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- Giardia lamblia is a unicellular parasite that causes giardiasis in humans. It was first observed by Van Leeuwenhoek in 1681 and named after Alfred Giard. - It exists in two forms - a cyst form which is infective, and a trophozoite form which attaches to the small intestine mucosa. The cyst is ingested and the trophozoite emerges to attach and feed. - Symptoms of giardiasis include diarrhea, flatulence, and greasy stool. The infection is common in children and spreads through contaminated food, water, or direct fecal-oral transmission.
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Giardia lamblia
This document discusses Giardia lamblia, a unicellular parasite that causes giardiasis. Some key points:
- G. lamblia was first observed by Van Leeuwenhoek in 1681 and causes traveler's diarrhea or beaver fever. It inhabits the small intestine as a trophozoite attached to the mucosa.
- The infective stage is the cyst, which is ingested through contaminated food or water or from contact with infected flies or food handlers. The cyst contains 4 nuclei and can survive outside the host.
- Symptoms of giardiasis include diarrhea, flatulence, and greasy stool. The infection is common in children. The
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This document discusses the intestinal flagellate Giardia intestinalis. It describes the two stages of G. intestinalis as trophozoite and cyst. The trophozoite is oval to pear shaped and 9-20μm in length. The cyst is 8-18μm in length and contains 4 nuclei. G. intestinalis has a worldwide distribution and causes giardiasis in humans. It is transmitted through ingestion of cysts from contaminated water or food. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and malabsorption. Treatment involves medications like metronidazole. Prevention relies on water filtration and hygiene.
3-_Giardia_lamblia[1].ppt
Giardia lamblia is a protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis. It inhabits the duodenum and upper small intestine where it attaches to the mucosa as trophozoites. The infective stage is the cyst, which can be transmitted through contaminated food or water or via person-to-person contact. Symptoms range from asymptomatic carriage to acute diarrhea.
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Giardia lamblia is a parasite that causes giardiasis in humans. It infects the small intestine where it attaches to the mucosa as a trophozoite. The infective stage is a cyst which can be transmitted through contaminated food or water or by flies and food handlers. The trophozoite is pear shaped with flagella for movement. It reproduces by binary fission and forms cysts which are passed in stool. Symptoms range from asymptomatic carriage to diarrhea and malabsorption depending on host factors. Diagnosis involves stool examination and serology. Treatment is with metronidazole or tinidazole.
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Giardia lamblia
This document discusses Giardia lamblia, a unicellular parasite that causes giardiasis. Some key points:
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- The infective stage is the cyst, which is ingested through contaminated food or water or from contact with infected flies or food handlers. The cyst contains 4 nuclei and can survive outside the host.
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This document discusses the intestinal flagellate Giardia intestinalis. It describes the two stages of G. intestinalis as trophozoite and cyst. The trophozoite is oval to pear shaped and 9-20μm in length. The cyst is 8-18μm in length and contains 4 nuclei. G. intestinalis has a worldwide distribution and causes giardiasis in humans. It is transmitted through ingestion of cysts from contaminated water or food. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and malabsorption. Treatment involves medications like metronidazole. Prevention relies on water filtration and hygiene.
3-_Giardia_lamblia[1].ppt
Giardia lamblia is a protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis. It inhabits the duodenum and upper small intestine where it attaches to the mucosa as trophozoites. The infective stage is the cyst, which can be transmitted through contaminated food or water or via person-to-person contact. Symptoms range from asymptomatic carriage to acute diarrhea.
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Giardia lamblia is a parasite that causes giardiasis in humans. It infects the small intestine where it attaches to the mucosa as a trophozoite. The infective stage is a cyst which can be transmitted through contaminated food or water or by flies and food handlers. The trophozoite is pear shaped with flagella for movement. It reproduces by binary fission and forms cysts which are passed in stool. Symptoms range from asymptomatic carriage to diarrhea and malabsorption depending on host factors. Diagnosis involves stool examination and serology. Treatment is with metronidazole or tinidazole.
