soil stabilization using burnt municipal solid waste ash is done with varied test being carried out on different proportions of soil and additive which in our case is bottom ash and not fly ash
Soil Stabilization Using Waste Materials in Sri Lankaijtsrd
The uses of automobiles are increasing day by day because of that the waste of tyres increases in Sri Lanka. Safer disposal of rubber tyre waste has become a challenging job in Sri Lanka. As a result of the improper way of disposal, there is a great damage to eco system like air pollution and aesthetic pollution. So that use of their basic properties in engineering applications are become prominent. This investigation has focused on the CBR of soil reinforced with randomly mixed shredded rubber tyre chips and the results will be compared with unreinforced samples. The optimal percentage value of shredded rubber tyre content in soil will be determined using the Standard proctor compaction test and CBR test. Increases in CBR value significantly reduce the total thickness of the pavement and hence the total cost involved in the road projects. H. L. S Sathik | D. De S. Udakara ""Soil Stabilization Using Waste Materials in Sri Lanka"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25147.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/geological-engineering/25147/soil-stabilization-using-waste-materials-in-sri-lanka/h-l-s-sathik
Study on the Properties of Natural Soil Stabilized with Various Percentages o...ijtsrd
This paper presents study of the stabilization of natural soil with lime. Firstly, Soil samples from Madaya Township are collected and several laboratory tests are carried out to determine the characteristics and engineering properties of the studied soil. Then experimental tests have been conducted for the determination of Atterberg limits and California Bearing Ratio CBR values. The studied soil contains more than 50 of silt clay fraction. So, the studied soil is stabilized with lime contents selected as 5 and 10 by weight of natural soil at maximum dry density. When soil samples are mixed with lime, the values of liquid limit, plasticity index and CBR values are changed. These changes are decreased in swelling and shrinking potential of the soil, decreased in the settlement of the pavements, increase in workability and increase in the bearing capacity of the soils. In this study, the CBR values of soil lime mixtures are 71.4 and 64.4 higher than that of studied soil. It can be seen that the CBR value of lime 5 is greater than lime 10 and natural soil. So, soil lime mixture with lime 5 content is suiTablefor soil stabilization of the street, road and highway. Nyein Nyein Thant | Tin Yadanar Kyaw "Study on the Properties of Natural Soil Stabilized with Various Percentages of Lime Contents" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27871.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27871/study-on-the-properties-of-natural-soil-stabilized-with-various-percentages-of-lime-contents/nyein-nyein-thant
soil stabilization using burnt municipal solid waste ash is done with varied test being carried out on different proportions of soil and additive which in our case is bottom ash and not fly ash
Soil Stabilization Using Waste Materials in Sri Lankaijtsrd
The uses of automobiles are increasing day by day because of that the waste of tyres increases in Sri Lanka. Safer disposal of rubber tyre waste has become a challenging job in Sri Lanka. As a result of the improper way of disposal, there is a great damage to eco system like air pollution and aesthetic pollution. So that use of their basic properties in engineering applications are become prominent. This investigation has focused on the CBR of soil reinforced with randomly mixed shredded rubber tyre chips and the results will be compared with unreinforced samples. The optimal percentage value of shredded rubber tyre content in soil will be determined using the Standard proctor compaction test and CBR test. Increases in CBR value significantly reduce the total thickness of the pavement and hence the total cost involved in the road projects. H. L. S Sathik | D. De S. Udakara ""Soil Stabilization Using Waste Materials in Sri Lanka"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25147.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/geological-engineering/25147/soil-stabilization-using-waste-materials-in-sri-lanka/h-l-s-sathik
Study on the Properties of Natural Soil Stabilized with Various Percentages o...ijtsrd
This paper presents study of the stabilization of natural soil with lime. Firstly, Soil samples from Madaya Township are collected and several laboratory tests are carried out to determine the characteristics and engineering properties of the studied soil. Then experimental tests have been conducted for the determination of Atterberg limits and California Bearing Ratio CBR values. The studied soil contains more than 50 of silt clay fraction. So, the studied soil is stabilized with lime contents selected as 5 and 10 by weight of natural soil at maximum dry density. When soil samples are mixed with lime, the values of liquid limit, plasticity index and CBR values are changed. These changes are decreased in swelling and shrinking potential of the soil, decreased in the settlement of the pavements, increase in workability and increase in the bearing capacity of the soils. In this study, the CBR values of soil lime mixtures are 71.4 and 64.4 higher than that of studied soil. It can be seen that the CBR value of lime 5 is greater than lime 10 and natural soil. So, soil lime mixture with lime 5 content is suiTablefor soil stabilization of the street, road and highway. Nyein Nyein Thant | Tin Yadanar Kyaw "Study on the Properties of Natural Soil Stabilized with Various Percentages of Lime Contents" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27871.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27871/study-on-the-properties-of-natural-soil-stabilized-with-various-percentages-of-lime-contents/nyein-nyein-thant
