Geography Apps
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This document lists several geography education apps including Google Earth, Atlas of the World, The World HD, and interactive maps and globe apps that provide maps, facts, and geography games. It also mentions flag, compass, and travel guide apps as well as apps about urbanization, climate, weather, and deserts that can be used to teach various geography topics.
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GOOGLE EARTH INTRODUCTION
Google Maps began as a keyhole.com project funded by the CIA to make satellite imagery accessible. It was acquired by Google and developed to include street maps, business listings, and navigation functions accessible on computers and mobile devices. Google Maps has expanded to include specialized versions like Google Sky, Google Mars, and marine mapping, using data from space agencies, oceanographers, and third party sources. It remains one of Google's most popular and widely used products.
INQUIRY BASED LEARNING
This document discusses using Google Earth in the classroom. Google Earth is free software that allows users to explore satellite views of Earth and access photos, facts and videos about different locations. It sparks curiosity about the world and students can even view their own neighborhoods from above. Google Earth is easy to use and presents information in a geographic context, making it suitable for inquiry-based learning across subjects. It functions as a research tool and has tools like search, layers, historical imagery and rulers that allow exploring and measuring locations. The document provides examples of how teachers can create tours and lessons using the different features of Google Earth.
Geography basics
Tools used in geography include maps, globes, GPS, remote sensing, and GIS. Maps show physical features and are printed on paper, while globes model the spherical earth accurately. GPS uses satellite distances to determine position. Remote sensing studies objects from afar using tools like aerial photography. GIS digitally analyzes and displays geographic data, allowing overlay of different data layers.
OGA 2013 presentation
This document discusses story maps, which are maps that tell a narrative or story. It provides examples of existing story maps on topics like hurricanes, history, and disasters at sea. It also outlines new tools for creating story maps, including licenses for ArcGIS software and online resources for learning how to make story maps. The document encourages attendees to learn how to create their own story maps.
GIS and GPS - Presentation to 4th graders at King Kaumualii Elementary School
GIS and GPS - Presentation to 4th graders at King Kaumualii Elementary SchoolHawaii Geographic Information Coordinating Council
Maps have been used for many purposes throughout history, from depicting the heavens and earth in ancient times to recording journeys. Modern maps serve various functions such as showing locations, changes over time, comparisons between places, and stories or itineraries. Today, geographic information systems (GIS) and global positioning systems (GPS) enable highly accurate digital maps by gathering data about the world via satellites. Key components of maps include legends, north arrows, and scale bars, while GPS units and GIS software are important mapping tools.Olimem enterprises
A geographic information system (GIS) is a tool that captures, stores, analyzes and presents geographical data. GIS can be used for problem solving, decision making and visualization of spatial data. Key components of GIS include remote sensing, which detects physical characteristics of areas from a distance using imagery, and mapping tools. GIS has various applications such as urban planning, transportation, environmental impact analysis, agriculture, natural resource management, and asset management for local authorities.
Gis and gps
GIS stands for Geographic Information Systems and is a computer system that stores geographic data in a database. It integrates hardware, software, and data to capture, manage, analyze and display geographically referenced information. GPS stands for Global Positioning System and is a worldwide radio navigation system that uses satellites as reference points to calculate positions on Earth accurate to within feet or inches. GIS is primarily used to record and maintain large amounts of geographic data, produce customized maps, and allow analysis and comparison of location information.
Gis gps
This document provides an overview of GIS and GPS technology. It defines GIS as a software system that combines maps with spatially referenced data for analysis and presentation. GIS uses different layers to represent features on maps and link data to locations. GPS is a satellite-based system that determines location using signals from orbiting satellites. When combined with GIS, GPS and GIS allow users to capture, analyze and display geospatial data to support decision making.
Recommended
GOOGLE EARTH INTRODUCTION
Google Maps began as a keyhole.com project funded by the CIA to make satellite imagery accessible. It was acquired by Google and developed to include street maps, business listings, and navigation functions accessible on computers and mobile devices. Google Maps has expanded to include specialized versions like Google Sky, Google Mars, and marine mapping, using data from space agencies, oceanographers, and third party sources. It remains one of Google's most popular and widely used products.
