Testing of genotypes in multi-environments is an important to estimate genotype x environment interaction (GEI) and identify stable genotypes with superior performance. The study was to evaluate different maize hybrids at multi-environments as well as to identify high yielding and stable maize hybrids. Twenty maize hybrids were tested across eight environments in a randomized complete block design in the 2015 cropping season. Combined analysis of variance and AMMI analysis showed that genotype, environment and GEI effect were highly significant (p < 0. 01) for grain yield. Genotype, environment and GEI explained 6.62, 84.87 and 4.50% of the total experimental variations, indicating the importance of environment for variations in grain yield. Mean grain yield of tested hybrids ranged from 4.98 t ha-1 in G2 to 7.51 t ha-1 in G16. As evident from significant GEI, performances of the hybrids were inconsistent across environments indicated that suitable to specific environment. Based on AMMI stability value and mean ranking of GGE biplot indicated that G18 (BH 546) had high grain yield (7.16 t ha-1) and more stable across tested environments. This study identified maize hybrids with high grain yield and stable across environments that need to be further validated for possible new maize variety release and or the newly released hybrid is used for possible commercial production.
Yield Stability and Genotype × Environment Interaction of Faba Bean (Vicia fa...Premier Publishers
The present research was conducted to assess the effect of genotype × environment interaction (GEI) on grain yield and determine yield stability of faba bean genotypes using 50 genotypes in randomized complete block design with three replications tested at Holetta, Watebecha Minjaro and Jeldu with and without lime application in 2017. The grain yield performances of genotypes were varied across environments which indicate the existence of GEI. The mean grain yields of genotypes were ranged between 51.16g (Wayu) and 96.40g (CS20DK) with an overall mean value of 78.02g/5plants. The AMMI ANOVA showed that environment, genotype and GEI contributed 58.05, 16.08 and 14.28% of total variation in grain yield, respectively. The significant differences among genotypes, environments and interaction effect of the two way interactions on grain yield showed the differential response of genotypes over locations and managements and the test environments were different each other. Based on mean grain yield, stability parameters from AMMI and GGE-biplot, Tumsa, Cool-0034, EH07015-7 and EKLS/CSR02019-2-4 were identified as the four most stable/relatively stable and productive genotypes whereas Wolki, Numan, EH09004-2 and CS20DK had high grain yield and dynamic response to environments. Therefore, this experiment has to be repeated for one more season for reliable recommendation.
Genotype by environment interactions and effects on growth and yield of cowpe...Premier Publishers
Cowpea is widely grown in the humid tropics as staple and is largely affected by genotype by environment interaction (GEI). Data obtained from field trials were subjected to genotype (G) by environment (E) interaction (GEI Biplot) analysis and was applied to examine the nature and magnitude of GEI and quantify their effects on cowpea performance in seven experimental trials in a rainforest and derived savanna agroecologies of south-west Nigeria. Results showed that genotype x environment interactions effects were significant on cowpea growth and yield characters. The differential performance of cowpea varieties as early- and late- rainy season crops at both locations were attributable to variability in the soil, weather and biotic factors of the test environments. Determination of winning genotype(s) and yield ranking across environments showed that cowpea varieties depicted differential performance for the test environments and hence the interaction was crossover type. Varieties IT97K-568-18, IT97K-568-18 and Oloyin Brown are high yielding while IT96D-610 and IT98K-205-8 are poor. Oloyin Brown and IT98K-573-2-1 won in Akure 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Ado 1 while IT97K-568-18 won in Ado 2 and Akure 5. IT96D-610 and IT98K-205-8 did not win in any environment. The best performing varieties, Oloyin Brown, IT97K-568-18 and IT98K-573-2-1 combined both high yield and stable performance across test environments and were characterized as ideal genotypes while most unstable variety, IT96D-610, performed poorly in test environments. It is concluded that Ado-Ekiti was best for the late rainy while Akure location was best for early rainy season cropping.
Nine groundnut varieties were tested across six environments in western Oromia, Ethiopia during 2013 main cropping season to evaluate the performance of groundnut varieties for kernel yield and their stability across environments. The varieties were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Pooled analysis of variance for kernel yield showed significant (p≤0.01) differences among the varieties, environments and the genotype by environment interaction (GxE). Additive main effect and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) analysis showed highly significant (p≤0.01) differences for varieties, environments and their interaction on kernel yield. Similarly, the first and the second interaction principal component axis (IPCA1 and IPCA 2) were highly significant (p≤0.01) and explained 41.32 and 7.2% of the total GxE sum of squares, respectively. The environment, genotype and genotype by environment interaction accounted 14.7, 24.1 and 53.3% variations, respectively. This indicated the existence of considerable amounts of deferential response among the varieties to changes in growing environments and the deferential discriminating ability of the test environments. Shulamith and Bulki varieties showed the smallest genotype selection index (GSI) values and had the highest kernel yield and stability showing that these varieties had general adaptation in the tested environments. In the genotype and genotype by environment (GGE) biplot analysis, IPCA1 and IPCA 2 explained 63.5% and 22.4%, respectively, of genotype by environment interaction and made a total of 85.9%. GGE biplot analysis also confirmed Bulki and Shulamith varieties showed better stability and thus ideal varieties recommended for production in the test environments and similar agro-ecologies.
Seed Yield Stability and Genotype x Environment Interaction of Common Bean (P...Premier Publishers
When genotypes are introduced into a new and diverse production environments, occurrence of significant genotype by environment interaction (GEI) complicates selection of stable genotypes. Therefore, fifteen introduced and one check small red common bean lines were evaluated at five representative dry bean growing locations of Ethiopia for seed yield performance using a 4x4 triple lattice design in the 2013 and 2014 main cropping seasons to estimate the magnitude of GEI effects and to identify broadly or specifically adapted lines. Combined analysis of variance, Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and Genotype plus Genotype x Environment interaction (GGE) biplot models were used to interpret the data. Both the main and interaction effects were highly significant (p< 0.01) and environment, line, and GEI explained 81.06%, 3.21% and 15.73% of variations, respectively, indicating greater influence of environments and importance of simultaneous consideration of mean performance and stability. PC1 and PC2 were highly significant (p < 0.01) and together contributed nearly 60% variation in the GEI sum of squares. AMMI 1, GGE ranking, and GGE comparison biplots enabled identification of both high seed yielding and broadly adapted lines, KG-71-1, KG-71-23, and KG-71-44. Polygonal GGE biplot analysis enabled identification of four mega-environments and specifically adapted lines. However, the specific adaptability of lines was not repeated over years and thus, GEI couldn't be exploited and therefore, broadly adapted lines were recommended for verification and release.
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Study of Genotype x Environment Interaction for Sweetpotato Tuber Yield and R...Premier Publishers
The current study was aimed to understand the nature and magnitude of genotype x environment interaction (GEI) while determining yield performances and stability of 9 sweetpotato genotypes. Evaluations were done in three locations in Papua New Guinea over two seasons from 2016-2017 via GxE multi-location trials. Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis revealed significant (P< 0.05) differences among the total treatment interaction (G, E and GEI) while GEI alone was non-significant for tuber yields. Combined analysis showed significant environmental effect on tuber yields, tuber number and gall mite while harvest index, tuber dry matter and scab disease were influenced by genotype main effect. Tuber yields varied from 5.0-13.5, 8.5-18.0 and 2.6-4.7 t/ha for marketable, total and dry tuber yield respectively. New genotypes generally outperformed local varieties in terms of yield and stability. Genotypes G5, G3 and G1 gave promising yield and stability across environments. GGE biplot identified two mega-environments and also tagged G6 as winning genotypes at Aiyamontena and Tambul while G2, G3 and G4 are ideal for Bubia. This indicates that analysis of GxE trials using AMMI/GGE model and auxiliary parameters is important to determine adaptability/stability to identify superior genotypes. Selected genotypes can be recommended for cultivation in specific test locations and similar environments. Tambul was considered as the most favourable environment for production of these genotypes. This study revealed that there is high degree of variation in tuber yields and related traits due to diverse environments and GEI, thus, further breeding and selection for high yield and widely adaptable varieties is necessary.
Yield Stability and Genotype × Environment Interaction of Faba Bean (Vicia fa...Premier Publishers
The present research was conducted to assess the effect of genotype × environment interaction (GEI) on grain yield and determine yield stability of faba bean genotypes using 50 genotypes in randomized complete block design with three replications tested at Holetta, Watebecha Minjaro and Jeldu with and without lime application in 2017. The grain yield performances of genotypes were varied across environments which indicate the existence of GEI. The mean grain yields of genotypes were ranged between 51.16g (Wayu) and 96.40g (CS20DK) with an overall mean value of 78.02g/5plants. The AMMI ANOVA showed that environment, genotype and GEI contributed 58.05, 16.08 and 14.28% of total variation in grain yield, respectively. The significant differences among genotypes, environments and interaction effect of the two way interactions on grain yield showed the differential response of genotypes over locations and managements and the test environments were different each other. Based on mean grain yield, stability parameters from AMMI and GGE-biplot, Tumsa, Cool-0034, EH07015-7 and EKLS/CSR02019-2-4 were identified as the four most stable/relatively stable and productive genotypes whereas Wolki, Numan, EH09004-2 and CS20DK had high grain yield and dynamic response to environments. Therefore, this experiment has to be repeated for one more season for reliable recommendation.