GGBS are added from 0% to 40% by dry weight of soil, first of all check the all
soil property at 0 % (no GGBS) and then compare after addition of GGBS from 10% to 40%. On
the basis of Standard Proctor test & Unconfined Compressive Strength test the optimum
percentage of GGBS is 10%. Investigations showed that generally the engineering properties
which improved with the addition of GGBS. The California bearing ratio of soil increases as the
percentage of GGBS replaced in increase.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Stabilization of Natural Soil with Sand and CementIJSRD
In western Madhya Pradesh generally black cotton soil is found, Black cotton soil is exceptionally feeble and does not have enough steadiness for a development work. On pavement, subgrade layer is the base most layer basic the base form or surface form. To prepare the subgrade soil stable, by enhancing its building properties is extremely rudimentary. In the present study, an adjustment of subgrade soil by using sand and cement i.e. varying the rate of sand and consistent rate of cement by weight of soil is applied to improve the strength of subgrade soil. The grounds for this field is to determine the ideal measurement of the stabilizer, which heightens the effectiveness of soil. Which will be suited for pavement construction. To assess the strength of soil, different test has been performed on the soil. It has been noticed that sand and cement increases the effectiveness of the land.
Soil stabilization can be done in many ways. But the stabilization using waste plastic fibers is an economic method since the stabilizer used here is waste plastic materials, which are easily available. A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids that are moldable.
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This presentation includes in how many ways plastic can be used in soil stabilization. It covers how a waste material can be used without any additional increase in cost.
Theoretical Behaviourof Soil Stability Using Geo Grids.ijceronline
The subgrade of any pavement plays an important role in load bearing and support of traffic in the form of foundation. The present scenario describes that use of geogrid is used to stabilize a soft soil of highway subgrade so that a firm working platform could be provided for pavement construction.It is found that geo-grids placed at 3/5 the distance from the base shows higher CBR value than when placed at 2/5 and 4/5 distances from the base.The first objective of the study is to be the evaluation of the soil properties like particle size, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index to identify as a soft soil. Second objective of the study is to, improve the bearing capacity of soft soil by using flyash, lime, lime/flyash as a admixture and geogrids as a reinforcement. California Baring Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compression (UCC) tests were conducted in the laboratory on the soil
Mainly this presentation covers about how to understand and analyse soil as highway sub-grade material..
discussed about the basic properties of soil, classification of soils, tests to conduct on soil and how soil can be selected as highway material..
GGBS are added from 0% to 40% by dry weight of soil, first of all check the all
soil property at 0 % (no GGBS) and then compare after addition of GGBS from 10% to 40%. On
the basis of Standard Proctor test & Unconfined Compressive Strength test the optimum
percentage of GGBS is 10%. Investigations showed that generally the engineering properties
which improved with the addition of GGBS. The California bearing ratio of soil increases as the
percentage of GGBS replaced in increase.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Stabilization of Natural Soil with Sand and CementIJSRD
In western Madhya Pradesh generally black cotton soil is found, Black cotton soil is exceptionally feeble and does not have enough steadiness for a development work. On pavement, subgrade layer is the base most layer basic the base form or surface form. To prepare the subgrade soil stable, by enhancing its building properties is extremely rudimentary. In the present study, an adjustment of subgrade soil by using sand and cement i.e. varying the rate of sand and consistent rate of cement by weight of soil is applied to improve the strength of subgrade soil. The grounds for this field is to determine the ideal measurement of the stabilizer, which heightens the effectiveness of soil. Which will be suited for pavement construction. To assess the strength of soil, different test has been performed on the soil. It has been noticed that sand and cement increases the effectiveness of the land.