INQUIRY BASED LEARNING
This document discusses using Google Earth in the classroom. Google Earth is free software that allows users to explore satellite views of Earth and access photos, facts and videos about different locations. It sparks curiosity about the world and students can even view their own neighborhoods from above. Google Earth is easy to use and presents information in a geographic context, making it suitable for inquiry-based learning across subjects. It functions as a research tool and has tools like search, layers, historical imagery and rulers that allow exploring and measuring locations. The document provides examples of how teachers can create tours and lessons using the different features of Google Earth.
Geography basics
Tools used in geography include maps, globes, GPS, remote sensing, and GIS. Maps show physical features and are printed on paper, while globes model the spherical earth accurately. GPS uses satellite distances to determine position. Remote sensing studies objects from afar using tools like aerial photography. GIS digitally analyzes and displays geographic data, allowing overlay of different data layers.
OGA 2013 presentation
This document discusses story maps, which are maps that tell a narrative or story. It provides examples of existing story maps on topics like hurricanes, history, and disasters at sea. It also outlines new tools for creating story maps, including licenses for ArcGIS software and online resources for learning how to make story maps. The document encourages attendees to learn how to create their own story maps.
GIS and GPS - Presentation to 4th graders at King Kaumualii Elementary School
GIS and GPS - Presentation to 4th graders at King Kaumualii Elementary SchoolHawaii Geographic Information Coordinating Council
Maps have been used for many purposes throughout history, from depicting the heavens and earth in ancient times to recording journeys. Modern maps serve various functions such as showing locations, changes over time, comparisons between places, and stories or itineraries. Today, geographic information systems (GIS) and global positioning systems (GPS) enable highly accurate digital maps by gathering data about the world via satellites. Key components of maps include legends, north arrows, and scale bars, while GPS units and GIS software are important mapping tools.Olimem enterprises
A geographic information system (GIS) is a tool that captures, stores, analyzes and presents geographical data. GIS can be used for problem solving, decision making and visualization of spatial data. Key components of GIS include remote sensing, which detects physical characteristics of areas from a distance using imagery, and mapping tools. GIS has various applications such as urban planning, transportation, environmental impact analysis, agriculture, natural resource management, and asset management for local authorities.
Gis and gps
GIS stands for Geographic Information Systems and is a computer system that stores geographic data in a database. It integrates hardware, software, and data to capture, manage, analyze and display geographically referenced information. GPS stands for Global Positioning System and is a worldwide radio navigation system that uses satellites as reference points to calculate positions on Earth accurate to within feet or inches. GIS is primarily used to record and maintain large amounts of geographic data, produce customized maps, and allow analysis and comparison of location information.
Gis gps
This document provides an overview of GIS and GPS technology. It defines GIS as a software system that combines maps with spatially referenced data for analysis and presentation. GIS uses different layers to represent features on maps and link data to locations. GPS is a satellite-based system that determines location using signals from orbiting satellites. When combined with GIS, GPS and GIS allow users to capture, analyze and display geospatial data to support decision making.
Geographic Information System and use in Agriculture
This document defines and describes Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It states that GIS combines location data (latitude and longitude) with other information to yield useful knowledge, often in the form of colored maps and images. A GIS is a set of tools used for collecting, storing, manipulating, retrieving, transforming, and displaying spatial data from the real world. The document provides examples of how GIS can be used to make maps, track pests/diseases, monitor crops, predict yields, and analyze soils. It also outlines some advantages like improved data accuracy and analysis, and disadvantages such as high costs and difficulties integrating with traditional maps.
Using geobrowsers for thematic mapping
The document discusses using geobrowsers for thematic mapping. It examines the current capabilities of geobrowsers like Google Earth and Google Maps for thematic mapping. It also explores how thematic mapping could be better supported in geobrowsers through techniques like choropleth maps, proportional symbol maps, and using the third dimension. The author developed a Thematic Mapping Engine to generate thematic maps in geobrowsers using open data and standards.
How Lanyrd does Geo
This document discusses the features of an event discovery and recommendation website. It uses MapBox maps, suggests events based on contacts and interests, and shows event details pages. Users can track topics by location and the site has a hierarchical place database. It provides rich snippets, GeoRSS feeds, and supports search within areas by indexing the place hierarchy. Events have primary venues to plot on maps and the site integrates with Foursquare.