Genotype by environment interactions and effects on growth and yield of cowpe...Premier Publishers
Cowpea is widely grown in the humid tropics as staple and is largely affected by genotype by environment interaction (GEI). Data obtained from field trials were subjected to genotype (G) by environment (E) interaction (GEI Biplot) analysis and was applied to examine the nature and magnitude of GEI and quantify their effects on cowpea performance in seven experimental trials in a rainforest and derived savanna agroecologies of south-west Nigeria. Results showed that genotype x environment interactions effects were significant on cowpea growth and yield characters. The differential performance of cowpea varieties as early- and late- rainy season crops at both locations were attributable to variability in the soil, weather and biotic factors of the test environments. Determination of winning genotype(s) and yield ranking across environments showed that cowpea varieties depicted differential performance for the test environments and hence the interaction was crossover type. Varieties IT97K-568-18, IT97K-568-18 and Oloyin Brown are high yielding while IT96D-610 and IT98K-205-8 are poor. Oloyin Brown and IT98K-573-2-1 won in Akure 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Ado 1 while IT97K-568-18 won in Ado 2 and Akure 5. IT96D-610 and IT98K-205-8 did not win in any environment. The best performing varieties, Oloyin Brown, IT97K-568-18 and IT98K-573-2-1 combined both high yield and stable performance across test environments and were characterized as ideal genotypes while most unstable variety, IT96D-610, performed poorly in test environments. It is concluded that Ado-Ekiti was best for the late rainy while Akure location was best for early rainy season cropping.
Nine groundnut varieties were tested across six environments in western Oromia, Ethiopia during 2013 main cropping season to evaluate the performance of groundnut varieties for kernel yield and their stability across environments. The varieties were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Pooled analysis of variance for kernel yield showed significant (p≤0.01) differences among the varieties, environments and the genotype by environment interaction (GxE). Additive main effect and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) analysis showed highly significant (p≤0.01) differences for varieties, environments and their interaction on kernel yield. Similarly, the first and the second interaction principal component axis (IPCA1 and IPCA 2) were highly significant (p≤0.01) and explained 41.32 and 7.2% of the total GxE sum of squares, respectively. The environment, genotype and genotype by environment interaction accounted 14.7, 24.1 and 53.3% variations, respectively. This indicated the existence of considerable amounts of deferential response among the varieties to changes in growing environments and the deferential discriminating ability of the test environments. Shulamith and Bulki varieties showed the smallest genotype selection index (GSI) values and had the highest kernel yield and stability showing that these varieties had general adaptation in the tested environments. In the genotype and genotype by environment (GGE) biplot analysis, IPCA1 and IPCA 2 explained 63.5% and 22.4%, respectively, of genotype by environment interaction and made a total of 85.9%. GGE biplot analysis also confirmed Bulki and Shulamith varieties showed better stability and thus ideal varieties recommended for production in the test environments and similar agro-ecologies.
Seed Yield Stability and Genotype x Environment Interaction of Common Bean (P...Premier Publishers
When genotypes are introduced into a new and diverse production environments, occurrence of significant genotype by environment interaction (GEI) complicates selection of stable genotypes. Therefore, fifteen introduced and one check small red common bean lines were evaluated at five representative dry bean growing locations of Ethiopia for seed yield performance using a 4x4 triple lattice design in the 2013 and 2014 main cropping seasons to estimate the magnitude of GEI effects and to identify broadly or specifically adapted lines. Combined analysis of variance, Additive Main effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) and Genotype plus Genotype x Environment interaction (GGE) biplot models were used to interpret the data. Both the main and interaction effects were highly significant (p< 0.01) and environment, line, and GEI explained 81.06%, 3.21% and 15.73% of variations, respectively, indicating greater influence of environments and importance of simultaneous consideration of mean performance and stability. PC1 and PC2 were highly significant (p < 0.01) and together contributed nearly 60% variation in the GEI sum of squares. AMMI 1, GGE ranking, and GGE comparison biplots enabled identification of both high seed yielding and broadly adapted lines, KG-71-1, KG-71-23, and KG-71-44. Polygonal GGE biplot analysis enabled identification of four mega-environments and specifically adapted lines. However, the specific adaptability of lines was not repeated over years and thus, GEI couldn't be exploited and therefore, broadly adapted lines were recommended for verification and release.
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Study of Genotype x Environment Interaction for Sweetpotato Tuber Yield and R...Premier Publishers
The current study was aimed to understand the nature and magnitude of genotype x environment interaction (GEI) while determining yield performances and stability of 9 sweetpotato genotypes. Evaluations were done in three locations in Papua New Guinea over two seasons from 2016-2017 via GxE multi-location trials. Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis revealed significant (P< 0.05) differences among the total treatment interaction (G, E and GEI) while GEI alone was non-significant for tuber yields. Combined analysis showed significant environmental effect on tuber yields, tuber number and gall mite while harvest index, tuber dry matter and scab disease were influenced by genotype main effect. Tuber yields varied from 5.0-13.5, 8.5-18.0 and 2.6-4.7 t/ha for marketable, total and dry tuber yield respectively. New genotypes generally outperformed local varieties in terms of yield and stability. Genotypes G5, G3 and G1 gave promising yield and stability across environments. GGE biplot identified two mega-environments and also tagged G6 as winning genotypes at Aiyamontena and Tambul while G2, G3 and G4 are ideal for Bubia. This indicates that analysis of GxE trials using AMMI/GGE model and auxiliary parameters is important to determine adaptability/stability to identify superior genotypes. Selected genotypes can be recommended for cultivation in specific test locations and similar environments. Tambul was considered as the most favourable environment for production of these genotypes. This study revealed that there is high degree of variation in tuber yields and related traits due to diverse environments and GEI, thus, further breeding and selection for high yield and widely adaptable varieties is necessary.
GGEBiplot analysis of genotype × environment interaction in Agropyron interme...Innspub Net
In order to identify genotypes of Agropyron intermedium with high forage yield and stability an experiment was carried out in the Research station of Kermanshah Iran.The 11 accessions were sown in a randomized complete block design with three replications under rainfed and irrigated conditions during 2013-21-014 cropping deasons. Combined analysis of variance indicated high significant differences for location, genotype and G × E interaction (GEI) at 1% level of probability. Mean comparisons over environments introduced G4, G3 and G5 with maximum forage yield over rainfed and irrigated conditions. Minimum forage yield was attributed to genotype G1. GGEbiplot analysis exhibited that the first two principal components (PCA) resulted from GEI and genotype effect justified 99.37% of total variance in the data set. The four environments under investigation fell into two apparent groups: irrigated and rainfed. The presence of close associations among irrigated (E1 and E3) and rainfed (E2 and E4) conditions suggests that the same information about the genotypes could be obtained from fewer test environments, and hence the potential to reduce testing cost.The which-won-where pattern of GGEbiplot introduced genotypes G3 and G4 as stable with high forage yield for rainfed condition, while G5 was stable with high yield for irrigated condition. According to the comparison of the genotypes with the Ideal genotype accessions G4, G3 and G9 were more favorable than all the other genotypes. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Genotype by environment interaction and stability of extra-early maize hybrid...IJEAB
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal crop produced in Ghana. However the change in environmental conditions, the expansion of maize to new agro-ecologies coupled with inadequate maize varieties available for the different environments affects yield improvement programmes in Ghana. Hence, the study is to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic for famers use in the country. The objectives of the study was to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic performance for famers use in Ghana. Thus, fifteen extra-early maize hybrids and three locally released checks were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two locations in Ghana. The experiment was carried out at KNUST and Akomadan which represent the forest and forest transition zones of Ghana. Nine of the hybrids out of the fifteen hybrids evaluated produce above the average yield and the effect of genotype, location and genotype by location interaction was significant for grain yield. The GGE biplot used in this study revealed that TZEEI-1 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-6 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-15 x TZEEI-1 and TZEEI-29 x TZEEI-21 were high yielding and stable hybrids because they were closer to the ideal. The GGE biplot also identified Akomadan as the most ideal testing environment for these hybrids under irrigation.
