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GIB2015_Public and Private Sector Transit Development_Hughes

This document summarizes a presentation given at the 5th GIB Summit in May 2015 on the role of the public and private sectors in transit-oriented development. The presentation discusses how compact, mixed-use, transit-oriented development can help reduce transportation costs and emissions while improving economic growth by reducing infrastructure costs and encouraging more sustainable transportation options like walking, cycling, and public transit over private vehicle use.

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This presentation was held during the 5th GIB Summit, May 27-28 2015. The presentation and more information on the Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation are available on www.gib-foundation.org   The next GIB Summit will take place in Basel, May 24-25, 2016.   The information and views set out in this presenation are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation. Neither the Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation nor any person acting on its behalf may be held responsible for the use of the information contained therein.  
The  Role  of  the   Public  &  Private   Sectors  in  Transit   Oriented   Development Colin K. Hughes Director of Global Policy and Project Evaluation Institute for Transportation & Development Policy May, 2015
Why  TOD?   Because  we  must  change   the  way  we  travel    
Transporta0on:   A  driving  force  behind  climate  change   Transport   6,623  Mt,   23%   Power   GeneraFon,   13333,  46%   Industry,  4781,   17%   ResidenFal,   1877,  6%   Services,  878,   3%   Other,  1333,  5%   Global  Energy-­‐Related  Greenhouse  Gas  Emissions  (Mt)   We  must  change  the  way  we  travel  
1.2  million   Premature  deaths     from  outdoor  air  pollu0on  yearly                  -­‐World  Health  Organiza0on   240  minutes Average  Commute   for  poorest  quin0le  ci0zens   in  Sao  Paulo          -­‐  SOW,  2012   10%  of  GDP   Wasted      from  Cumula0ve   Impacts  of  Traffic    -­‐UNEP,  2011   1.3  million   Traffic  Deaths     50%  of  whom  are  walking  or  cycling                -­‐World  Health  Organiza0on   We  must  change  the  way  we  travel  
Sprawl  costs  the  United  States  over  $400   billion  per  annum     6   Sprawl  costs  in  the  United  States  per  annum   SOURCE:  Litman  (2014)  for  New  Climate  Economy  commissioned  by  LSE  Ci0es.     Note:  these  denote  the  poten0al  savings  from  smart  growth  policies.  See  Litman,  T.,  2014  (forthcoming).  Analysis  of  Public  Policies  that   Uninten3onally  Encourage  and  Subsidize  Urban  Sprawl  for  detail  of  underlying  data  sources.     Total   Billion US$ External     costs:   air  pollu0on,   conges0on,   noise,  others   217   90   72   31   0   100   200   300   400   500   Increased     public  service     costs   Crash     costs   Increased     infrastructure   capital     costs   Total  private  costs     (including  travel  0me,     vehicle  ownership  etc.)   are  324  billion  US$     410  
We  must  shiP  travel  modes  to  limit  climate  change  to     2  degrees  and  meet  future  mobility  demand.   OECD     Baseline        High  ShiP   Non-­‐OECD     Baseline          High  ShiP   GLOBAL HIGH SHIFT SCENARIO: Passenger travel by mode
n-­‐OECD OECD non-­‐OECD OECD non-­‐OECD OECD noCD non-­‐OECD OECD non-­‐OECD Infrastructure  Rail Infrastructure  BRT Infrastructure  Roadway O&M  Cycle/e-­‐bike O&M  Rail O&M  Bus O&M  Private  vehicle O&M  Road-­‐related Fuel  Electricity Fuel  LDV-­‐2W  liquid  fue Purchase  Cycle/e-­‐bike Purchase  Rail Purchase  Bus $0 $50 $100 $150 $200 $250 $300 $350 OECD non-­‐OECD OECD non-­‐OECD OECD non-­‐OECD OECD non-­‐OECD 2010-­‐2030 2010-­‐2050 2010-­‐2030 2010-­‐2050 Base High  Shift Trillion  US  Dollars Infrastructure  Rail Infrastructure  BRT Infrastructure  Roadway O&M  Cycle/e-­‐bike O&M  Rail O&M  Bus O&M  Private  vehicle O&M  Road-­‐related Fuel  Electricity Fuel  LDV-­‐2W  liquid  fuel Purchase  Cycle/e-­‐bike Purchase  Rail Purchase  Bus Purchase  Private  vehicle $0 $50 $100 $150 $200 $250 $300 $350 OECD non-­‐OECD OECD non-­‐OECD OECD non-­‐OECD OECD non-­‐OECD 2010-­‐2030 2010-­‐2050 2010-­‐2030 2010-­‐2050 Trillion  US  Dollars CD non-­‐OECD OECD non-­‐OECD OECD non-­‐OECD OECCD OECD non-­‐OECD OECD non-­‐OECD Infrastructure Infrastructure Infrastructure O&M  Cycle/e O&M  Rail O&M  Bus O&M  Private O&M  Road-­‐re Fuel  Electricit Fuel  LDV-­‐2W   Purchase  Cyc Purchase  Rail Purchase  Bus OECD     Baseline                High   ShiP   Non-­‐OECD     Baseline                    High   ShiP   The  required  shi`  in  investment  actually  saves  $114   trillion  in  infrastructure,  fuel,  and  maintenance  by  2050.   GLOBAL HIGH SHIFT SCENARIO: Total Investment by Mode
Tale  of  Two  Ci0es:  Transit  and  Density   Source: Bertaud and Richardson, 2004, Kenworthy (2003) citied in Lefevre,  B.  (2009);  +  ITDP  Rapid  Transit  Database,  2014 Popula0on:  2.5  million   Rapid  Transit:  74  km   Urban  area:  4,280  km2   Per  capita  transport  CO2:  7.5  t     Popula0on:  2.8  million   Rapid  Transit:  153  km   Urban  area:  162  km2   Per cap ann. transport CO2:  0.7  t     ATLANTA   BARCELONA  
The  Cost  of  Transit  is  Dependent  on   Density   Rapid  Transit:  125  km  Metro,  27  km   Light  Rail     Es0mated  Total  Rapid  Transit   Infrastructure  Cost:       $20  billion  (2014, USD)   ATLANTA   BARCELONA   Rapid  Transit:  74  km  Metro     Estimated Total Rapid Transit Infrastructure cost for same area coverage as Barcelona : $500 billion (2014, USD)
Many  ciFes   mismanagement   land  use       and  lack  of   investment  in   transport   infrastructure.    