Google map
Google Maps is a web mapping service developed by Google that offers satellite imagery, aerial photography, street maps, 360° interactive panoramic street views, real-time traffic conditions, and route planning capabilities. It was originally created as a desktop program in C++ but was later acquired by Google in 2004 and converted into a web application, launching in 2005 with additional features. Google Maps satellite view uses high-resolution aerial photography of cities taken from low-flying aircraft as well as satellite imagery.
GPS and GIS
This document provides an overview of GPS and GIS technologies. It explains how GPS works using satellites and receivers to calculate location via trilateration. It discusses different receiver types and common data protocols like NMEA 0183. It also describes popular mapping systems, map servers, and map data formats. Google Maps API is introduced for embedding maps. Putting the pieces together, a sample application is outlined that uses a GPS receiver and Gpsd to plot locations on a Google Map.
Geographic information system
A geographic information system (GIS) is a framework for gathering, managing, and analyzing data. Rooted in the science of geography, GIS integrates many types of data. It analyzes spatial location and organizes layers of information into visualizations using maps and 3D scenes
F:\Work\Gps & Gis\Gps
GPS stands for Global Positioning System and GIS stands for Geographic Information System. GPS uses satellites to determine location and is free for users. GIS allows users to store, visualize, and manipulate location data collected from GPS and other sources. GPS provides location data that GIS uses to overlay information on maps in layers, such as soil types and land boundaries. Collecting point features for GIS involves remaining stationary with GPS logging software to average positions and compute the location.
An Ocean of Story Maps
Presented as a 2015 Ecosystem Based Management Tools Webinar and also as a paper at the 2015 Coastal GeoTools Conference, North Charleston, SC.
The story map is a relatively new medium for sharing not only data, photos, videos, sounds, and maps, but for telling a specific and compelling story by way of that content. Story map apps provide the user with sophisticated cartographic functionality that does not require advanced training in cartography or GIS. Story maps are essentially web map applications built from web maps, which in turn are built from web-accessible data (including OGC WMS, WFS). Depending on the chosen complexity of a story map, it can be built in anywhere from a few minutes to a few days. With the beauty and utility of underlays such as the Esri Ocean Basemap, as well as a small tsunami of ocean content percolating up through a host of open data sites, there are powerful stories being told about coastal zone management, conservation, exploration and other forms of scientific field work. These stories are informing, educating, entertaining, and inspiring decision-makers on a wide variety of coastal issues. This presentation will take the audience on a small tour of a growing catalog of coastal and ocean story maps, many of which are accessible via MarineCadastre.gov and NOAA’s Digital Coast. It will also highlight the various resources available for building and deploying story maps, and discuss the utility of this medium for presenting, not just photos and videos, but more analytical results. Learn more about Story Maps at http://storymaps.esri.com.
This webinar was presented by Dawn Wright, Chief Scientist at Esri, along with Jenny Lentz, Education Specialist at the Aquarium of the Pacific. Slides here are Dawn Wright portion only.
Introduction to GIS and its Applications
GIS is a computer system for capturing, storing, analyzing and displaying geographic information. It allows users to integrate digital maps, aerial photos, satellite images and GPS data. The presentation introduces GIS components, data models, how GIS works in a 5 step process, and examples of GIS applications for 3D city modeling, traffic simulation, watershed delineation and political analysis. It also discusses the ArcGIS software suite, including ArcMap for mapping, ArcCatalog for data management and ArcToolbox for geoprocessing tools.
Gis
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a system of computer software, hardware, and data that helps users manipulate, analyze, and present spatial information. GIS turns data into information by allowing users to visualize, analyze, and interact with spatial data linked to locations. Common uses of GIS include emergency services, environmental monitoring, business site selection, transportation planning, and more. GIS combines data from various sources and allows users to ask questions of and get insights from the interactive maps and databases.
Arnold webuquerque20110302
Local GIS/GPS specialist Lisa Arnold will introduce you to geographic information systems and demonstrate how to translate geographic information onto the web:
* Why geographic location — "where" — matters
* Options available for delivering maps on the web
* Focus on ESRI's ArcGIS mapping software utilizing the ArcGIS API for Flex.
What is GIS?
The document provides definitions and examples of what a Geographic Information System (GIS) is. It discusses how GIS involves tools to collect, manage, use, share and interpret spatial data to understand relationships and patterns. A GIS allows users to visualize, analyze and draw conclusions from geographical data. While GIS often involves computer software and hardware, it does not necessarily require technology, as paper maps and mental maps can also serve as GIS.
