encourage formal and informal interaction between wide
range of financial, managerial, technical, marketing and trade
skills and experience
• Diverse networks, information loops produce knowledge
capital.
• Global capitalism demands such knowledge
• Even a low innovation success rate leads to a virtuous circle of
innovation and success.
Adapted from Wood, P. (2004) Discovering Cities - Central London GA
19. 2.1Urbanisation and development
“for many poor nations, urbanisation has little to do with industrialisation,
but rather is linked with the creation of jobs in the service sector”
(Potter 2008)
21. Life in 21st Century Cities
“we have reached the end of
an era of association of
urbanisation with Western
style industrialisation and
socio-economic
characteristics”
(Dwyer)
23. London’s ecological footprint
• 125 times its own
area to provide the
resources it
consumes
• 197,500 sq km
• UK has 210,000 sq
km productive
surface
25. Another view of London
Employment 1971-2030
• 8% of UK carbon
emissions
• 12% of population
• 20% of GDP
• Lower waste per
capita
• Less water and
electricity per £1
gross value added
• Lower CO2 per £1
gross value added
26. Ecopolis now?
• city builders "worshipped at the altar of the
automotive god, and idealised mobility and
freedom” Peter Hall, professor of planning and
regeneration UCL
• “to improve the social and environmental
condition of cities the top priority is to cut car
use”
28. Assessing sustainability
• Environmental impact – in
terms of resource use and
pollution
• Quality of life – what the
city is like for people to live
in
• Future-proofing – how well
the city is preparing for a
sustainable future
http://www.forumforthefuture.org/
1 Newcastle
2 Leicester
3 Brighton
4 Bristol
5 London
6 Leeds
7 Coventry
8 Plymouth
9 Edinburgh
10 Sheffield
11 Cardiff
12 Nottingham
13 Manchester
14 Liverpool
15 Birmingham
16 Sunderland
17 Derby
18 Bradford
19 Glasgow
20 Hull
30. An estimated
80% of global
GDP is
generated in
cities.
Buildings
produce a
fifth of the
world’s CO2
emissions.
Cities account
for about two-
thirds of global
energy
demand.
Cities produce
up to 70% of
global
greenhouse
gas emissions.
Buildings account
for roughly 40%
of the world’s
energy use.
Some city facts
31. An estimated
80% of global
GDP is
generated in
cities.
Buildings
produce a
fifth of the
world’s CO2
emissions.
Cities account
for about two-
thirds of global
energy
demand.
Cities produce
up to 70% of
global
greenhouse
gas emissions.
Buildings account
for roughly 40%
of the world’s
energy use.
Some city facts
32. Cities challenges vs citizens interests
Cities face quite similar challenges, most of them related to sustainability
Cities
interests
Electricity Supply
i.e. Caracas,
Germany
Safety
i.e México City, Rio
de Janeiro
Business &
commerce
Traffic & mobility
Management)
i.e. Beijing,
Barcelona, Cairo
Waste & Water
Management
Tourism & cultural
engagement
i.e. Paris, Buenos
Aires, Florence
Sources: (1) McKinsey Global Institute - Big Data Report, May 2011. (2) 2012E, Strategy Analytics , Global Social Network Market Forecast, Oct 2011. (3) United Nations, April 2010, (4) Youtube 2011
i.e. Sao Paulo, New
Delhi, Panama
i.e. Berlin, New
York, Tokyo.
33. ITU-T Focus Group on Smart
Sustainable Cities
Established in February 2013 and concluded in May 2015
Open
platform for
Smart-city
stakeholders
Over 150
participants/
collaborators
Liaison with
other SDOs
WG1.
ICT role and
roadmap for
SSC
8 meetings
4 Working groups
WG2.
SSC
infrastructure
WG3.
Standardizati
on gaps, KPIs
and metrics
WG4.
Policy and
positioning
21 technical specifications and reports approved
34. “A smart sustainable city is an innovative city that uses information and
communication technologies (ICTs) and other means to improve quality of
life, efficiency of urban operation and services, and competitiveness, while
ensuring that it meets the needs of present and future generations with
respect to economic, social, environmental as well as cultural aspects”.
International definition
35. “A smart sustainable city is an innovative city that uses information and
communication technologies (ICTs) and other means to improve quality of
life, efficiency of urban operation and services, and competitiveness, while
ensuring that it meets the needs of present and future generations with
respect to economic, social, environmental as well as cultural aspects”.
International definition
36. 7
WP2: Smart cities and Communities (SC&C)
Q5/20: SC&C requirements, applications and services
Topics to study:
SC&C related ecosystem, applications, services and use cases
Studies that are directly related to SC&C:
smart grids water mobility logistic waste
healthcare e-government education transport utilities
ICT requirements and the related communications technologies to be taken into account
when designing smart city services
Efficient service analysis, strategic planning, deployment and implementation of SC&C,
taking into account different needs of developed and developing countries
Recommendations under
study:
Y.pops - Postproduction service of Smart Farming on the network
Y.SC-Interop - Identifier service requirements for the interoperability of Smart City
applications
Y.SC–OpenData - Framework of Open Data in Smart Cities
Y.SC-Residential - Requirements of Smart Residential Communities
Y.smartport – Requirement of smart managements of supply services in smart port
and more…