Soil stabilization can be done in many ways. But the stabilization using waste plastic fibers is an economic method since the stabilizer used here is waste plastic materials, which are easily available. A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids that are moldable.
soil stabilizers for sale
soil stabilizer products
spray on soil stabilizer
soil stabilizer equipment
liquid soil stabilizer
soil binder and stabilizer
soil stabilizer polymer
enzyme soil stabilizers
Plastic as a soil stabilizer ppt
interesting civil engineering topics
seminar topics pdf
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
civil engineering ppt
latest civil engineering seminar topics
This presentation includes in how many ways plastic can be used in soil stabilization. It covers how a waste material can be used without any additional increase in cost.
Theoretical Behaviourof Soil Stability Using Geo Grids.ijceronline
The subgrade of any pavement plays an important role in load bearing and support of traffic in the form of foundation. The present scenario describes that use of geogrid is used to stabilize a soft soil of highway subgrade so that a firm working platform could be provided for pavement construction.It is found that geo-grids placed at 3/5 the distance from the base shows higher CBR value than when placed at 2/5 and 4/5 distances from the base.The first objective of the study is to be the evaluation of the soil properties like particle size, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index to identify as a soft soil. Second objective of the study is to, improve the bearing capacity of soft soil by using flyash, lime, lime/flyash as a admixture and geogrids as a reinforcement. California Baring Ratio (CBR) and Unconfined Compression (UCC) tests were conducted in the laboratory on the soil
Mainly this presentation covers about how to understand and analyse soil as highway sub-grade material..
discussed about the basic properties of soil, classification of soils, tests to conduct on soil and how soil can be selected as highway material..
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
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2. Outline
1. Introduction to soil
2. Field of Geotechnical Engineering
3. Various geotechnical parameters
4. Indian standard soil classification system (ISCS)
5. Various laboratory tests
6. Field tests
7. CNS
8. Record test
9. Test frequencies
3. Introduction
• Soil –
- Soil is a substance existing on the earth surface,
which grows and develops plant life
- Soil is the material in the relatively thin surface
zone within which roots occur and all of the rest
of the crust is grouped under the term rock
- Soil is the aggregated or uncemented deposit of
minerals and/or organic particles fragments
covering the large portion of the earth crust
4. • Soil Mechanics-
– Soil mechanics is the application of laws of mechanics and
hydraulics to engineering problems dealing with sediments
and other consolidated accumulations of the solid particles
produced by the mechanical and chemical disintegrations
of rocks regardless of whether or not they contain an
admixture of organic constituents.
• Formation of soil-
– Mechanical
• Physical agencies such as temperature changes,
flowing water, ice, wind, plant and animals.
– Chemical
• Oxidation, hydration, carbonation and leaching by
organic acid and water
5. Field of Geotechnical Engineering
1. Foundation design and construction:
– BC, Settlement, effect of water table and vibration
2. Pavement Design:
– Subsoil, strength, stability
3. Design of underground structures and earth
retaining structures:
– Lateral loading, stability, failure plane
4. Design of embankments and excavations:
– Strength parameters for slope stability, effect of seepage force
5. Design of earth dams:
– Index properties and physical properties
6. Geotechnical Properties
1. Water content
2. Specific gravity
3. Particle size distribution
4. Consistency limits
5. In-situ density
6. Density index
7. Permeability
8. Relative density
9. MDD and OMC
7. Indian Soil Classification System
• 1. Coarse Grained Soils