SoTM2012 Tokyo presentation
1) The document introduces a web site created by Yoichi Kayama to provide public information about a disaster using open source tools and open data.
2) The site included satellite images, oblique photos of damage areas, and results from image analysis displayed on an OSM map. It also included a search function to find related disaster information by address.
3) Using open data, open source software, and cloud computing allowed the site to be created quickly to benefit the public in the aftermath of a major earthquake in Japan.
Special Instruments in Surveying
This document discusses surveying instruments and special instruments. It begins by defining surveying as determining relative positions on Earth's surface by measuring horizontal distances and preparing a map. Levelling is defined as determining relative vertical distances.
The document then lists conventional instruments like the transit theodolite and prismatic compass. Advanced instruments discussed include digital theodolite, digital planimeter, and total station.
Special instruments are then listed and described in more detail, including the site square for setting points at right angles, pentagraph for mirror imaging drawings, auto-set level as an advanced dumpy level, transit level, Brunton compass, and mountain compass transit.
Geoinformatics 2019
This Slide don't give answers for the question that asked in your exam. But it help for the one who wants explore geoinformatics.
Computer application in geography
Computer technology has revolutionized the field of geography. Computers are now used in every field, including geography, to perform specific tasks and make work easier. Geography involves the spatial study of the Earth and human interaction, and computers help geographers process, store, and analyze large amounts of geographic data through technologies like GIS and tools that allow for digital processing of satellite imagery. Computers have also improved how geographic research is conducted and taught by facilitating faster data analysis and sharing of information.
GIS and GPS - applications in civil engg
GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that provides location data worldwide. It uses a constellation of satellites that orbit the Earth every 11 hours and 58 minutes, providing 24-hour 3D coverage. GPS is used for navigation, land surveying, tracking vehicles and individuals, and guiding missiles. GIS is a computer-based technology that stores, retrieves, maps, and analyzes geographic data for applications like transportation planning, environmental impact assessments, resource management, and disaster response. GIS integrates different data layers to allow analysis and visualization of spatial patterns, trends, and relationships.
How to play with maps @ 20180321 Google sharing
This document provides an introduction to working with maps and geographic information systems (GIS). It discusses different types of map data like points, lines and polygons, as well as common coordinate systems. It also introduces several popular map APIs and tools for visualizing spatial data, including Google Maps, Mapbox and OpenStreetMap. Examples are given of using maps for applications like navigation, location tracking and statistical analysis of regional data. Questions about working with maps and spatial data are welcomed.
World At Night
The document discusses satellite photos of Earth at night taken by NASA. While often called photos, the images are actually compiled from data collected by weather satellites. The maps show the geographical distribution of cities around the world, with concentrations visible in Europe, eastern USA, Japan, India, and eastern China. These nighttime images provide a view of geography based on patterns of outdoor lighting electricity consumption.
UCT GIS Labs
The document discusses what geospatial data is, noting that practically all data has some spatial attribute or context since everything happens somewhere. It explains that geospatial data can come from existing datasets or be created by geocoding or geo-tagging data to assign it spatial coordinates or locations. The document also outlines different ways geospatial data can be mapped, analyzed, shared, and referenced for use in geographic information systems.
Reino animalia
O documento apresenta informações sobre os poríferos e cnidários, pertencentes ao reino animal. Detalha que os poríferos, como as esponjas, vivem fixos e se reproduzem sexuada ou assexuadamente, enquanto os cnidários incluem hidras, medusas e corais, se alimentam de crustáceos e se reproduzem sexuada ou assexuadamente. Também destaca a importância dos recifes de corais no ambiente marinho.
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Geographic Information System and use in Agriculture
This document defines and describes Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It states that GIS combines location data (latitude and longitude) with other information to yield useful knowledge, often in the form of colored maps and images. A GIS is a set of tools used for collecting, storing, manipulating, retrieving, transforming, and displaying spatial data from the real world. The document provides examples of how GIS can be used to make maps, track pests/diseases, monitor crops, predict yields, and analyze soils. It also outlines some advantages like improved data accuracy and analysis, and disadvantages such as high costs and difficulties integrating with traditional maps.