Ecophysiological Yield Components In Wheat Cultivars Under Variable Phosphoru...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Effects of P deficiency and interactions Cultivar x P available, on wheat yield and ecophysiological components were analysed, considering that the grain number m-2 is the product of the length of spike growth period, crop growth rate during this phase, the proportion of growth for spikes (partitioning) and spike fertility (grain number produced per unit of spike dry weight). Four cultivars with different strategy to generate yield (i.e. combinations of ecophysiological yield components) were compared with and without P fertilization, during two years in Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina. The soil was moderately P deficient (7-9 mg P kg-1 soil) and P fertilization treatments (50 kg P ha-1) were established at sowing. P deficiencies affected yield and most of its components, the exceptions were: partitioning to spike, spike growth period and radiation use efficiency. The interaction Cultivar x P fertilization was not significant in all cases. The lack of interaction between cultivar and P level suggest that improvements in any crop physiological component will express in both, moderately deficiencies or high P environment.
Field experiments were conducted at the University of Ilorin Teaching and Research Farm in 2005 and
2006 cropping seasons with the objective to evaluate the combining ability for maize grain yield and
other agronomic characters in 10 open pollinated maize varieties, which have been selected for high
yield and stress tolerance. General combining ability (gca) and year (y) effects were significant for all
the parameters except plant height, while specific combining ability (sca) and gca x year effects were
significant only for grain yield. However, Tze Comp4 Dmr Srbc2, Tze Comp4 C2 and Acr 94 Tze Comp5
which are good general combiners for maize grain yield, also showed positive significant gca x year
effects for flowering traits. Significant sca x year interaction effects were recorded for maize grain yield
and days to flowering, with Hei 97 Tze Comp3 C4 combining very well with 3 parents (Acr 90 Pool 16-Dt,
Tze Comp4-Dmr Srbc2 and Tze Comp4 C2). These parents and their hybrids probably have genes that
can be introgressed into other promising lines in developing early maturing and high yielding varieties
for cultivation in the Nigeria savannas.
Grain Yield Stability in Three-way Cross Hybrid Maize Varieties using AMMI an...Premier Publishers
A study to evaluate three-way cross hybrid maize varieties for wide adaptability and stability was conducted in eight environments in Sierra Leone using AMMI and GGE biplot analysis. There were significant genotype and environment main effects, and genotype x environment interactions (GEI) effects. Differences due to environments accounted for 70.1% of the total treatments sum of squares while genotypes and genotype x environment interaction accounted for 9.9% and 20.0%, respectively. The first four interaction principal component axes (IPCA) were also highly significant and accounted for 38.7%, 25.2%, 14.3% and 8.6%, respectively of the total genotype x environment interaction variation. The polygon view of the GGE biplot revealed that hybrid G14 produced the highest grain yield in environments E1, E5 and E7 whereas G24 was adaptive in environments E6, E8, E3, E4 and E2. Hybrids G24, G9, G17 and G6 also produced high grain yields and were relatively stable. Both AMMI and GGE biplot effectively partitioned treatments sum of squares and were more appropriate in explaining genotype x environment interaction. The models also identified G24 as the most desirable hybrid in terms of high grain yield and stability across environments. Therefore, this hybrid is recommended for commercial release.
Genotype by Environment Interaction of Full-sib Families of Maize Endosperms ...Premier Publishers
The present study was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farms, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi and Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Lafia to evaluate the presence of genotype by environment interactions in a population of 300 FS families of three maize endosperms to ascertain their agronomic performance, yield and stability across environments. The experiment was laid out in a 10 × 10 balanced lattice square design with three replications. Results from the GGE Biplot for mean grain yield performance showed the entry P93 (Popcorn) obtained the highest yield at Lafia while F5 (Field Corn) had the highest yield and thus the winning family for Makurdi. The entries S72, P98, P90, S20, P31, and P54 were the most stable with an above average performance and thus recommended. The significant Location by Entries interaction effects for grain yield explains that a promising genotype selected in one of these locations will not be suitable for production in the other locations in the same agro-ecological zone, however, P93 (Popcorn) and F5 (Field corn) recorded the highest yield for Lafia and Makurdi respectively. The identified stable or location specific families should be crossed in all possible combinations to complete Cycle 1 of the FS families in a recurrent selection programme.
Genotype by Environment Interaction on Yield Components and Stability Analysi...Premier Publishers
Newly developed varieties can only contribute to increased productivity if high producing varieties are released in production niches they are adapted to. In order to enhance adoption of new improved cassava varieties in western Kenya, a study was conducted to evaluate the effects of genotype by environment interaction (GEI) on agronomic and farmer preferred traits of cassava and to asses yield stability of 16 cassava genotypes. The study was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications across five different environments of western Kenya. AMMI analysis of variance identified highly significant (P= 0.001) GEI effects for plant height, height at first branching, and fresh root yield. Generally, GEI effects accounted for 14.98%, 24.64% and 28.3% variability in PH, HB, and FRY respectively. GGE biplot analysis shows that MM06/0138, MM96/9308, MM97/0293, MM98/3567, MM06/0074, MM96/4271 were high yielding and stable genotypes. AMMI stability value revealed that genotype MM06/0143 combined high stability for plant height, height at first branching, number of storage roots and fresh root yield. Genotypes MM06/0138, MM98/3567, MM96/9308, MM97/0293, and MM06/0074 outperformed the check in storage roots yield exhibited high yields in farmer preferred traits and were classified as stable genotypes. Therefore, recommended for release to farmers.
Genetic Variability and Morphological Diversity among Open-Pollinated Maize (...Premier Publishers
A study to characterize and determine the magnitude of genetic variation among 60 open-pollinated maize varieties was conducted at two contrasting locations in Sierra Leone during the 2015 wet cropping season. Results revealed that traits such as grain moisture content, anthesis-silking interval, plant and ear heights, number of ears harvested, field weight and grain yield showed moderate to high values of the components of genetic variation while days to 50% anthesis and silking revealed low values of the components of genetic variation. The first two PCA axes explained 54% of the total variation, of which the first principal component (PC1) accounted for 35% and PC2 contributed 19% of the total variation. The cluster diagram grouped the genotypes into seven main clusters and results suggest that crosses involving clusters I and V with any other clusters would produce segregants with low grain yields while the crosses between clusters IV, VI and VII would be expected to manifest higher heterosis and could result in segregants with higher grain yields. There was significant genetic variability observed among the genotypes evaluated thereby suggest the scope to bring about traits improvement of genotypes through direct selection and hybridization.
Correlation Coefficient and Path Analysis among Yield and Yield Related Trait...Premier Publishers
Twenty-two upland rice varieties were evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2014 cropping season at Pawe Northwestern Ethiopia to estimate association among grain yield and yield related traits and partition the correlation coefficients into direct and indirect effects. The analysis of variance showed significant (p < 0.01) differences for all traits except harvest index indicating the existence of variability. Correlation analysis of grain yield showed positive and significant associations with fertile tiller per plant (rg=0.792), biomass yield (rg=0.789), and plant height (rg=0.684) at genotypic level indicating that simultaneous improvement for these traits is possible. The path coefficient revealed that biomass yield, fertile tiller per plant and plant height exerted favorable direct effects on grain yield at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Plant height, days to 85% maturity, fertile tillers per plant and thousand-grain weight supported the direct contribution of biomass yield to grain yield. The present investigations indicated that grain yield per plot was influenced by biomass yield, fertile tiller per plant, and plant height.
Phenotypic Correlation and Heritability Estimates of some Quantitative Charac...Premier Publishers
Heritability and phenotypic estimates of some quantitative traits and its influence on different nitrogen fertilizer levels give the room for recombinants which become a prerequisite for any breeding study. Genetic variation in quantitative traits for the development for new variety of crop plant with different nitrogen fertilizer levels. Base on this background, the study was conducted in order to evaluate the quantitative traits from advanced blast-resistant rice varieties in order to establish relationship between yield and yied components using genetic variances.To achieve this objective, two field studies were carried out in Malaysia during the cropping season 2017/2018. Sixteen advanced blast-resistant rice genotypes were studied in order to find out phenotypic correlation and heritability in some quantitative characters to determine the effect of various levels of Nitrogen fertilizer. The field experiment was conducted in a split-plot design replicated three times in a plot of 35 × 28.5 m2. The planting distance was 25 × 25 cm and the plot size was 2 × 1.5 m2 unit for genotype in each replication. There was a highly significant variation among the genotypes in response to to nitrogen levels, high PCV, GCV, heritability, relative distance and genetic advance which indicated that different quantitative traits especially tonnes per hectare (Tha), grain weight per plot (GWTPP) and kilogram per plot (kgplot) significantly influence the yield trait. . Similarly, high heritability (>60%) was observed indicating the substantial effect of additive gene more than the environmental effect. Yield per plant showed strong to low positive correlations (푟 = 0.99 - 0.09) at phenotypic level for grain weight per plot (GWTPP), number of tillers per hill (NTH), number of panicle per hill (NPH) and kilogram per plot (kg/plot).