Others  have   investment  and   management,       but  it  is  oPen   according  to  the wrong  models.  
the  shape  of  the  ciFes  we  build   the  transport  we  use  
the  shape  of  the  ciFes  we  build   the  transport  we  use  
transport   walk   cycle   densify   connect   compact   shiP   mix  uses  
transport   walk   cycle   densify   connect   compact   shi`   mix  uses  
Compact  Ci0es  Reduce  Costs  and  Deliver   Wide  Benefits   1.  Compact  urban  development  could  save  China  $1.4  trillion  in   infrastructure  spending  (World  Bank)   2.  Compact  urban  pathway  in  China  could  lead  to  higher   economic  growth,  greater  produc0vity,  boost  to  ter0ary   industry  share  (World  Bank)   3.  Transit-­‐orientated  development  can  reduce  per  capita  car   use  by  up  to  50%  and  reduce  costs  by  20%  (Arrington  et  al.,   2008)   4.  Co-­‐benefits  include:  equitable  accessibility,  reduced   conges0on,  improved  public  health  and  safety,  energy   security  (Arrington,  et  al,  2008)   5.  Compact  urban  model  in  Ho  Chi  Minh  City  could  reduce  air   pollu0on  (PM2.5)  by  44%  (ADB,  CAI,  and  Chreod,  2013)   6.  Compact,  connected  urban  development  could  reduce   emissions  by  up  to  1.5  GT  by  2030  –  primarily  from  transport   (LSE  Ci0es,  2014)      
The  Role  of  Government   in  TOD  and  Financing  
The  Role  of  Government     •  In  the  EU  it  is  infrastructure  investment:  The  EU  has   more  funds  to  directly  invest  in  the  area  with   infrastructure,  remedia0on,  ameni0es  to  add  value.   However  it  has  more  limited  pubic  financing  op0ons,   puhng  most  of  the  risk  on  the  developer.       •  In  the  US  it  is  largely  risk  reduc0on:  The  US  employs   strategic  planning  regulatory  and  crea0ve  financing   mechanisms  due  to  lack  of  public  sector  funds  for   infrastructure  such  as  tax  credits,  abatements,   interest-­‐free  or  low-­‐interest  loans  and  grants,   philanthropic  funds  to  reduce  risk.  
Smart  Government  Needed   – City  vision  =  predictability  for  developers   Predictability  majers  to  developers.   – Good  nego0ators  -­‐  can  either  bring  people  to  a   weak  market  or  extract  bejer  development  or   ameni0es  in  a  strong  market   – Commitment  to  the  long  haul  –  what  are  the   poli0cal  0melines  that  affect  this  if  a  development   typically  takes  10  –  15  years.   – Si0ng  is  cri0cal  and  complex   – Public  investment  is  cri0cal  (transit,  upgrading  of   u0li0es,  land  banking  remedia0on)  
Many  Countries  Need  More  Transit   Investment     Source:    Best  Prac3ce  in  Na3onal  Support  for  Urban  Transporta3on,  Part  1:  Evalua3ng  Country   Performance  in  Mee3ng  the  Transit  Needs  of  Urban  Popula3ons;  ITDP  
Higher  Funding,  Smarter  Investments,   and  More  Debt  Leveraging  is  Needed   to  Grow  Transit   Source:    Best  Prac3ce  in  Na3onal  Support  for  Urban  Transporta3on,  Part  1:  Evalua3ng   Country  Performance  in  Mee3ng  the  Transit  Needs  of  Urban  Popula3ons;  ITDP    
Sao  Paulo  Strategic  Plan:  A  New  Best  PracFce   DESIGN  REGULATION:  Densifica0on  w/  value   capture;  mixed  use,  ac0ve  frontage,  public  passage   incen0ves;  parking  disincen0ves.  
TOD  PRIORITY:   150  meters  around  corridor     400  meters  radius  around  sta0on  
DENSIFY:     Building  rights  increased  along  corridors   •  Corridor  far  maximum:  4  (x  2)   •  Off  corridors  far  maximum:  2     •  Basic  far  1  (as  of  right)   •  Minimial  far  (varies)  
Value  capture:     Development  above  basic  far  (1:1)  is  subject  to  urban   fund  fees  towards  improvements  and  services    
MIXED  USE  INCENTIVE:     Ground  floor  commercial  space  is  discounted  from  far   calcula0on  (up  to  20%  of  total  building  floor  area)  
Ac0ve  Frontage  Incen0ve:   Addi0onal  50%  of  the  lot  area  dedicated  to  local   commerce  and  services  discounted  in  the  calcula0on   of  allowed  far.  