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CAPD catheters are flexible plastic tubes inserted into the abdomen to allow dialysis fluid to enter the abdominal cavity and remove toxins from the bloodstream. They have a titanium adapter to securely connect transfer sets or tubing. Transfer sets are used to connect the catheter to bags of dialysis solution and are replaced every 6-9 months. An automated peritoneal dialysis cycler machine fills the abdominal cavity with fresh dialysis solution, allows it to dwell, then drains the used solution automatically overnight while the patient sleeps.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DIALYSIS.pptx
Diffusion and osmosis are processes that allow for the exchange of solutes and fluid across the dialysis membrane during hemodialysis treatment. Diffusion is the movement of solutes down their concentration gradient from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached. Osmosis is the movement of water from high to low concentration areas. Factors like temperature, surface area, and concentration gradients affect diffusion rates. Transmembrane pressure is the difference in pressure across the membrane and can cause alarms if too high or low. Venous pressure and ultrafiltration rates are also monitored during treatment.
Renal Failure.pptx
The document discusses renal failure, including acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure (CRF). It defines renal failure as when the kidneys cannot remove metabolic waste or perform regulatory functions. ARF is a reversible clinical syndrome with sudden loss of kidney function over hours to days. CRF is kidney damage for 3+ months with decreased GFR. CRF management focuses on slowing progression, limiting complications like anemia and bone disease, and preparing for renal replacement therapies like dialysis and transplantation.
AKI and CKD.pptx
AKI and CKD are both conditions affecting kidney function. AKI refers to acute kidney injury and can be caused by factors like sepsis that lead to a rapid decline in kidney function over a period of days. CKD refers to chronic kidney disease, which develops over a period of months or years due to conditions like diabetes or hypertension. The prevalence of CKD stages 3-5 is around 5-7% globally. Mortality from AKI depends on the underlying cause, ranging from low to over 70% when associated with multi-organ failure from sepsis. Management of CKD focuses on slowing progression of disease and treating complications through diet, medication and preparing for renal replacement therapies like dialysis if needed.
Vital signs.pptx
This document discusses vital signs including temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure. It provides details on:
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The key messages are that vital signs must be measured accurately according to standard procedures, documented properly, and any abnormalities reported immediately to the nurse. Regular monitoring of vital signs is important for assessing patient health and detecting changes that may require medical intervention.
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This presentation reviews the WHO guidelines for proper hand hygiene. It discusses that hand hygiene includes cleaning hands with soap and water or alcohol-based hand rub to remove germs. The "who, what, where, when, why and how" of hand hygiene are explained, including that everyone should practice hand hygiene, especially in healthcare settings. The key moments when hand hygiene should be performed are outlined as well as the proper technique.
FRACTURE,WOUND AND SPLINTS NEW.pptx
1) Fractures are breaks in bone continuity that can be complete or partial. Types include simple, compound, complicated, and greenstick fractures.
2) Causes include direct force from impacts or falls, indirect force from twisting motions, and diseases weakening bones.
3) Signs are pain, swelling, deformity, inability to move the injured area, and sometimes hearing a snapping sound.
4) First aid aims to prevent further injury, reduce pain, and prepare for medical transport. Injured areas are immobilized using splints or other supports.
communication -2.pptx
This document discusses effective communication and its importance. It defines effective communication as a two-way process of sending the right message to the right person. It outlines the 7Cs of effective communication: completeness, conciseness, consideration, clarity, concreteness, courtesy and correctness. Barriers to effective communication include lack of skills, sensitivity and knowledge as well as distractions. The document also discusses listening as a key part of communication and provides techniques for active listening such as paraphrasing, summarizing and questioning.
dialysate-160308134708.pdf
Dialysate is the fluid used during dialysis that draws waste and excess fluid from the blood. It has a similar composition to plasma with electrolytes like sodium, chloride, calcium, potassium, and either acetate or bicarbonate. Dialysate prevents essential electrolytes from being removed from the blood and controls water removal during dialysis. The two main types are acetate and bicarbonate dialysate, with bicarbonate being preferred as acetate can cause side effects like hypotension. Dialysate delivery systems carefully blend concentrates and water, monitor dialysate parameters, control flow rates, and disinfect equipment to safely perform dialysis.
bed making new.pptx
This document provides instructions for making occupied, unoccupied, and surgical beds. It discusses the importance of wrinkle-free sheets, hygiene measures when changing sheets, and proper positioning and support of the patient. The steps for making an occupied bed with a patient in it are outlined, including covering the patient, changing soiled linens on one side of the bed before the other, and tucking in the draw sheet at the end. Hospital corners and fan folding techniques are also described.