Using geobrowsers for thematic mapping
The document discusses using geobrowsers for thematic mapping. It examines the current capabilities of geobrowsers like Google Earth and Google Maps for thematic mapping. It also explores how thematic mapping could be better supported in geobrowsers through techniques like choropleth maps, proportional symbol maps, and using the third dimension. The author developed a Thematic Mapping Engine to generate thematic maps in geobrowsers using open data and standards.
How Lanyrd does Geo
This document discusses the features of an event discovery and recommendation website. It uses MapBox maps, suggests events based on contacts and interests, and shows event details pages. Users can track topics by location and the site has a hierarchical place database. It provides rich snippets, GeoRSS feeds, and supports search within areas by indexing the place hierarchy. Events have primary venues to plot on maps and the site integrates with Foursquare.
Google map
Google Maps is a web mapping service developed by Google that offers satellite imagery, aerial photography, street maps, 360° interactive panoramic street views, real-time traffic conditions, and route planning capabilities. It was originally created as a desktop program in C++ but was later acquired by Google in 2004 and converted into a web application, launching in 2005 with additional features. Google Maps satellite view uses high-resolution aerial photography of cities taken from low-flying aircraft as well as satellite imagery.
GPS and GIS
This document provides an overview of GPS and GIS technologies. It explains how GPS works using satellites and receivers to calculate location via trilateration. It discusses different receiver types and common data protocols like NMEA 0183. It also describes popular mapping systems, map servers, and map data formats. Google Maps API is introduced for embedding maps. Putting the pieces together, a sample application is outlined that uses a GPS receiver and Gpsd to plot locations on a Google Map.
Geographic information system
A geographic information system (GIS) is a framework for gathering, managing, and analyzing data. Rooted in the science of geography, GIS integrates many types of data. It analyzes spatial location and organizes layers of information into visualizations using maps and 3D scenes
F:\Work\Gps & Gis\Gps
GPS stands for Global Positioning System and GIS stands for Geographic Information System. GPS uses satellites to determine location and is free for users. GIS allows users to store, visualize, and manipulate location data collected from GPS and other sources. GPS provides location data that GIS uses to overlay information on maps in layers, such as soil types and land boundaries. Collecting point features for GIS involves remaining stationary with GPS logging software to average positions and compute the location.
An Ocean of Story Maps
Presented as a 2015 Ecosystem Based Management Tools Webinar and also as a paper at the 2015 Coastal GeoTools Conference, North Charleston, SC.
The story map is a relatively new medium for sharing not only data, photos, videos, sounds, and maps, but for telling a specific and compelling story by way of that content. Story map apps provide the user with sophisticated cartographic functionality that does not require advanced training in cartography or GIS. Story maps are essentially web map applications built from web maps, which in turn are built from web-accessible data (including OGC WMS, WFS). Depending on the chosen complexity of a story map, it can be built in anywhere from a few minutes to a few days. With the beauty and utility of underlays such as the Esri Ocean Basemap, as well as a small tsunami of ocean content percolating up through a host of open data sites, there are powerful stories being told about coastal zone management, conservation, exploration and other forms of scientific field work. These stories are informing, educating, entertaining, and inspiring decision-makers on a wide variety of coastal issues. This presentation will take the audience on a small tour of a growing catalog of coastal and ocean story maps, many of which are accessible via MarineCadastre.gov and NOAA’s Digital Coast. It will also highlight the various resources available for building and deploying story maps, and discuss the utility of this medium for presenting, not just photos and videos, but more analytical results. Learn more about Story Maps at http://storymaps.esri.com.
This webinar was presented by Dawn Wright, Chief Scientist at Esri, along with Jenny Lentz, Education Specialist at the Aquarium of the Pacific. Slides here are Dawn Wright portion only.
Introduction to GIS and its Applications
GIS is a computer system for capturing, storing, analyzing and displaying geographic information. It allows users to integrate digital maps, aerial photos, satellite images and GPS data. The presentation introduces GIS components, data models, how GIS works in a 5 step process, and examples of GIS applications for 3D city modeling, traffic simulation, watershed delineation and political analysis. It also discusses the ArcGIS software suite, including ArcMap for mapping, ArcCatalog for data management and ArcToolbox for geoprocessing tools.