CONNECT:  Public  passages   Public  passages  permanently  open  on  property  get  equal  amount  of  addi0onal   building  rights  (far)  
Shi`:  parking  disincen0ve   Reduced  parking  places  discounted  from  far  calcula0on:       -­‐  1  per  dwelling  unit  (down  from  1,  2  or  3  mini.  Depending  on  unit  size)     -­‐  1  PER  100M2  of  non-­‐residen0al  use.       Addi0onal  parking  area  becomes  part  of  basic  buildable  area  
What  is  TOD  and  how  it  is   measured?    
Free  Downloads:   www.todstandard.org  
Site/Project Name City, Country Total Score Walk Score 1.1 Walkways 1.2 Crosswalk s 1.3 Visually Active Frontage 1.4 Physically Permeabl e Frontage 1.5 Shade and Shelter Cycle Score 2.1 Cycle Network 2.2 Cycle Parking at Transit Stations 2.3 Cycle Parking at Buildings 2.4 Cycle Access in Building Conne ct Score 3.1 Small Blocks 3.2 Prioritize d Connectiv ity Mix Score 5.1 Complem entary Uses 5.2 Accessibili ty to Food 5.3 Affordabl e Housing Densif y Score 6.1 Land Use Density Compa ct Score 7.1 Urban Site 7.2 Transit Options Shift Score 8.1 Off- Street Parking 8.2 Driveway Density 8.3 Roadway Area Central Saint Giles London, UK 99 14 3 3 6 1 1 5 2 1 1 1 15 10 5 15 10 1 4 15 15 15 10 5 20 10 2 8 Hammarby SjÖstad Stockholm, Sweden 94 15 3 3 6 2 1 4 2 1 1 0 15 10 5 10 6 1 3 15 15 15 10 5 20 10 2 8 Vauban Freiburg, Germany 90 13 3 3 6 0 1 4 2 1 1 0 15 10 5 13 10 1 2 15 15 10 6 4 20 10 2 8 Quartier Massena, Paris Rive Gauche Paris, France 90 14 3 3 6 1 1 4 2 0 1 1 13 10 3 15 10 1 4 15 15 15 10 5 14 4 2 8 Liuyun Xiaoqu Guangzhou, China 90 14 3 3 6 2 0 3 1 1 1 0 15 10 5 11 10 1 0 15 15 15 10 5 17 10 2 5 Centro Internacional de BogotáBogotá, Columbia 90 11 3 0 6 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 11 6 5 15 10 1 4 15 15 15 10 5 20 10 2 8 Bo01, Västra Hamnen Malmö, Sweden 90 14 3 3 6 1 1 4 2 1 1 0 15 10 5 11 10 1 0 15 15 11 10 1 20 10 2 8 HafenCity Hamburg, Germany 87 13 3 3 6 0 1 4 2 1 1 0 15 10 5 15 10 1 4 15 15 15 10 5 10 0 2 8 Olympic Village Vancouver, Canada 86 12 3 0 6 2 1 3 2 1 0 0 15 10 5 9 4 1 4 15 15 15 10 5 17 10 2 5                                                             Uptown, Cleveland Cleveland, Ohio, USA 84 14 3 3 6 1 1 3 2 0 1 0 13 10 3 11 10 1 0 15 15 11 6 5 17 10 2 5 Jianwai SOHO Beijing, China 83 12 3 0 6 2 1 5 2 1 1 1 13 10 3 11 10 1 0 15 15 15 10 5 12 10 2 0 GWL Terrein Amsterdam, Netherlands 82 15 3 3 6 2 1 5 2 1 1 1 15 10 5 15 10 1 4 0 0 15 10 5 17 10 2 5 World Trade Center site New York, New York USA 79 13 3 3 6 0 1 2 0 0 1 1 15 10 5 5 4 1 0 15 15 15 10 5 14 4 2 8 Ciudadela El Recreo Bogotá, Colombia 79 5 0 0 0 4 1 4 2 1 0 1 11 10 1 15 10 1 4 15 15 9 6 3 20 10 2 8 Puerto Madero Buenos Aires, Argentina 78 13 3 3 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 15 10 5 11 10 1 0 15 15 14 10 4 10 0 2 8 Pearl District Portland, Oregon, USA 78 15 3 3 6 2 1 2 0 1 1 0 15 10 5 11 6 1 4 15 15 15 10 5 5 3 2 0 New Quay, Docklands Melbourne, Australia 78 14 3 3 5 2 1 3 2 1 0 0 15 10 5 11 10 1 0 15 15 10 6 4 10 0 2 8 Bab Al Bahr Rabat-Salé, Morocco 78 12 3 0 6 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 15 10 5 7 6 1 0 15 15 15 10 5 14 4 2 8 North Battery Park City New York, New York, USA 77 10 3 0 6 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 9 6 3 15 10 1 4 15 15 15 10 5 11 4 2 5 Mission Bay San Francisco, California, 76 11 3 0 6 1 1 2 0 1 0 1 11 6 5 11 6 1 4 15 15 15 10 5 11 1 2 8 Fruitvale Station Village Oakland, California, USA 76 12 3 0 6 2 1 2 0 1 1 0 15 10 5 11 6 1 4 15 15 11 6 5 10 0 2 8 Corvin Budapest. Hungary 76 14 3 3 6 1 1 4 2 0 1 1 15 10 5 11 10 1 0 7 7 15 10 5 10 0 2 8 Reforma 222 México City, México 75 13 3 3 4 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 15 10 5 11 10 1 0 15 15 15 10 5 5 0 0 5 Marina Bay Financial Centre Singapore 74 11 3 0 6 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 15 10 5 11 10 1 0 15 15 11 6 5 11 1 2 8 Wilshire Vermont Station Los Angeles, California, USA 71 13 3 3 6 0 1 2 0 1 1 0 9 6 3 15 10 1 4 15 15 15 10 5 2 0 2 0 Bank of America Building New York, New York, USA 70 12 3 0 6 2 1 2 0 0 1 1 9 6 3 5 0 1 4 15 15 15 10 5 12 10 2 0                                                             Whampoa Garden Hong Kong, China 69 13 3 3 5 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 15 10 5 7 6 1 0 7 7 15 10 5 12 2 2 8 South Lake Union Seattle, Washington, USA 66 10 3 0 6 0 1 4 2 1 1 0 9 6 3 9 4 1 4 7 7 15 10 5 12 10 2 0 Kanyon