– More than 50% of total material by weight > 75μ
• 2. Fine Grained Soils
– More than 50% of total material by weight < 75μ
• 3. Highly Organic & other miscellaneous soils
– Contain large % of fibrous organic matter
– Peat, decomposed vegetation particles, shells,
cinders & other non-soil materials
8. • Coarse Grained Soils
– Gravels – more than 50% of coarse fraction > 4.75mm
– Sands – more than 50% of coarse fraction < 4.75mm
• Fine Grained Soils
– Silt & clays of :-
– Low compressibility (L) – Liquid limit < 35%
– Medium compressibility(I) – LL b/w 35% & 50%
– High compressibility(H) – LL > 50%
9. Groups
• Coarse grained soil – 8 groups
• Fine grained soil – 9 groups
• Highly organic and other miscellaneous soils
as separate group
TOTAL = 18 Groups
• Groups are designated by symbols
10. Classification of Coarse Grained Soils
• Gravel (G)
I. Clean Gravel – fines < 5%
1. Well Graded Gravel (GW) – all particle sizes (Cu > 4)
2. Poorly Graded Gravel (GP) – excess or absence of
intermediate particle sizes
II. Dirty Gravel – fines > 12%
1. Silty Gravel (GM) – little fine/no plasticity (Ip < 4)
2. Clayey Gravel (GC) – fines are of low to medium/high
plasticity (Ip > 7)
• Boundary classification – GM-GC (Ip b/w 4 & 7) &
GW-GM, GW-GC, GP-GM (fines 5-12%)
11. • Sand (S)
I. Clean Sand – fines < 5%
• Well graded sand (SW) – Cu > 6 & Cc b/w 1 & 3
• Poorly graded sand (SP)
II. Dirty Sand – fines > 12%
• Silty sand (SM) - Ip < 4
• Clayey sand (SC) - Ip > 7
• Boundary classification SM-SC (Ip b/w 4 & 7) &
SW-SM, SW-SC, SP-SM (fines 5-12%)
• Boundary classification b/w gravel & sand group
GW-SW, GP-SP, GM-SM, GC-SC
12. Classification of Fine Grained Soils
• Low Compressibility (L)
– ML – Inorganic silts of none to low plasticity
– Ip < 4 & Atterberg limits are below A-line
– CL – Inorganic clay of low plasticity
– Ip > 7 & Atterberg limits are above A-line
– OL – Organic silt of low plasticity
– Atterberg limits are below A-line
Ip b/w 4 & 7 : ML-CL
13. • Intermediate Compressibility (I)
– MI – Inorganic silts of medium plasticity
– Atterberg limits are below A-line
– CI – Inorganic clay of medium plasticity
– Atterberg limits are above A-line
– OI – Organic silt of medium plasticity
– Atterberg limits are below A-line
14. • High Compressibility (H)
– MH – Inorganic silts of high plasticity
– Atterberg limits are below A-line
– CH – Inorganic clay of high plasticity
– Atterberg limits are above A-line
– OH – Organic silt of high plasticity
– Atterberg limits are below A-line
15. High Organic Soil
• Peat & other highly organic soils
• Denoted as Pt
• Identified by
– Colour
– Odour
– Spongy feel
– Fibrous texture
17. Geotechnical Laboratory tests
1. Moisture content –
2. Specific Gravity
3. Grain Size analysis
4. Atterberg’s limits- Liquid, Plastic and shrinkage
5. Field density
6. Permeability test
7. Compaction test
8. Relative density test
9. Consolidation test
10. Shear strength parameter test
18. Geotechnical field test
1. Placement moisture content test
2. Field permeability test
3. Standard penetration test
24. Minimum mass of moist material selected to be
representative of the total samples:
25.
26. Specific Gravity
• Specific gravity, Gs, of soil solids is the ratio of
the density of the aggregate soil solids to the
density of water.
• The procedure employs Archimedes’s principle
“A body submerged in water will displace a volume of
water equal to its own volume.”
29. Grain Size Analysis
– Mechanical Method : Dry and Wet
– Hydrometer method
• The knowledge of sizes of solid particles
comprising a certain soil type and their relative
proportion is useful because it is used in;
1. Soils classification
2. Soil filter design
3. Predictions the behavior of a soil with respect to
shear strength, settlement and permeability
30. • 4.75 mm, 2.36 mm,
1.18mm, 0.6mm, 0.425
mm, 0.300mm, 0.150
mm, 0.075 mm
31.
32. Sieve Analysis
• D60 - the diameter corresponding to 60% finer
in the particle-size distribution curve
• D10 – effective size
• Cu – coefficient of gradation
– More than 4 - Well graded gravel
– More than 6 – Well graded sand
• Cc – coefficient of curvature
– Between 1 -3 : Well graded gravel and sand
33.
34.
35.