GGEBiplot analysis of genotype × environment interaction in Agropyron interme...Innspub Net
In order to identify genotypes of Agropyron intermedium with high forage yield and stability an experiment was carried out in the Research station of Kermanshah Iran.The 11 accessions were sown in a randomized complete block design with three replications under rainfed and irrigated conditions during 2013-21-014 cropping deasons. Combined analysis of variance indicated high significant differences for location, genotype and G × E interaction (GEI) at 1% level of probability. Mean comparisons over environments introduced G4, G3 and G5 with maximum forage yield over rainfed and irrigated conditions. Minimum forage yield was attributed to genotype G1. GGEbiplot analysis exhibited that the first two principal components (PCA) resulted from GEI and genotype effect justified 99.37% of total variance in the data set. The four environments under investigation fell into two apparent groups: irrigated and rainfed. The presence of close associations among irrigated (E1 and E3) and rainfed (E2 and E4) conditions suggests that the same information about the genotypes could be obtained from fewer test environments, and hence the potential to reduce testing cost.The which-won-where pattern of GGEbiplot introduced genotypes G3 and G4 as stable with high forage yield for rainfed condition, while G5 was stable with high yield for irrigated condition. According to the comparison of the genotypes with the Ideal genotype accessions G4, G3 and G9 were more favorable than all the other genotypes. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Genotype by environment interaction and stability of extra-early maize hybrid...IJEAB
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal crop produced in Ghana. However the change in environmental conditions, the expansion of maize to new agro-ecologies coupled with inadequate maize varieties available for the different environments affects yield improvement programmes in Ghana. Hence, the study is to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic for famers use in the country. The objectives of the study was to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic performance for famers use in Ghana. Thus, fifteen extra-early maize hybrids and three locally released checks were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two locations in Ghana. The experiment was carried out at KNUST and Akomadan which represent the forest and forest transition zones of Ghana. Nine of the hybrids out of the fifteen hybrids evaluated produce above the average yield and the effect of genotype, location and genotype by location interaction was significant for grain yield. The GGE biplot used in this study revealed that TZEEI-1 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-6 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-15 x TZEEI-1 and TZEEI-29 x TZEEI-21 were high yielding and stable hybrids because they were closer to the ideal. The GGE biplot also identified Akomadan as the most ideal testing environment for these hybrids under irrigation.
Ecophysiological Yield Components In Wheat Cultivars Under Variable Phosphoru...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Effects of P deficiency and interactions Cultivar x P available, on wheat yield and ecophysiological components were analysed, considering that the grain number m-2 is the product of the length of spike growth period, crop growth rate during this phase, the proportion of growth for spikes (partitioning) and spike fertility (grain number produced per unit of spike dry weight). Four cultivars with different strategy to generate yield (i.e. combinations of ecophysiological yield components) were compared with and without P fertilization, during two years in Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina. The soil was moderately P deficient (7-9 mg P kg-1 soil) and P fertilization treatments (50 kg P ha-1) were established at sowing. P deficiencies affected yield and most of its components, the exceptions were: partitioning to spike, spike growth period and radiation use efficiency. The interaction Cultivar x P fertilization was not significant in all cases. The lack of interaction between cultivar and P level suggest that improvements in any crop physiological component will express in both, moderately deficiencies or high P environment.
Field experiments were conducted at the University of Ilorin Teaching and Research Farm in 2005 and
2006 cropping seasons with the objective to evaluate the combining ability for maize grain yield and
other agronomic characters in 10 open pollinated maize varieties, which have been selected for high
yield and stress tolerance. General combining ability (gca) and year (y) effects were significant for all
the parameters except plant height, while specific combining ability (sca) and gca x year effects were
significant only for grain yield. However, Tze Comp4 Dmr Srbc2, Tze Comp4 C2 and Acr 94 Tze Comp5
which are good general combiners for maize grain yield, also showed positive significant gca x year
effects for flowering traits. Significant sca x year interaction effects were recorded for maize grain yield
and days to flowering, with Hei 97 Tze Comp3 C4 combining very well with 3 parents (Acr 90 Pool 16-Dt,
Tze Comp4-Dmr Srbc2 and Tze Comp4 C2). These parents and their hybrids probably have genes that
can be introgressed into other promising lines in developing early maturing and high yielding varieties
for cultivation in the Nigeria savannas.
Grain Yield Stability in Three-way Cross Hybrid Maize Varieties using AMMI an...Premier Publishers
A study to evaluate three-way cross hybrid maize varieties for wide adaptability and stability was conducted in eight environments in Sierra Leone using AMMI and GGE biplot analysis. There were significant genotype and environment main effects, and genotype x environment interactions (GEI) effects. Differences due to environments accounted for 70.1% of the total treatments sum of squares while genotypes and genotype x environment interaction accounted for 9.9% and 20.0%, respectively. The first four interaction principal component axes (IPCA) were also highly significant and accounted for 38.7%, 25.2%, 14.3% and 8.6%, respectively of the total genotype x environment interaction variation. The polygon view of the GGE biplot revealed that hybrid G14 produced the highest grain yield in environments E1, E5 and E7 whereas G24 was adaptive in environments E6, E8, E3, E4 and E2. Hybrids G24, G9, G17 and G6 also produced high grain yields and were relatively stable. Both AMMI and GGE biplot effectively partitioned treatments sum of squares and were more appropriate in explaining genotype x environment interaction. The models also identified G24 as the most desirable hybrid in terms of high grain yield and stability across environments. Therefore, this hybrid is recommended for commercial release.
Genotype by Environment Interaction of Full-sib Families of Maize Endosperms ...Premier Publishers
The present study was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farms, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi and Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Lafia to evaluate the presence of genotype by environment interactions in a population of 300 FS families of three maize endosperms to ascertain their agronomic performance, yield and stability across environments. The experiment was laid out in a 10 × 10 balanced lattice square design with three replications. Results from the GGE Biplot for mean grain yield performance showed the entry P93 (Popcorn) obtained the highest yield at Lafia while F5 (Field Corn) had the highest yield and thus the winning family for Makurdi. The entries S72, P98, P90, S20, P31, and P54 were the most stable with an above average performance and thus recommended. The significant Location by Entries interaction effects for grain yield explains that a promising genotype selected in one of these locations will not be suitable for production in the other locations in the same agro-ecological zone, however, P93 (Popcorn) and F5 (Field corn) recorded the highest yield for Lafia and Makurdi respectively. The identified stable or location specific families should be crossed in all possible combinations to complete Cycle 1 of the FS families in a recurrent selection programme.
Genotype by Environment Interaction on Yield Components and Stability Analysi...Premier Publishers
Newly developed varieties can only contribute to increased productivity if high producing varieties are released in production niches they are adapted to. In order to enhance adoption of new improved cassava varieties in western Kenya, a study was conducted to evaluate the effects of genotype by environment interaction (GEI) on agronomic and farmer preferred traits of cassava and to asses yield stability of 16 cassava genotypes. The study was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications across five different environments of western Kenya. AMMI analysis of variance identified highly significant (P= 0.001) GEI effects for plant height, height at first branching, and fresh root yield. Generally, GEI effects accounted for 14.98%, 24.64% and 28.3% variability in PH, HB, and FRY respectively. GGE biplot analysis shows that MM06/0138, MM96/9308, MM97/0293, MM98/3567, MM06/0074, MM96/4271 were high yielding and stable genotypes. AMMI stability value revealed that genotype MM06/0143 combined high stability for plant height, height at first branching, number of storage roots and fresh root yield. Genotypes MM06/0138, MM98/3567, MM96/9308, MM97/0293, and MM06/0074 outperformed the check in storage roots yield exhibited high yields in farmer preferred traits and were classified as stable genotypes. Therefore, recommended for release to farmers.
Genetic Variability and Morphological Diversity among Open-Pollinated Maize (...Premier Publishers
A study to characterize and determine the magnitude of genetic variation among 60 open-pollinated maize varieties was conducted at two contrasting locations in Sierra Leone during the 2015 wet cropping season. Results revealed that traits such as grain moisture content, anthesis-silking interval, plant and ear heights, number of ears harvested, field weight and grain yield showed moderate to high values of the components of genetic variation while days to 50% anthesis and silking revealed low values of the components of genetic variation. The first two PCA axes explained 54% of the total variation, of which the first principal component (PC1) accounted for 35% and PC2 contributed 19% of the total variation. The cluster diagram grouped the genotypes into seven main clusters and results suggest that crosses involving clusters I and V with any other clusters would produce segregants with low grain yields while the crosses between clusters IV, VI and VII would be expected to manifest higher heterosis and could result in segregants with higher grain yields. There was significant genetic variability observed among the genotypes evaluated thereby suggest the scope to bring about traits improvement of genotypes through direct selection and hybridization.