Mall Istanbul, Turkey 65 10 3 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 3 11 10 1 0 15 15 14 10 4 10 0 2 8 Neo Superquadra Curitiba, Brazil 63 13 3 3 6 0 1 5 2 1 1 1 3 2 1 7 6 1 0 0 0 15 10 5 20 10 2 8 Grand Gateway 66 Shanghai, China 62 6 3 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 3 0 3 11 10 1 0 15 15 15 10 5 10 0 2 8 Special West Chelsea District (High Line Upzoning) New York, New York, USA 61 14 3 3 6 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 3 0 3 11 10 1 0 15 15 14 10 4 2 0 2 0 Digital Media City Seoul, South Korea 60 10 3 0 6 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 15 10 5 9 4 1 4 0 0 15 10 5 10 0 2 8 Uptown, Oakland Oakland, California, USA 58 10 3 0 6 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 3 2 1 15 10 1 4 15 15 12 10 2 2 0 2 0 Kronsberg Hanover, Germany 58 13 3 3 6 0 1 4 2 1 1 0 15 10 5 5 0 1 4 0 0 1 1 0 20 10 2 8                                                             Podomoro City Jakarta, Indonesia 53 8 3 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 1 0 1 0 15 15 15 10 5 11 1 2 8 The Mixc Shenzhen, China 50 6 0 0 5 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 11 10 1 0 15 15 15 10 5 2 0 2 0 Metrozone* Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 1 0 15 15 15 10 5 10 0 2 8 Bairro Carioca Rio de Janeiro, Brasil 47 5 3 0 2 0 0 4 2 1 0 1 3 0 3 8 4 0 4 0 0 15 10 5 12 10 2 0 S.E.W.S.H. Scheme, Vadaj* Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India 46 3 0 0 0 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 13 10 3 5 0 1 4 0 0 9 6 3 14 4 2 8 East Liberty station area Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 46 9 3 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 10 3 9 4 1 4 0 0 15 10 5 0 0 0 0 Empire Estate Pimpri Chinchwad, Maharashtra, India 49 8 0 0 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 4 1 2 15 15 14 10 4 5 3 2 0 Águas Claras - DF Brasília, Brazil 45 6 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 7 6 1 7 6 1 0 0 0 11 6 5 13 3 2 8 Mitikah Phase 1 México City, México 41 10 3 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 11 10 1 0 0 0 15 10 5 0 0 0 0 Rio Vista West San Diego, California, USA 40 10 3 0 6 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 3 0 3 5 4 1 0 15 15 3 3 0 2 0 2 0 Ciudad del Rio Partial Plan* Medellín, Colombia 39 7 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 7 6 1 0 0 0 15 10 5 7 0 2 5 Sikander Bakht Nagar, Behrampur* Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India 37 3 0 0 0 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 5 2 3 9 4 1 4 0 0 7 6 1 11 4 2 5 South End station area Charlotte, North Carolina, USA 36 10 3 0 6 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 3 0 3 4 0 0 4 0 0 8 3 5 10 0 2 8 CETRAM Zapata México City, México 34 4 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 2 1 9 4 1 4 0 0 15 10 5 2 0 2 0 SIPCOT Siruseri Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 6 1 5 12 2 2 8 Sikander Bakht Nagar, Behrampur Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India   3 0 0 0 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 5 2 3 9 4 1 4 0 0 7 6 1 11 4 2 5 Ciudad del Rio (partial plan)* Medellín, Colombia   7 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 7 6 1 0 0 0 15 10 5 7 0 2 5 S.E.W.S.H. Scheme, Vadaj (Affordable housing at Vadaj)* Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India   3 0 0 0 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 13 10 3 5 0 1 4 0 0 9 6 3 14 4 2 8 Metrozone* Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India   0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 1 0 15 15 15 10 5 10 0 2 8
Central  Saint  Giles,  Lond 99  Poi •   An  11-­‐story  office  building  that  has  405,000  P2  of  commercial  space.     •  A  15-­‐story  residenFal  building  with  109  dwelling  units,  half  of  which  are   affordable.     •  A  pedestrian  plaza  located  between  the  two  buildings  at  the  centre  of  the  site is  surrounded  by  24,500P2  of  ground  floor  transparent  retail  &  restaurant  spa
Strong  land  market    =   •  Developer  gave  land  for  pedestrian  plaza   •  50%  of  residen0al  units  affordable  in  exchange  for  two   more  floors  of  commercial   •  Affordable  housing  requirement  in  Camden’s  site  brief  

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GIB2015_Public and Private Sector Transit Development_Hughes

  • 1.