36. Atterberg’s limits
• Atterberg Limits
– Liquid Limit, LL
– Plastic Limit, PL
– Shrinkage limits, SL
• Soil Classification
– Indian Soil Classification System (ISCS)
• The soil consistency is used as a practical and an
inexpensive way to distinguish between silts and clays
• Plasticity property is important because it describes
the response of a soil to change in moisture content
37. • Water Content Significantly affects properties
of Silty and Clayey soils (unlike sand and
gravel)
– Strength decreases as water content increases
– Soils swell-up when water content increases
– Fine-grained soils at very high water content
possess properties similar to liquids
– As the water content is reduced, the volume of
the soil decreases and the soils become plastic
– If the water content is further reduced, the soil
becomes semi-solid when the volume does not
change
38. Four states are used to describe the soil consistency;
solid, semi-solid, plastic and liquid
39. • Liquid Limit (LL) is defined as the moisture content at
which soil begins to behave as a liquid material and
begins to flow
– (Liquid limit of a fine-grained soil gives the moisture content
at which the shear strength of the soil is approximately
2.5kN/m2)
• Plastic Limit (PL) is defined as the moisture content at
which soil begins to behave as a plastic material
• Shrinkage Limit (SL) is defined as the moisture content
at which no further volume change occurs with further
reduction in moisture content.
– (SL represents the amount of water required to fully
saturate the soil (100% saturation))
41. .
The water content corresponding to 25 blows shows the liquid
limit.
• The liquid limit is
determined by
plotting the graph
on the semi-log
graph between the
number of blows
as abscissa on a
logarithmic and
water content as
ordinate
42.
43.
44. Plastic Limit (PL)
• The moisture content (%) at which the soil
when rolled into threads of 3.2mm (1/8 in) in
diameter, will crumble.
• Plastic limit is the lower limit of the plastic
stage of soil
• Plasticity Index (PI) is the difference between
the liquid limit and plastic limit of a soil
45. • Plasticity Index is the difference
between the liquid limit and
plastic limit of a soil
• PI = LL – PL
• After finding LL and PI use
plasticity chart to classify the
soil
46.
47.
48. Atterberg Indices
• Plasticity index, I p = WL - WP
• flow index,
• Toughness index, IT= IP/IF
• Consistency index, IC= (WL-W)/IP
• Liquidity index, IL= (W-WP)/IP
52. Sand Replacement Method
• Calibration of sand density
• Pit excavation
• Determination of volume of pit
• Determination of density
53.
54. Permeability
• Permeability is the measure of the soil’s ability to
permit water to flow through its pores or voids
• The following applications illustrate the importance of
permeability in geotechnical design:
– Permeability influences the rate of settlement of a
saturated soil under load.
– The design of earth dams is very much based upon the
permeability of the soils used.
– The stability of slopes and retaining structures can be
greatly affected by the permeability of the soils involved.
– Filters made of soils are designed based upon their
permeability.
55. • Knowledge of the permeability properties of soil
is necessary to:
– Estimating the quantity of underground seepage
– Solving problems involving pumping seepage water
from construction excavation
– Stability analyses of earth structures and earth
retaining walls subjected to seepage forces
• k is determined in the lab using two methods:
– Constant-Head Test
– Falling-Head Test
• K is usually expressed in cm/sec
• Hydraulic conductivity is also known as the
coefficient or permeability
61. Compaction Test
• In construction of highway embankments, earth
dams and many other engineering structures, loose
soils must be compacted to improve their strength
by increasing their unit weight
62. • As compaction increases, the following occurs:
– Increase soil strength
– Increase bearing capacity
– Decrease potential for settlement
– Control undesirable volume changes
– Reduction in hydraulic conductivity
63. Compaction Curve
• Compaction curve plotted
dry density vs. water
content
• The peak of the curve is the
Maximum Compaction at
Optimum Moisture Content
65. Compaction energy per unit volume
Standard Proctor Test
• 945 cc mould
• 2.6 kg hammer
• 300 mm drop
• 3 layers of soil
• 25 blows / layer
Modified Proctor Test
• 945 cc mould
• 4.89 kg hammer
• 450 mm drop
• 5 layers of soil
• 25 blows / layer
66.