Gis
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a system of computer software, hardware, and data that helps users manipulate, analyze, and present spatial information. GIS turns data into information by allowing users to visualize, analyze, and interact with spatial data linked to locations. Common uses of GIS include emergency services, environmental monitoring, business site selection, transportation planning, and more. GIS combines data from various sources and allows users to ask questions of and get insights from the interactive maps and databases.
Arnold webuquerque20110302
Local GIS/GPS specialist Lisa Arnold will introduce you to geographic information systems and demonstrate how to translate geographic information onto the web:
* Why geographic location — "where" — matters
* Options available for delivering maps on the web
* Focus on ESRI's ArcGIS mapping software utilizing the ArcGIS API for Flex.
What is GIS?
The document provides definitions and examples of what a Geographic Information System (GIS) is. It discusses how GIS involves tools to collect, manage, use, share and interpret spatial data to understand relationships and patterns. A GIS allows users to visualize, analyze and draw conclusions from geographical data. While GIS often involves computer software and hardware, it does not necessarily require technology, as paper maps and mental maps can also serve as GIS.
SoTM2012 Tokyo presentation
1) The document introduces a web site created by Yoichi Kayama to provide public information about a disaster using open source tools and open data.
2) The site included satellite images, oblique photos of damage areas, and results from image analysis displayed on an OSM map. It also included a search function to find related disaster information by address.
3) Using open data, open source software, and cloud computing allowed the site to be created quickly to benefit the public in the aftermath of a major earthquake in Japan.
Special Instruments in Surveying
This document discusses surveying instruments and special instruments. It begins by defining surveying as determining relative positions on Earth's surface by measuring horizontal distances and preparing a map. Levelling is defined as determining relative vertical distances.
The document then lists conventional instruments like the transit theodolite and prismatic compass. Advanced instruments discussed include digital theodolite, digital planimeter, and total station.
Special instruments are then listed and described in more detail, including the site square for setting points at right angles, pentagraph for mirror imaging drawings, auto-set level as an advanced dumpy level, transit level, Brunton compass, and mountain compass transit.
Geoinformatics 2019
This Slide don't give answers for the question that asked in your exam. But it help for the one who wants explore geoinformatics.
Computer application in geography
Computer technology has revolutionized the field of geography. Computers are now used in every field, including geography, to perform specific tasks and make work easier. Geography involves the spatial study of the Earth and human interaction, and computers help geographers process, store, and analyze large amounts of geographic data through technologies like GIS and tools that allow for digital processing of satellite imagery. Computers have also improved how geographic research is conducted and taught by facilitating faster data analysis and sharing of information.
GIS and GPS - applications in civil engg
GPS is a satellite-based navigation system that provides location data worldwide. It uses a constellation of satellites that orbit the Earth every 11 hours and 58 minutes, providing 24-hour 3D coverage. GPS is used for navigation, land surveying, tracking vehicles and individuals, and guiding missiles. GIS is a computer-based technology that stores, retrieves, maps, and analyzes geographic data for applications like transportation planning, environmental impact assessments, resource management, and disaster response. GIS integrates different data layers to allow analysis and visualization of spatial patterns, trends, and relationships.
How to play with maps @ 20180321 Google sharing
This document provides an introduction to working with maps and geographic information systems (GIS). It discusses different types of map data like points, lines and polygons, as well as common coordinate systems. It also introduces several popular map APIs and tools for visualizing spatial data, including Google Maps, Mapbox and OpenStreetMap. Examples are given of using maps for applications like navigation, location tracking and statistical analysis of regional data. Questions about working with maps and spatial data are welcomed.
World At Night
The document discusses satellite photos of Earth at night taken by NASA. While often called photos, the images are actually compiled from data collected by weather satellites. The maps show the geographical distribution of cities around the world, with concentrations visible in Europe, eastern USA, Japan, India, and eastern China. These nighttime images provide a view of geography based on patterns of outdoor lighting electricity consumption.
UCT GIS Labs
The document discusses what geospatial data is, noting that practically all data has some spatial attribute or context since everything happens somewhere. It explains that geospatial data can come from existing datasets or be created by geocoding or geo-tagging data to assign it spatial coordinates or locations. The document also outlines different ways geospatial data can be mapped, analyzed, shared, and referenced for use in geographic information systems.
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Editor's Notes
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