    This presentation was heldduring the 5th GIB Summit, May 27-28 2015. The presentation and more information on the Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation are available on www.gib-foundation.org   The next GIB Summit will take place in Basel, May 24-25, 2016.   The information and views set out in this presenation are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation. Neither the Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation nor any person acting on its behalf may be held responsible for the use of the information contained therein.  
  • 2.
    The  Role  of  the   Public  &  Private   Sectors  in  Transit   Oriented   Development Colin K. Hughes Director of Global Policy and Project Evaluation Institute for Transportation & Development Policy May, 2015
  • 3.
    Why  TOD?   Because  we  must  change   the  way  we  travel    
  • 4.
    Transporta0on:   A  driving  force  behind  climate  change   Transport   6,623  Mt,   23%   Power   GeneraFon,   13333,  46%   Industry,  4781,   17%   ResidenFal,   1877,  6%   Services,  878,   3%   Other,  1333,  5%   Global  Energy-­‐Related  Greenhouse  Gas  Emissions  (Mt)   We  must  change  the  way  we  travel  
  • 5.
    1.2  million   Premature  deaths     from  outdoor  air  pollu0on  yearly                  -­‐World  Health  Organiza0on   240  minutes Average  Commute   for  poorest  quin0le  ci0zens   in  Sao  Paulo          -­‐  SOW,  2012   10%  of  GDP   Wasted      from  Cumula0ve   Impacts  of  Traffic    -­‐UNEP,  2011   1.3  million   Traffic  Deaths     50%  of  whom  are  walking  or  cycling                -­‐World  Health  Organiza0on   We  must  change  the  way  we  travel  
  • 6.
    Sprawl  costs  the  United  States  over  $400   billion  per  annum     6   Sprawl  costs  in  the  United  States  per  annum   SOURCE:  Litman  (2014)  for  New  Climate  Economy  commissioned  by  LSE  Ci0es.     Note:  these  denote  the  poten0al  savings  from  smart  growth  policies.  See  Litman,  T.,  2014  (forthcoming).  Analysis  of  Public  Policies  that   Uninten3onally  Encourage  and  Subsidize  Urban  Sprawl  for  detail  of  underlying  data  sources.     Total   Billion US$ External     costs:   air  pollu0on,   conges0on,   noise,  others   217   90   72   31   0   100   200   300   400   500   Increased     public  service     costs   Crash     costs   Increased     infrastructure   capital     costs   Total  private  costs     (including  travel  0me,     vehicle  ownership  etc.)   are  324  billion  US$     410  
  • 7.
    We  must  shiP  travel  modes  to  limit  climate  change  to     2  degrees  and  meet  future  mobility  demand.   OECD     Baseline        High  ShiP   Non-­‐OECD     Baseline          High  ShiP   GLOBAL HIGH SHIFT SCENARIO: Passenger travel by mode
  • 8.
    n-­‐OECD OECD non-­‐OECDOECD non-­‐OECD OECD noCD non-­‐OECD OECD non-­‐OECD Infrastructure  Rail Infrastructure  BRT Infrastructure  Roadway O&M  Cycle/e-­‐bike O&M  Rail O&M  Bus O&M  Private  vehicle O&M  Road-­‐related Fuel  Electricity Fuel  LDV-­‐2W  liquid  fue Purchase  Cycle/e-­‐bike Purchase  Rail Purchase  Bus $0 $50 $100 $150 $200 $250 $300 $350 OECD non-­‐OECD OECD non-­‐OECD OECD non-­‐OECD OECD non-­‐OECD 2010-­‐2030 2010-­‐2050 2010-­‐2030 2010-­‐2050 Base High  Shift Trillion  US  Dollars Infrastructure  Rail Infrastructure  BRT Infrastructure  Roadway O&M  Cycle/e-­‐bike O&M  Rail O&M  Bus O&M  Private  vehicle O&M  Road-­‐related Fuel  Electricity Fuel  LDV-­‐2W  liquid  fuel Purchase  Cycle/e-­‐bike Purchase  Rail Purchase  Bus Purchase  Private  vehicle $0 $50 $100 $150 $200 $250 $300 $350 OECD non-­‐OECD OECD non-­‐OECD OECD non-­‐OECD OECD non-­‐OECD 2010-­‐2030 2010-­‐2050 2010-­‐2030 2010-­‐2050 Trillion  US  Dollars CD non-­‐OECD OECD non-­‐OECD OECD non-­‐OECD OECCD OECD non-­‐OECD OECD non-­‐OECD Infrastructure Infrastructure Infrastructure O&M  Cycle/e O&M  Rail O&M  Bus O&M  Private O&M  Road-­‐re Fuel  Electricit Fuel  LDV-­‐2W   Purchase  Cyc Purchase  Rail Purchase  Bus OECD     Baseline                High   ShiP   Non-­‐OECD     Baseline                    High   ShiP   The  required  shi`  in  investment  actually  saves  $114   trillion  in  infrastructure,  fuel,  and  maintenance  by  2050.   GLOBAL HIGH SHIFT SCENARIO: Total Investment by Mode
  • 9.
    Tale  of  Two  Ci0es:  Transit  and  Density   Source: Bertaud and Richardson, 2004, Kenworthy (2003) citied in Lefevre,  B.  (2009);  +  ITDP  Rapid  Transit  Database,  2014 Popula0on:  2.5  million   Rapid  Transit:  74  km   Urban  area:  4,280  km2   Per  capita  transport  CO2:  7.5  t     Popula0on:  2.8  million   Rapid  Transit:  153  km   Urban  area:  162  km2   Per cap ann. transport CO2:  0.7  t     ATLANTA   BARCELONA  
  • 10.