67.
68. Relative density
• The ratio of difference between the void ratio
of the soil in its loosest state and its natural
void ratio to the difference between the void
ratios in the loosest and densest states:
ID=
𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥
−𝑒
𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥
−𝑒𝑚𝑖 𝑛
69. Measurement of Field Compaction
• Most common methods are
• Proctor needle method
• Sand Cone method
• Rubber Balloon method
72. Types of Consolidation
• There are three types of consolidation:
– Immediate consolidation; caused by elastic
deformation of dry soil or moist and saturated soil
without change in moisture content
– Primary consolidation; caused as a result of volume
change in saturated cohesive soils due to exclusion of
water occupied the void spaces
– Secondary consolidation; occurs in saturated cohesive
soils as a result of the plastic adjustment of soil fabrics
73. 1- D Consolidation Test
• The main purpose of consolidation tests is to obtain
soil data which is used in predicting the rate and
amount of settlement of structures founded on clay
• The four most important soil properties determined by
a consolidation test are:
– The pre-consolidation stress, This is the maximum stress
that the soil has “felt” in the past.
– The compression index, Cc , which indicates the
compressibility of a normally-consolidated soil.
– The recompression index, Cr , which indicates the
compressibility of an over-consolidated soil.
– The coefficient of consolidation, Cv , which indicates the
rate of compression under a load increment.
74. Consolidation Test
• Two types of
consolidometers
(oedometers)
commonly used:
– Floating-ring
– Fixed ring
75. 1. Place sample in ring
2. Apply load
3. Measure height change
4. Repeat for new load
76. • Determine the height of solids (Hs) of the specimen in
the mold
• Determine the change in height (∆H)
• Determine the final specimen height, Ht(f)
• Determine the height of voids (Hv)
• Determine the final void ratio
• Calculate the coefficient of consolidation (Cv) from t90
• Calculate the coefficient of consolidation (Cv) from t50
• Plot e-log p curve and find:
– бc, Cc, Cr
• Plot cv – log p curves
77.
78.
79. Shear Strength
• The strength of a material is the greatest
stress it can sustain
• The safety of any geotechnical structure is
dependent on the strength of the soil
• If the soil fails, the structure founded on it can
collapse
81. Significance of Shear Strength
• Engineers must understand the nature of
shearing resistance in order to analyze soil
stability problems such as;
– Bearing capacity
– Slope stability
– Lateral earth pressure on earth-retaining
structures
– Pavement
82. • Soil derives its shear strength from two
sources:
– Cohesion between particles (stress independent
component)
• Cementation between sand grains
• Electrostatic attraction between clay particles
– Frictional resistance between particles (stress
dependent component)
83. • Mohr-Coulomb Failure Criteria
– This theory states that a material fails because of a
critical combination of normal stress and shear
stress, and not from their either maximum normal
or shear stress alone.
• The relationship between normal stress and
shear is given as
84. Direct Shear Test
• Direct shear test is Quick and Inexpensive
• Shortcoming is that it fails the soil on a
designated plane which may not be the
weakest one
• Used to determine the shear strength of both
cohesive as well as non-cohesive soils
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91. Tri-axial Shear Test
• Advantages over DST
– More Versatile
– Drainage can be well controlled
– There is no rotation of the
principal stresses like the direct
shear test
– Also the failure plane can occur
anywhere
• The test is called "triaxial"
because the three principal
stresses are assumed to be
known and are controlled.
92. Soil Shear Strength under Drained and
Undrained Conditions
• Drained conditions occur when rate at which loads are
applied are slow compared to rates at which soil
material can drain (k - dependent)
• Sands drain fast; therefore under most loading
conditions drained conditions exist in sands
– Exceptions: pile driving, earthquake loading in fine sands
• In clays, drainage does not occur quickly; therefore
excess pore water pressure does not dissipate quickly
• Therefore, in clays the short-term shear strength may
correspond to undrained conditions
• Even in clays, long-term shear strength is estimated
assuming drained conditions
93. Types of Tests
• There are three types of tests:
– Unconsolidated-undrained (UU or Q) Test
– Consolidated-undrained (CU or R) Test
– Consolidated-drained (CD or S) Test
– Unconfined Compression (UC) Test