Correlation Coefficient and Path Analysis among Yield and Yield Related Trait...Premier Publishers
Twenty-two upland rice varieties were evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2014 cropping season at Pawe Northwestern Ethiopia to estimate association among grain yield and yield related traits and partition the correlation coefficients into direct and indirect effects. The analysis of variance showed significant (p < 0.01) differences for all traits except harvest index indicating the existence of variability. Correlation analysis of grain yield showed positive and significant associations with fertile tiller per plant (rg=0.792), biomass yield (rg=0.789), and plant height (rg=0.684) at genotypic level indicating that simultaneous improvement for these traits is possible. The path coefficient revealed that biomass yield, fertile tiller per plant and plant height exerted favorable direct effects on grain yield at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Plant height, days to 85% maturity, fertile tillers per plant and thousand-grain weight supported the direct contribution of biomass yield to grain yield. The present investigations indicated that grain yield per plot was influenced by biomass yield, fertile tiller per plant, and plant height.
Phenotypic Correlation and Heritability Estimates of some Quantitative Charac...Premier Publishers
Heritability and phenotypic estimates of some quantitative traits and its influence on different nitrogen fertilizer levels give the room for recombinants which become a prerequisite for any breeding study. Genetic variation in quantitative traits for the development for new variety of crop plant with different nitrogen fertilizer levels. Base on this background, the study was conducted in order to evaluate the quantitative traits from advanced blast-resistant rice varieties in order to establish relationship between yield and yied components using genetic variances.To achieve this objective, two field studies were carried out in Malaysia during the cropping season 2017/2018. Sixteen advanced blast-resistant rice genotypes were studied in order to find out phenotypic correlation and heritability in some quantitative characters to determine the effect of various levels of Nitrogen fertilizer. The field experiment was conducted in a split-plot design replicated three times in a plot of 35 × 28.5 m2. The planting distance was 25 × 25 cm and the plot size was 2 × 1.5 m2 unit for genotype in each replication. There was a highly significant variation among the genotypes in response to to nitrogen levels, high PCV, GCV, heritability, relative distance and genetic advance which indicated that different quantitative traits especially tonnes per hectare (Tha), grain weight per plot (GWTPP) and kilogram per plot (kgplot) significantly influence the yield trait. . Similarly, high heritability (>60%) was observed indicating the substantial effect of additive gene more than the environmental effect. Yield per plant showed strong to low positive correlations (푟 = 0.99 - 0.09) at phenotypic level for grain weight per plot (GWTPP), number of tillers per hill (NTH), number of panicle per hill (NPH) and kilogram per plot (kg/plot).
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance Analysis in Upland Rice...Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted to assess genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield related traits in some upland rice genotypes. A total of 23 rice genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 at Pawe and Assosa. Analysis of variance revealed significant difference among the genotypes for most of the traits at individual and across locations, and error variances of the two locations were homogenous for most of the traits including grain yield. Moreover, the genotypes showed wider variability for grain yield in the range between 3707-6241kg/ha, 4853-7282kg/ha and 4280-6761kg/ha at Pawe, Assosa and over locations, respectively. A relatively high (>20%) phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations were estimated merely for number of unfilled grains per panicle. High heritability estimates (> 60%) were obtained for all of the traits, except plant height and Protein content. A relatively high genetic advance was obtained for traits like unfilled grains per panicle and fertile tiller per plant. Thus, this study revealed that there was higher genetic variability among the tested genotypes, which could be potentially exploited in future breeding programs.
Genetic Variability and Heritability of Agronomic Traits in Faba Bean (Vicia ...Premier Publishers
A total of 50 faba bean genotypes were used to estimate genetic variability on agronomic traits under soil acidity stress using RCBD with three replications at Holetta, Watebecha Minjaro and Jeldu with and without lime in 2017. The combined analysis of variance for each lime level showed the presence of significant differences among genotypes for all traits except number of seeds per pod. The mean yields of genotypes were 62.93 (without) and 93.12 g/5plants (with lime) showing a yield reduction of 32.34%. Computed genotypic coefficient of variations (GCV) ranged from 1.08-23.05% and 0.94-23.88% and phenotypic (PCV) from 1.20-23.26% and 1.11-24.07%, while heritability (H2) ranged from 24.63 -98.22% and 35.06 - 98.45% and genetic advance as percent of the mean (GAM) from 2.0 - 47.13% and 1.64 - 48.89% without and with lime, respectively. Under both lime levels medium to high estimates of GCV, PCV, H2 and GAM were computed for 100 seeds weight and number of pod per plant; indicating selection based on phenotypic expression of genotypes is possible to improve these traits. Selection based on mean phenotypic performance of genotypes would be effective to improve traits that have high GAM coupled with high H2 estimates. The performances of variability components for different traits with and without lime follow different trends and higher values were recorded with lime indicating optimum environments allow for better genetic expression.
Evaluation of promising lines in rice ( O r y z a s a t i v a L.) to agronomi...Galal Anis, PhD
A field experiment was conducted during the period 2014 and 2015 at the farm of Rice Research and Training Center, Sakha, kafr el-sheikh, Egypt for evaluation the performance of promising lines in rice to agronomic and genetic performance under Egyptian conditions. Results revealed that the Giza 179 produced the highest grain yield (5.44 kg/5m2) followed by the promising line GZ9461-4-2-3-1 (5.26 kg/5m2) and the commercial variety Giza 178 (5.07 kg/5m2). Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all traits. The high genotypic coefficient of variability (gcv) and phenotypic coefficient of variability (pcv) recorded for number of filled grains/panicle indicate the existence of wide spectrum of variability for this trait and offer greater opportunities for desired trait through phenotypic selection. The phenotypic variance was higher than the corresponding genotypic variance for traits. Estimation of heritability ranged from 49.16% to 99.52% for number of panicle/plant and duration traits, respectively. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance was observed for growing period and plant height and indicate the lesser influence of environment in expression of these traits and prevalence of additive gene action in their inheritance hence, amenable of simple selection. The promising rice lines GZ9461-4-2-3-1 and GZ10147-1-2-1-1 performed better as compared with the commercial variety. Selection of these traits would be more effective for yield improvement in rice and these promising lines would be more valuable materials for breeders engaged in the development of high yielding cultivars.
Genetic control and heterosis depend directly on genetic divergence among the parents in generating promising hybrids
required by plant breeders. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of heterosis, combining
abilities, regression and correlation estimates in order to develop hybrid cultivars in maize. The 28 F1 hybrids obtained by
partial diallel cross of 8 inbreds in a randomized complete block design were evaluated at the Lower Niger River Basin
Authority, Oke-Oyi, Nigeria in three years. General (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) produced significant (P
< 0.01) effects for all the characters, while non-additive genetic effects were predominant. The levels of heterosis for grain
yield varied widely among crosses, ranging from -16.83 to 9.76%. Positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic
correlations among grain yield and some related characters (days to anthesis and silking; plant and ear heights; number of
ears plant-1 and 1000 seed weight) showed that each character could be used indirectly to selection of grain yield. These
results also indicated that SCA was more effective than heterosis for describing hybrid performance. The regression of
actual hybrid characters on the expected hybrid characters, based on parental GCA values, was highly significant.
Regression analysis also showed that all the agronomic characters jointly contributed 19.4% to grain yield of maize. The
inbreds (Pop 66 SR and 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4) and crosses (Pop 66 SR x, 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4, Pop 66 SR x KU1409
and 9006 x KU1409) featured prominently with respect to better GCA × Year and SCA × Year effects with high heterotic
values for maize grain yield and associated characters. These inbreds could serve as donors to obtain early and short
statured hybrids with higher yield, while the crosses may be exploited and adapted to the Nigerian Savannas. This study
also affirmed that genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients as well as combining abilities, heterosis and regression
analyses were found to be suitable models for yield improvement in maize breeding.
Genetic Analysis to Improve Grain Yield Potential and Associated Agronomic Tr...Galal Anis, PhD
Grain yield of rice is a complex trait consisting of several yield parameters. It is of
great necessary to reveal the genetic relationships between GY and its yield components. Therefore,
the correlation of agronomic traits contributed of grain yield will be a supplemental advantage in
providing the selection process. The objective of this study was to compare genetic variability and
relationships between nine rice genotypes and their F1 progenies in rice by assessment of heterosis,
yield advantage and correlation coefficient for grain yield improvement. A field experiment were
conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the growing seasons of
2012 and 2013 at Rice Research and Training Center, Sakha, Egypt. Heterosis and correlation
coefficient of various agro-morphological and yield traits were studied by using nine-parent diallel
mating design. The results showed that grain yield was highly significant positive heterosis over
standard heterosis and the highest value was 79.68 for the cross Sakha 101 x Giza 171 and the lowest
value was 32.86 for the cross Sakha 104 x HR5824-B-3-2-3. At the same time, fifteen crosses were
highly significant and positive heterosis over mid-parent, the highest cross was Giza 177 x Sakha
104 with value 32.74 and the lowest cross was Sakha 101 x Sakha 104 with value 19.56 for grain
yield. Significant positive correlation coefficients were observed between grain yield and each of
days to maturing, panicle initiation and number of primary branches panicle-1. Pay special attention
to the cross from Sakha 101 x Giza 171 and as well as Giza 177 x Sakha 104 was achieved the best
grain yield trait. These promising cross would be more valuable materials for breeders engaged in the
development of high yielding cultivars.