    The  Cost  of  Transit  is  Dependent  on   Density   Rapid  Transit:  125  km  Metro,  27  km   Light  Rail     Es0mated  Total  Rapid  Transit   Infrastructure  Cost:       $20  billion  (2014, USD)   ATLANTA   BARCELONA   Rapid  Transit:  74  km  Metro     Estimated Total Rapid Transit Infrastructure cost for same area coverage as Barcelona : $500 billion (2014, USD)
  • 11.
    Many  ciFes   mismanagement   land  use       and  lack  of   investment  in   transport   infrastructure.    
  • 12.
    Others  have   investment  and   management,       but  it  is  oPen   according  to  the wrong  models.  
  • 13.
    the  shape  of  the  ciFes  we  build   the  transport  we  use  
  • 14.
    the  shape  of  the  ciFes  we  build   the  transport  we  use  
  • 16.
    transport   walk   cycle   densify   connect   compact   shiP   mix  uses  
  • 17.
    transport   walk   cycle   densify   connect   compact   shi`   mix  uses  
  • 18.
    Compact  Ci0es  Reduce  Costs  and  Deliver   Wide  Benefits   1.  Compact  urban  development  could  save  China  $1.4  trillion  in   infrastructure  spending  (World  Bank)   2.  Compact  urban  pathway  in  China  could  lead  to  higher   economic  growth,  greater  produc0vity,  boost  to  ter0ary   industry  share  (World  Bank)   3.  Transit-­‐orientated  development  can  reduce  per  capita  car   use  by  up  to  50%  and  reduce  costs  by  20%  (Arrington  et  al.,   2008)   4.  Co-­‐benefits  include:  equitable  accessibility,  reduced   conges0on,  improved  public  health  and  safety,  energy   security  (Arrington,  et  al,  2008)   5.  Compact  urban  model  in  Ho  Chi  Minh  City  could  reduce  air   pollu0on  (PM2.5)  by  44%  (ADB,  CAI,  and  Chreod,  2013)   6.  Compact,  connected  urban  development  could  reduce   emissions  by  up  to  1.5  GT  by  2030  –  primarily  from  transport   (LSE  Ci0es,  2014)      
  • 19.
    The  Role  of  Government   in  TOD  and  Financing  
  • 20.
    The  Role  of  Government     •  In  the  EU  it  is  infrastructure  investment:  The  EU  has   more  funds  to  directly  invest  in  the  area  with   infrastructure,  remedia0on,  ameni0es  to  add  value.   However  it  has  more  limited  pubic  financing  op0ons,   puhng  most  of  the  risk  on  the  developer.       •  In  the  US  it  is  largely  risk  reduc0on:  The  US  employs   strategic  planning  regulatory  and  crea0ve  financing   mechanisms  due  to  lack  of  public  sector  funds  for   infrastructure  such  as  tax  credits,  abatements,   interest-­‐free  or  low-­‐interest  loans  and  grants,   philanthropic  funds  to  reduce  risk.  
  • 21.
    Smart  Government  Needed   – City  vision  =  predictability  for  developers   Predictability  majers  to  developers.   – Good  nego0ators  -­‐  can  either  bring  people  to  a   weak  market  or  extract  bejer  development  or   ameni0es  in  a  strong  market   – Commitment  to  the  long  haul  –  what  are  the   poli0cal  0melines  that  affect  this  if  a  development   typically  takes  10  –  15  years.   – Si0ng  is  cri0cal  and  complex   – Public  investment  is  cri0cal  (transit,  upgrading  of   u0li0es,  land  banking  remedia0on)  
  • 22.
    Many  Countries  Need  More  Transit   Investment     Source:    Best  Prac3ce  in  Na3onal  Support  for  Urban  Transporta3on,  Part  1:  Evalua3ng  Country   Performance  in  Mee3ng  the  Transit  Needs  of  Urban  Popula3ons;  ITDP  
  • 23.
    Higher  Funding,  Smarter  Investments,   and  More  Debt  Leveraging  is  Needed   to  Grow  Transit   Source:    Best  Prac3ce  in  Na3onal  Support  for  Urban  Transporta3on,  Part  1:  Evalua3ng   Country  Performance  in  Mee3ng  the  Transit  Needs  of  Urban  Popula3ons;  ITDP    
  • 24.
    Sao  Paulo  Strategic  Plan:  A  New  Best  PracFce   DESIGN  REGULATION:  Densifica0on  w/  value   capture;  mixed  use,  ac0ve  frontage,  public  passage   incen0ves;  parking  disincen0ves.  
  • 25.
    TOD  PRIORITY:   150  meters  around  corridor     400  meters  radius  around  sta0on  
  • 26.
    DENSIFY:     Building  rights  increased  along  corridors   •  Corridor  far  maximum:  4  (x  2)   •  Off  corridors  far  maximum:  2     •  Basic  far  1  (as  of  right)   •  Minimial  far  (varies)  
  • 27.
    Value  capture:     Development  above  basic  far  (1:1)  is  subject  to  urban   fund  fees  towards  improvements  and  services    
  • 28.
    MIXED  USE  INCENTIVE:     Ground  floor  commercial  space  is  discounted  from  far   calcula0on  (up  to  20%  of  total  building  floor  area)  
  • 29.
    Ac0ve  Frontage  Incen0ve:   Addi0onal  50%  of  the  lot  area  dedicated  to  local   commerce  and  services  discounted  in  the  calcula0on   of  allowed  far.  
  • 30.