Aerosols Medication administration.pdf
Aerosol drug administration involves delivering medication via small particles that are inhaled through the lungs. It allows for rapid absorption and localization of drugs to treat conditions like asthma and COPD. Nebulization converts liquid medications into a mist using a nebulizer machine. Metered dose inhalers (MDIs) precisely deliver medication via an aerosol spray with each push of the canister. Proper administration of both requires specific techniques to ensure the patient inhales the full dose.
suturing new.pptx
This document discusses suturing techniques and materials. It begins by outlining the objectives of learning suturing instruments and closure techniques. Various instruments used for suturing like forceps and scissors are described. Different types of needles, suture materials both absorbable and non-absorbable, and whether they are monofilament or braided are explained. Basic suturing techniques like simple interrupted sutures, running sutures, and mattress sutures are outlined. Factors to consider when choosing a suturing technique based on wound type and location are highlighted. Principles of knot tying are reviewed.
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This document provides guidelines for safely transferring critically ill patients, including:
1) Ensuring the patient is stable, appropriately monitored, and secured to the transport trolley before transferring.
2) Completing a risk assessment of the transfer and ensuring staff are trained and the appropriate equipment is available.
3) Documenting important patient information, vital signs during transport, medications, and summarizing the patient's condition for handover at the receiving facility.
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一比一原版(EUR毕业证)鹿特丹伊拉斯姆斯大学毕业证如何办理
EUR毕业证offer【微信95270640】《鹿特丹伊拉斯姆斯大学毕业证书原版制作EUR成绩单》【Q微信95270640】《仿制EUR毕业证成绩单鹿特丹伊拉斯姆斯大学学位证书pdf电子图》，A.为什么留学生需要操作留信认证?
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B.为什么我们提供的毕业证成绩单具有使用价值？
查询留服认证是国内鉴别留学生海外学历的唯一途径，但认证只是个体行为，不是所有留学生都操作，所以没有办理认证的留学生的学历在国内也是查询不到的，他们也仅仅只有一张文凭。所以这时候我们提供的和学校颁发的一模一样的毕业证成绩单，就有了使用价值。
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https://conferencepanel.com/conference/hipaa-training-for-the-compliance-officer-2024-updates
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giardialamblia ppt.pptx
- 1. lamblia Prepared by: NOE P. MENDEZ CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY(CMU) npolomendez@gmail.com
- 2. Giardia lamblia • traveler diarrhea or beaver fever • unicellular parasite • Initially found by Van Leeuwenhoek in 1681 • named after Alfred Mathieu Giard (Clinical Microbiology Review, 2001).
- 3. Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Sarcomastigophora Class: Zoomastigophora Order: Diplomonadida Family: Hexamitidae Genus: Giardia Species: G. lamblia
- 4. Giardia lamblia Mode of infection: Contaminated food or water Flies and food handlers Faeco-oral Trophozoite Causes : Giardiasis in man especially children. Geological Distribution: Cosmopolitan. Habitat : Duodenum, upper part of small intestine, bile ducts and gall bladder as trophozoites attached to the mucosa. D.H: man R.H: animals Infective stage : the cyst. Cyst
- 6. Giardia lamblia Morphology of Cyst stage: Average size 12 X 7 µ Oval with well defined cyst wall Four nuclei present usually at one pole. Includes: axostyle – parabasal bodies – remnants of flagella
- 7. Giardia lamblia Morphology of Trophozoite stage: Average size 15 X 8 µ Pear shaped (broad anteriorly –tapering posteriorly) Convex dorsally –flat ventrally with bilobed anterior concavity (sucking discs) for attachment. Motility by 4 pairs of flagellae (similar to a falling leaf) Two oval nuclei with central karyosome. Two axostyle traversing the body Two rod-shaped parabasal bodies across the axostyle
- 9. Binary fission Enter with food Pass in stool Duodenal mucosa cyst trophozoite
- 11. • Giardia infected patients complain of diarrhoea and flatulence. • Stool of Giardia infected patients is light- coloured and greasy. • G. lamblia infection is common in children. • Giardia cysts are infective to man.
- 12. Muller, J., G. Ruhle, N. Muller, JF. Rossignol and A. Hemphill. 2006.In Vitro Effects of Thiazolides on Giardia lamblia WB Clone C6 Cultured Axenically and in Coculture with Caco2 Cells. American Society for Microbiology.50:1 (162–170). Mohamed, R. 2003. Giardia lamblia.