Evaluation of seed storage proteins in common bean by some biplot analysisINNS PUBNET
In order to study of seed storage proteins, proteins samples of common bean genotypes were prepared by 0.2 M
NaCl of extracting soluble. Genotypes were located in two groups by cluster analysis using Wilks’ lambda
statistic. Two groups were different for yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant
and seed weight). Factor analysis showed that two factors described 61% of total proteins variation. Correlated
bands with yield components characters had the highest coefficients for the first factor. This factor was named
“yield components proteins”. Protein bands via RM 58 and 64 had relationship with days to flowering.
Therefore, the second factor was named “phenologic proteins”. Genotypes were located in four groups by these
factors. Length, angle and presence of protein bands were important characteristics to explain graphical
information in GGE biplot compared to factor analysis. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-3-number-5-may-2013/
The shifted multiplicative model was developed by Cornelius and Seyedsadr in 1992.
SHMM is used to analyze the complete separability, genotypic separability, environmental separability, and inseparability of environment effects and genotypic effects.
Gregorius and Namkoong (1986) defined Separability as the property which is that cultivar effect is separable from environmental effect so that there is no rank.
The shifted multiplicative model (SHMM) is used in an exploratory step-down method for identifying subsets of environments in which genotypic effects are "separable" from environmental effects. Subsets of environments are chosen on the basis of a SHMM analysis of the entire data set. SHMM analyses of the subsets
may indicate a need for further subdivision and/or suggest that a different subdivision at the previous stage should be tried. The process continues until SHMM analysis indicates that a SHMM with only one multiplicative term and its "point of concurrence" outside (left or right) of the cluster of data points adequately fits the data in all subsets.
Seventeen sesame genotypes were tested at ten environments in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia during 2014-2015 cropping seasons. Randomized Complete Block Designs (RCBD) with three replications was used in the study. According to the GGE bi-plot different sesame growing environments grouped into two mega-environments: The first mega-environment contained the favorable environments Dansha area with a vertex G4 and Sheraro area with winner G3 and the second environment included medium to low environments E2 (Humera-2), E4 (Dansha-2), E5 (Sheraro-1), E7 (Wargiba-1), E8 (Wargiba-2) and E9 (Maykadra) for seed yield. Three mega-environments identified for oil content: The 1st environment contained G12, G7 and G2 in the mega-environment group of Humera, Dansha and Gendawuha, The 2nd environment, Sheraro location contained G9 and the 3rd environment Wargiba, was containing G17. G1 (HuRC-4) identified as an “ideal” genotype and E1 (Humera-1) also identified as an ideal environment the most representative of the overall environments and the most powerful to discriminate genotypes. The multivariate approaches AMMI and GGEbi-plot were better for partitioning the GEI into the causes of variation. According to different stability models, G1, G7, and G3 were high yielder and the most stable both in terms of seed yield and oil content. Moreover, showed yield advantages over the released and local varieties. The stable genotypes recommended for wider areas while G14 and G4 were for specific favorable environments Sheraro and Dansha, respectively.
Correlations and pass coefficient analyses of yield and yield related traits ...Premier Publishers
Common bean is among the major crops grown in southern Ethiopia including Borana zone where the majority of the farmers are Agro-pastoralist and produce the crop mainly for home consumption. However, scarcity of varieties that fit to the environment is one of the major production constraints. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to evaluate 36 common bean genotypes in triple lattice design to generate information on the association of yield and yield related traits, and to determine the direct and indirect effects of yield related traits on grain yield. Thousand seeds weight, seed number per plant, seed number per pod and number of primary branches per plant showed positive and highly significant correlations with grain yield. Moreover, thousand seed weight, seeds per plant and seeds per pods had high positive direct effects on grain yield both at genotypic and phenotypic levels. This suggested the importance of considering these traits during selection to improve grain yield in subsequent generations. In contrast, the negative direct effects of days to flowering and maturity as well as the negative indirect effects of these traits via other traits on grain yield suggested the need to select genotypes for early flowering and maturity for the study area.
The use of plants extracts in the improvement of cowpea yield at dang (Ngaoun...Innspub Net
In the substitution of chemical insecticides with potential biopesticides, the efficiency of Lippia multiflora, Plectranthus glandulosus and Callistemon rigidus were evaluated on the improvement of cowpea (Vinia unguiculata) in Dang (Ngaoundere, Cameroon). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 5 treatments repeated 4 times each: the negative control, the positive control (Decis), L. multiflora, P. glandulosus and C. rigidus. These different insecticides were sprayed on cowpea plants with 14 days interval starting from the 14th day after sowing. The parameters collected were the diversity of insect pests, the number of pods, and the dry weight of the grains. All of the insecticides used improved cowpea yields. Although less efficient than Decis, most biopesticides significantly (p < 0.001) improved the yield of cowpeas compared to the negative control. This improvement was 260% for C. rigidus, and 120% for P. glandulosus. These results suggest that C. rigidus, P. glandulosus and L. multiflora could be considered as potential substitutes for chemical insecticides in improving cowpea yields.
The use of plants extracts in the improvement of cowpea yield at dang (Ngaoun...Innspub Net
In the substitution of chemical insecticides with potential biopesticides, the efficiency of Lippia multiflora, Plectranthus glandulosus and Callistemon rigidus were evaluated on the improvement of cowpea (Vinia unguiculata) in Dang (Ngaoundere, Cameroon). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 5 treatments repeated 4 times each: the negative control, the positive control (Decis), L. multiflora, P. glandulosus and C. rigidus. These different insecticides were sprayed on cowpea plants with 14 days interval starting from the 14th day after sowing. The parameters collected were the diversity of insect pests, the number of pods, and the dry weight of the grains. All of the insecticides used improved cowpea yields. Although less efficient than Decis, most biopesticides significantly (p < 0.001) improved the yield of cowpeas compared to the negative control. This improvement was 260% for C. rigidus, and 120% for P. glandulosus. These results suggest that C. rigidus, P. glandulosus and L. multiflora could be considered as potential substitutes for chemical insecticides in improving cowpea yields.
Genetic Progress for Yield, Yield Components and Other Agronomic Characters o...Premier Publishers
Genetic progress has brought about increase in yield potential per se for almost all production areas around the world. The present study examines the relationship of groundnut yield with year of release, yield components and other agro-morphological traits using aggregative data from 1976 to 2012 to calculate genetic gain in groundnut grain yield across four locations in Eastern Ethiopia. The direct method, that compares cultivars with their year of release, was used. The relative gain for groundnut grain yield was 1.08% since 1976. A deeper understanding of these issues facilitates the identification of specific yield-limiting factors that can be used for future breeding strategies. Grain yield, 100 seed weight, plant height and harvest index were significantly correlated with year of release for tested locations, emphasizing the most promising traits for groundnut breeders in the past. These traits were also responsible for the significant genetic progress in groundnut yield in Ethiopia since 1976. Further improvement in the yield potential of groundnut will have to involve increase in other traits, like pod weight per plant, seed weight per plant, that have shown significant positive correlation with grain yield.