    CONNECT:  Public  passages   Public  passages  permanently  open  on  property  get  equal  amount  of  addi0onal   building  rights  (far)  
  • 31.
    Shi`:  parking  disincen0ve   Reduced  parking  places  discounted  from  far  calcula0on:       -­‐  1  per  dwelling  unit  (down  from  1,  2  or  3  mini.  Depending  on  unit  size)     -­‐  1  PER  100M2  of  non-­‐residen0al  use.       Addi0onal  parking  area  becomes  part  of  basic  buildable  area  
  • 32.
    What  is  TOD  and  how  it  is   measured?    
  • 33.
  • 35.
    Site/Project Name City,Country Total Score Walk Score 1.1 Walkways 1.2 Crosswalk s 1.3 Visually Active Frontage 1.4 Physically Permeabl e Frontage 1.5 Shade and Shelter Cycle Score 2.1 Cycle Network 2.2 Cycle Parking at Transit Stations 2.3 Cycle Parking at Buildings 2.4 Cycle Access in Building Conne ct Score 3.1 Small Blocks 3.2 Prioritize d Connectiv ity Mix Score 5.1 Complem entary Uses 5.2 Accessibili ty to Food 5.3 Affordabl e Housing Densif y Score 6.1 Land Use Density Compa ct Score 7.1 Urban Site 7.2 Transit Options Shift Score 8.1 Off- Street Parking 8.2 Driveway Density 8.3 Roadway Area Central Saint Giles London, UK 99 14 3 3 6 1 1 5 2 1 1 1 15 10 5 15 10 1 4 15 15 15 10 5 20 10 2 8 Hammarby SjÖstad Stockholm, Sweden 94 15 3 3 6 2 1 4 2 1 1 0 15 10 5 10 6 1 3 15 15 15 10 5 20 10 2 8 Vauban Freiburg, Germany 90 13 3 3 6 0 1 4 2 1 1 0 15 10 5 13 10 1 2 15 15 10 6 4 20 10 2 8 Quartier Massena, Paris Rive Gauche Paris, France 90 14 3 3 6 1 1 4 2 0 1 1 13 10 3 15 10 1 4 15 15 15 10 5 14 4 2 8 Liuyun Xiaoqu Guangzhou, China 90 14 3 3 6 2 0 3 1 1 1 0 15 10 5 11 10 1 0 15 15 15 10 5 17 10 2 5 Centro Internacional de BogotáBogotá, Columbia 90 11 3 0 6 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 11 6 5 15 10 1 4 15 15 15 10 5 20 10 2 8 Bo01, Västra Hamnen Malmö, Sweden 90 14 3 3 6 1 1 4 2 1 1 0 15 10 5 11 10 1 0 15 15 11 10 1 20 10 2 8 HafenCity Hamburg, Germany 87 13 3 3 6 0 1 4 2 1 1 0 15 10 5 15 10 1 4 15 15 15 10 5 10 0 2 8 Olympic Village Vancouver, Canada 86 12 3 0 6 2 1 3 2 1 0 0 15 10 5 9 4 1 4 15 15 15 10 5 17 10 2 5                                                             Uptown, Cleveland Cleveland, Ohio, USA 84 14 3 3 6 1 1 3 2 0 1 0 13 10 3 11 10 1 0 15 15 11 6 5 17 10 2 5 Jianwai SOHO Beijing, China 83 12 3 0 6 2 1 5 2 1 1 1 13 10 3 11 10 1 0 15 15 15 10 5 12 10 2 0 GWL Terrein Amsterdam, Netherlands 82 15 3 3 6 2 1 5 2 1 1 1 15 10 5 15 10 1 4 0 0 15 10 5 17 10 2 5 World Trade Center site New York, New York USA 79 13 3 3 6 0 1 2 0 0 1 1 15 10 5 5 4 1 0 15 15 15 10 5 14 4 2 8 Ciudadela El Recreo Bogotá, Colombia 79 5 0 0 0 4 1 4 2 1 0 1 11 10 1 15 10 1 4 15 15 9 6 3 20 10 2 8 Puerto Madero Buenos Aires, Argentina 78 13 3 3 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 15 10 5 11 10 1 0 15 15 14 10 4 10 0 2 8 Pearl District Portland, Oregon, USA 78 15 3 3 6 2 1 2 0 1 1 0 15 10 5 11 6 1 4 15 15 15 10 5 5 3 2 0 New Quay, Docklands Melbourne, Australia 78 14 3 3 5 2 1 3 2 1 0 0 15 10 5 11 10 1 0 15 15 10 6 4 10 0 2 8 Bab Al Bahr Rabat-Salé, Morocco 78 12 3 0 6 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 15 10 5 7 6 1 0 15 15 15 10 5 14 4 2 8 North Battery Park City New York, New York, USA 77 10 3 0 6 0 1 2 0 1 0 1 9 6 3 15 10 1 4 15 15 15 10 5 11 4 2 5 Mission Bay San Francisco, California, 76 11 3 0 6 1 1 2 0 1 0 1 11 6 5 11 6 1 4 15 15 15 10 5 11 1 2 8 Fruitvale Station Village Oakland, California, USA 76 12 3 0 6 2 1 2 0 1 1 0 15 10 5 11 6 1 4 15 15 11 6 5 10 0 2 8 Corvin Budapest. Hungary 76 14 3 3 6 1 1 4 2 0 1 1 15 10 5 11 10 1 0 7 7 15 10 5 10 0 2 8 Reforma 222 México City, México 75 13 3 3 4 2 1 1 0 1 0 0 15 10 5 11 10 1 0 15 15 15 10 5 5 0 0 5 Marina Bay Financial Centre Singapore 74 11 3 0 6 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 15 10 5 11 10 1 0 15 15 11 6 5 11 1 2 8 Wilshire Vermont Station Los Angeles, California, USA 71 13 3 3 6 0 1 2 0 1 1 0 9 6 3 15 10 1 4 15 15 15 10 5 2 0 2 0 Bank of America Building New York, New York, USA 70 12 3 0 6 2 1 2 0 0 1 1 9 6 3 5 0 1 4 15 15 15 10 5 12 10 2 0                                                             Whampoa Garden Hong Kong, China 69 13 3 3 5 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 15 10 5 7 6 1 0 7 7 15 10 5 12 2 2 8 South Lake Union Seattle, Washington, USA 66 10 3 0 6 0 1 4 2 1 1 