Similar to Genotype x Environment Interaction and Grain Yield Stability of Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids Tested in Multi-Environment Trials (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
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Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
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Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Genotype x Environment Interaction and Grain Yield Stability of Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids Tested in Multi-Environment Trials
Garoma et al. 764
Several biometrical methods reported to analysis
Genotype by environmental interaction (GEI) and stability
in multi- environment trials, METs. Among these
biometrical, Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative
Interaction (AMMI) and Genotype and Genotype by
Environment Interaction (GGE) Biplot are the most
common statistical tools used to analysis METs data to
reveal pattern of Genotype × environment interaction
(Gauch and Zobel, 1997; Yan et al., 2000). To compute
METs, AMMI model analysis the variance (ANOVA) for
genotype, environment and their interaction as well as
decompose GEI into principal components. It also used to
determine stability of genotype across locations using
principal component axis. AMMI also an effective tool to
detect the GEI patterns graphically. However,
interpretation of output from principal components (PCA)
is likely difficult for genotype targeting environment. Thus,
GGE biplot is suggested and superior to the AMMI to
visualize GEI graphically at mega-environments (Yan et
al., 2007). Furthermore, GGE biplot analysis is efficient to
identify: the best performing genotype in the given tested
environment, the discriminating power of environment and
it rank the cultivars based on mean yield and stability of
cultivars (Yan and Tinker, 2006). Moreover, it helps to
assess the relationship between environments and re-
planning the targeted environments to test cultivars in
plant breeding program (Fan et al., 2007; Dehghani et al.,
2009). Therefore, the objective of this study was to
evaluate different maize genotypes at multi-environments,
to identify high yielding as well as stable maize hybrids and
discriminating environments using GGE-biplot analysis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiments were conducted at eight environments
which represent a mid-altitude sub-humid agro-ecology of
Ethiopia. Geographical location of altitude ranges from
1000 to 1800 m a.s.l. and receive about 1200-1500 mm
rainfall annually. The testing locations were namely; Bako,
Hawasa, Jimma, Asosa, Pawe, Arsi-negale, Fenote-
Selam and Tepi in 2015/16 main cropping season of
Ethiopia. A total of twenty maize hybrids were used in the
study and the experiments arranged in randomized
complete block design with three replications and each
genotype was planted on a 5.1 m long consisted two rows
with spacing of 75 cm and 30 cm between rows and plant,
respectively. Agronomic practices including fertilizer
application (DAP and UREA), weed management as well
herbicide application and others were kept constant or
applied as per research recommendation.
Data Collection
All important agronomic traits’ data were collected but ears
weight (unshelled grain weights) were recorded on plot
basis to estimate grain yield adjusted to 80 % shelling
percentage and 12.5 % grain moisture content and later
on converted in t ha-1 for this study.
Statistical analysis
Combined analysis of variance was performed using
Genstat software (version 13) to test the significant of
Genotype, Environment and Genotype by Environment
interaction prior to subsequent analysis.
The combined ANOVA model:
Yijk = µ + Gi + Ej + Bk + GEij + Ɛijk
Where, Yijk is the observed mean of the ith genotype (Gi)
in the environment (Ej), in the kth block (Bk); µ is the overall
mean, Gi is the effect of ith genotype, Ej is the effect of jth
environment; Bk is block effect of the ith genotype in the jth
environment; GEij is the interaction effect of the ith
genotype as well jth environment and Ɛijk is the error term.
If GIE significant from the combined ANOVA, it portioned
into principal components. i.e the genotype and
environment effects were portioned into the additive main
effect for genotype and environments, and non-additive
effect due to GIE (Multiplicative interaction). This means
that, AMMI model estimates the additive effects of
genotypes and environments whereas PCA estimates the
GEI.
According to (Gauch, 2006) AMMI model:
Where: (i = 1, 2……….22: j = 1…….8); Yij = The
performance of the ith genotype in the jth environment; =
The grand mean; Gi = Additive effect of the ith genotype
(genotype mean minus the grand mean); Kn = Eigen
value of the PCA axis n,; Ej = Additive effect of the jth
environment (environment mean deviation); Uni&Snj =
Scorer of genotype i and environment j for the PCA axis
n; Qij = Residual for the first n multiplicative components,
and; eij = error.
In this study, GGE biplot method was used to investigate
Genotype and Genotype x Environment interaction
analysis was conducted using GGE biplot software to
evaluate grain yield stability, identify superior genotypes
and to visualize pattern of environments graphically. Thus,
GGE biplot analyzed according to (Yan et al., 2000).
To see the yield stability analysis, the formula suggested
by (Purchase et al., 2000) was used:
Where, ASV = AMMI stability value, IPCA1 = interaction
principal component analysis 1, IPCA2 = interaction
principal component analysis 2, SSIPCA1 = sum of
squares of the interaction principal component one,
SSIPCA2 = sum of squares of the interaction principal
component two
22
2
1
2)1( sccoreIPCAscoreIPCA
SS
SS
ASV
IPCA
IPCA
ijij
n
njninjiij eQSUKEGy 1
)(
3. Genotype x Environment Interaction and Grain Yield Stability of Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids Tested in Multi-Environment Trials
Int. J. Plant Breed Crop Sci. 765
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Combined analysis of variance showed that mean squares
due to genotype, environment and Genotype x
environment interaction (GEI) revealed highly significant
(p<0.01) for grain yield (Table 1), indicated that variations
observed among the tested genotypes at individual as well
as across environments and possibility of selecting
favored hybrids. In addition, significant difference
observed (P < 0.05) for all IPCA axes, but IPCA1 and
IPCA2 taken according to significant values. Based on
IPCA1 scores, some maize genotypes had relatively high
to lower positive interaction and others negative interaction
with the environments, indicating that the presence of GEI.
Genotype, environment and Genotype x environment
interaction explained 6.62%, 84.84% and 4.50% the total
variation. This showed that environments were divers and
affects the grain yield potential of hybrids. This might be
due to fluctuation of rainfall pattern during cropping
season, different soil statues and other biotic stress
(Farshadfar et al., 2012). This finding also agreed with
(Fan et al., 2007; Mitrovic et al., 2012) reported in METs of
maize for which environment contributed about 83.4 % of
total variation in grain yield whereas Genotype and
Genotype x environment interaction contributed only 1.5%
and 11%, respectively. Further explanation, the biggest
total variation was attributed by environment for the
maximum variation in grain yield performance in different
environments while relatively smaller variation contributed
by genotype and Genotype x environment interaction. The
present study showed that the magnitude of GEI sum of
square was double than genotype mean, indicating the
difference responses of genotype across environments.
Mean grain yield of 20 maize genotypes for eight
environments presented in Table 2, The highest grain yield
in t ha-1 was recorded for the genotype G16 (7.51) whereas
the genotype G2 showed the lowest yield (4.98).However,
the performances of hybrids were inconsistent across
environments, indicating that their unstable performance
of genotypes or crossing over interaction, this phenomena
showed that the presence of Genotype x environment
interaction (Table 2). In addition to this, the responses of
genotypes were fluctuated in their yield potential with
changing of environments, suggesting that some genotype
suitable to specific environment. Similar finding reported
that the ranking maize hybrids across environments
(Mebratu et al., 2019). This could be impede on selecting
stable superior performance maize hybrids across
environments
Table 1: AMMI analysis of variance for grain yield (t /ha)
of 20 maize hybrids tested at eight environments.
Source df SS MS F SS%
Explained
Treatment 159 2196.2 13.81 9.44 **
Genotypes 19 279.3 14.70 10.05
**
6.62
Environments 7 1319.0 188.43 7.41 ** 84.84
Genotype x
Env.
133 597.8 4.50 3.07 ** 4.50
IPCA1 25 219.2 8.77 5.99 **
IPCA2 23 137.0 5.96 4.07 **
Residual 85 241.7 2.84 1.94 **
Error 304 444.8 1.46 -
Write the means of appreciations.
Table 2: Mean of grain yield (t ha-1) of maize hybrids tested at eight environments.
Genotype Bk Hw Jm As Pw AN Fs Tp Mean ASV
G1 10.06 5.13 4.63 3.86 8.10 5.20 3.49 7.55 6.00 0.17
G2 4.61 4.92 4.19 3.95 5.28 5.15 3.83 7.88 4.98 0.26
G3 8.91 8.36 4.47 4.39 6.45 6.48 5.29 8.10 6.56 0.23
G4 7.94 5.70 4.45 4.48 6.54 5.67 2.73 8.34 5.73 0.21
G5 7.55 8.17 3.97 4.66 6.32 5.57 6.75 8.48 6.43 0.07
G6 8.09 6.69 3.58 4.71 6.76 5.49 4.86 9.48 6.21 0.52
G7 9.84 6.44 4.26 3.96 7.48 5.91 2.20 6.29 5.80 0.11
G8 8.74 4.31 4.58 4.08 7.34 4.97 3.19 8.74 5.74 0.98
G9 8.91 7.24 4.50 4.78 5.06 5.53 3.13 6.84 5.75 0.22
G10 10.18 6.62 4.77 3.82 6.62 5.60 6.01 8.20 6.47 0.66
G11 6.99 5.51 3.80 4.08 7.57 3.60 2.52 8.42 5.31 0.27
G12 7.35 7.27 4.69 4.56 5.92 6.04 4.41 6.39 5.83 0.14
G13 10.00 8.10 4.58 4.56 7.49 6.00 6.42 8.77 6.99 0.12
G14 5.86 11.75 4.84 4.66 7.02 6.28 5.18 9.65 6.90 0.06
G15 10.36 7.64 5.61 5.09 7.38 6.25 7.27 8.77 7.30 0.21
G16 11.50 7.98 4.35 5.40 8.25 5.78 5.24 11.56 7.51 0.77
G17 6.69 3.86 4.00 3.99 7.71 4.65 1.92 8.16 5.12 0.08
G18 11.20 8.96 5.12 5.06 5.90 5.47 5.43 10.10 7.16 0.03
G19 10.39 6.52 3.81 4.70 8.26 4.14 5.38 8.91 6.51 0.26
G20 10.15 6.09 4.95 4.89 7.57 3.75 5.20 7.79 6.30 0.02
Environments: Bk = Bako, Hw = Hawasa, Jm = Jima, As = Asosa, Pw = Pawe, AN = Arsi-Neggale, Fs = Fenote-Selam,
Tp = Tepi
Genotypes: G1 up to G17 were promising three way and single crosses/hybrids, G18 and G19 were recently released
maize hybrids (BH 546 and BH 547) and G20= BHQPY 545 as 3rd check
4. Genotype x Environment Interaction and Grain Yield Stability of Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids Tested in Multi-Environment Trials
Garoma et al. 766
ASV analysis for stability and AMMI biplot
AMMI stability value (ASV) is aid to select relatively stable
and high yielding genotypes. Genotypes would have high
mean grain yield than average performance and with lower
value of ASV is relatively stable (Purchase et al. 2000).