0 9 6 3 9 4 1 4 7 7 15 10 5 12 10 2 0 Kanyon Mall Istanbul, Turkey 65 10 3 0 6 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 3 11 10 1 0 15 15 14 10 4 10 0 2 8 Neo Superquadra Curitiba, Brazil 63 13 3 3 6 0 1 5 2 1 1 1 3 2 1 7 6 1 0 0 0 15 10 5 20 10 2 8 Grand Gateway 66 Shanghai, China 62 6 3 3 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 0 3 0 3 11 10 1 0 15 15 15 10 5 10 0 2 8 Special West Chelsea District (High Line Upzoning) New York, New York, USA 61 14 3 3 6 1 1 2 0 0 1 1 3 0 3 11 10 1 0 15 15 14 10 4 2 0 2 0 Digital Media City Seoul, South Korea 60 10 3 0 6 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 15 10 5 9 4 1 4 0 0 15 10 5 10 0 2 8 Uptown, Oakland Oakland, California, USA 58 10 3 0 6 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 3 2 1 15 10 1 4 15 15 12 10 2 2 0 2 0 Kronsberg Hanover, Germany 58 13 3 3 6 0 1 4 2 1 1 0 15 10 5 5 0 1 4 0 0 1 1 0 20 10 2 8                                                             Podomoro City Jakarta, Indonesia 53 8 3 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 1 0 1 0 15 15 15 10 5 11 1 2 8 The Mixc Shenzhen, China 50 6 0 0 5 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 11 10 1 0 15 15 15 10 5 2 0 2 0 Metrozone* Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 1 0 15 15 15 10 5 10 0 2 8 Bairro Carioca Rio de Janeiro, Brasil 47 5 3 0 2 0 0 4 2 1 0 1 3 0 3 8 4 0 4 0 0 15 10 5 12 10 2 0 S.E.W.S.H. Scheme, Vadaj* Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India 46 3 0 0 0 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 13 10 3 5 0 1 4 0 0 9 6 3 14 4 2 8 East Liberty station area Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA 46 9 3 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 10 3 9 4 1 4 0 0 15 10 5 0 0 0 0 Empire Estate Pimpri Chinchwad, Maharashtra, India 49 8 0 0 6 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 4 1 2 15 15 14 10 4 5 3 2 0 Águas Claras - DF Brasília, Brazil 45 6 3 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 7 6 1 7 6 1 0 0 0 11 6 5 13 3 2 8 Mitikah Phase 1 México City, México 41 10 3 3 3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 5 11 10 1 0 0 0 15 10 5 0 0 0 0 Rio Vista West San Diego, California, USA 40 10 3 0 6 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 3 0 3 5 4 1 0 15 15 3 3 0 2 0 2 0 Ciudad del Rio Partial Plan* Medellín, Colombia 39 7 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 7 6 1 0 0 0 15 10 5 7 0 2 5 Sikander Bakht Nagar, Behrampur* Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India 37 3 0 0 0 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 5 2 3 9 4 1 4 0 0 7 6 1 11 4 2 5 South End station area Charlotte, North Carolina, USA 36 10 3 0 6 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 3 0 3 4 0 0 4 0 0 8 3 5 10 0 2 8 CETRAM Zapata México City, México 34 4 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 3 2 1 9 4 1 4 0 0 15 10 5 2 0 2 0 SIPCOT Siruseri Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 6 1 5 12 2 2 8 Sikander Bakht Nagar, Behrampur Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India   3 0 0 0 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 5 2 3 9 4 1 4 0 0 7 6 1 11 4 2 5 Ciudad del Rio (partial plan)* Medellín, Colombia   7 3 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3 7 6 1 0 0 0 15 10 5 7 0 2 5 S.E.W.S.H. Scheme, Vadaj (Affordable housing at Vadaj)* Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India   3 0 0 0 2 1 2 2 0 0 0 13 10 3 5 0 1 4 0 0 9 6 3 14 4 2 8 Metrozone* Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India   0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 1 0 15 15 15 10 5 10 0 2 8
  • 36.
    Central  Saint  Giles,  Lond 99  Poi •   An  11-­‐story  office  building  that  has  405,000  P2  of  commercial  space.     •  A  15-­‐story  residenFal  building  with  109  dwelling  units,  half  of  which  are   affordable.     •  A  pedestrian  plaza  located  between  the  two  buildings  at  the  centre  of  the  site is  surrounded  by  24,500P2  of  ground  floor  transparent  retail  &  restaurant  spa
  • 37.
    Strong  land  market    =   •  Developer  gave  land  for  pedestrian  plaza   •  50%  of  residen0al  units  affordable  in  exchange  for  two   more  floors  of  commercial   •  Affordable  housing  requirement  in  Camden’s  site  brief