Accordingly, Genotype 18 (BH 546) had higher mean yield
over than average performance (grand mean) as well as
relatively small ASV value (0.03) and showed the best
stable genotype (table 2). On other hand, G16 was the
among the hybrids with the highest grain yield but not
stable due to high ASV.
AMMI biplot is to visualize the stability and adaptability of
genotypes across tested environments (Gauch and Zobel,
1997; Gauch, 2006). Moreover, the model also useful on
grouping similar performance genotypes and / or
environments and also provide some information about
GEI in order to identify the genotypes adapted to specific
environment. Accordingly, hybrids, (G16), (G18), (G14),
(G15), (G13) and (G19) were generally exhibited high yield
with high main effects showing positive IPCA1 score.
These genotypes adapted to E1, E2, E5 and E8. These,
environments considered as favorable and good selection
to identify the best performing genotypes. Particularly, the
environment, E1 has large positive IPCA1 score as well
discriminating power of environment to select the
response of genotypes. Similarly, E5 showed small
positive IPCA1 score with high mean value and had small
interaction effects indicating that most of genotypes
performed well in this location. (Ebdon and Gauch, 2002)
reported that the genotypes with IPCA1 scores close to
zero likely adapted to wide environment or less influenced
by the environments. On other hand, Genotypes had
negative IPCA scores showed below average yield.
Accordingly, G2 and G7 would have low performance and
adapted to poor environments; E3, E4, E6 and E7. In
contrast, G11 showed poor performance during cropping
season across tested environments (Fig. 1). Over all,
genotypes on the right side (I and IV quadrants) of the
midpoint of x- axis had higher yields than these of left hand
side whereas, genotypes lies on left sides showed low
yield performances.
Figure 1. AMMI biplot showing mean grain yield performance and adaptability of 20 maize genotypes across eight tested
environments., Bk(E1) = Bako, Hw(E2) = Hawasa, Jm = Jima(E3), As = Asosa(E4), Pw = Pawe(E5), AN = Arsi-Neggale
(E6), Fs = Fenote-Selam (E7), Tp = Tepi(E8)
Polygon View of the GGE- biplot
The GGE biplot graphically shows GEI of METs and visual
genotype to which environment and mega-environments
identification (Yan et al., 2000). The polygon view of the
GGE biplot (Fig. 2), displaying which genotype performed
well at where environments. According to Yan et al. (2007),
when different test environments occurred in different
sectors, it showed that they have different yielding ability
of genotypes for those sectors and thus, an indicating the
existence of Genotype x environment interaction. In these
vertexes, the genotype showed the one that give the
highest grain yield for each environment in which
genotypes lie. Accordingly, G16 was the best at Bako,
G13 was good at Tepi as well Fenote-sealm and G14 was
the best at Hawasa (Fig. 2), suggesting that these
genotype won to which environment lie. Genotypes
positioned on the polygon vertex might be have the longest
5. Genotype x Environment Interaction and Grain Yield Stability of Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids Tested in Multi-Environment Trials
Int. J. Plant Breed Crop Sci. 767
distance from biplot origin, supposed to the most
responsive. However, responsive hybrids either have the
best or poorest yield (Yan and Rajcan, 2002). In this study,
hybrids G16, G18, G15 and G14 had the highest yield
whereas G2, G11 and G17 had lowest grain yield because
no suiting environments in their vertex. In addition, no
location fell into sector with G2 and G11 vertex, implies
that it was the poorest genotypes in some or all of the
locations. Accordingly (Fig. 2), the eight locations fell into
three sectors. However, this should be re-proved using
environmental factors and repeated data across locations
and overs years.
.
Figure 2. Polygon View of the GGE- biplot based on genotype by environment grain yield data of 20 maize genotypes in
eight locations,: Bk = Bako, Hw = Hawasa, Jm = Jima, As = Asosa, Pw = Pawe, AN = Arsi-Neggale, Fs = Fenote-Selam,
Tp = Tepi
Identification of stable hybrids based on mean ranking
and their relationship with the environments
The stability of hybrids and their performance can be
evaluated by average environment coordination (AEC)
method (Yan, 2001). The vertical line separates the
genotypes with below mean yield from those with above
mean yield (Fig. 3). Based on the rank of genotypes; maize
hybrids with above mean yield of genotypes were lie from
G3 to G18 (right side) whereas genotypes with below-
average means indicated from G12 to G2 (Fig. 3). The
stability of the hybrids is determined by their projection
onto the middle horizontal line or stability of the genotypes
depends on their distance from the Average environment
coordinator (AEC) x-axis. Genotypes which are positioned
near to abscissa with short arrow are stable in the part of
GGE-biplot (Yan et al., 2007). Accordingly, G18 and G15
are stable, of all G18 (BH 546) had a good yield as well as
more stable across environments and this results agrees
with those obtained by Mitrovic et al. (2012). In addition, it
also showed using AMMI stability value (Table 2).
Whereas, G2 had the lowest mean grain yield, poor
performance during cropping season and unstable across
tested environments (Fig. 3). On other hand, G14 showed
the highest yield at Hw (Hawasa) location and adapted to
specific environment.
6. Genotype x Environment Interaction and Grain Yield Stability of Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids Tested in Multi-Environment Trials
Garoma et al. 768
Figure 3. Mean vs. stability” view of the GGE biplot of grain yield for 20 hybrids evaluated across the eight environments
Discriminating and relationship among test
environments
GGE biplot also view the discriminating and
representativeness ability of environments to identify an
environment that efficiently discernment the superior
genotype in the tested environments. A long
environmental vector from origin showed a high capacity
to discriminate genotype (Yan and Tinker, 2006). Among
tested environments, Bako and Hawasa were the most
discriminating environments that provided adequate
information on the performance of the hybrids. Further
explanation, Bako and Hawasa environments were
powerful for genotype evaluation and interesting sites to
identify superior genotypes. On other hand, Asosa
environment had short vector and falls close to the bi-plot
origin and the least discriminating environment (Fig. 4) and
it provided little information about the performance
difference of genotypes. Thus, difference of genotypes
may be not reliable and likely reflect noise effect. This may
be due to rainfall situation and others stresses during
cropping season at Asosa site. The relationship among
testing environments can be obtained by the environment-
vector view of GGE biplot. the angle between the vectors
of two environments estimates the association coefficient
between them (Yan 2002).i.e if the angles between
environments were less than 90, showed that high
associations amongst environments...In this study, Arsi-
negale showed strong positive correlation with Hawasa
site, Jima also showed positively associated to Bako
because they had the smallest angles (acute angle)
between the vectors of environments. According to
(Abakemal et al., 2016) reported on Kulumsa and Ambo
sites had small angles revealing strong positive correlation
among them over two years. This showed that similar
information about response of genotype can be obtained
in these environments (Yan and Tinker, 2006). In such
case, indirect selection of genotype for grain yield can be
applied. However, a very close association between
locations should be again validated using over years data
analysis later on re-planning to minimize the cost of maize
breeding program. The other tested environments vectors
formed a wide obtuse angle and right angle indicates poor
correlation between environments showed relatively large
Genotype x environment interaction.
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4
-4-2024 Mean vs. Stability
AXIS1 43.07 %
AXIS224.14%
G1
G10G11
G12
G13
G14
G15
G16G17
G18
G19
G2
G20
G3
G4
G5
G6
G7G8
G9
AN
As
Bk
FS
Hw
Jmpw
TP
7. Genotype x Environment Interaction and Grain Yield Stability of Maize (Zea mays L.) Hybrids Tested in Multi-Environment Trials
Int. J. Plant Breed Crop Sci. 769
Figure 4. Environment-vector view of the GGE-biplot showing the relationship among eight environments;
CONCLUSION
Multi-environment trials study showed that genotypes,
environments and genotype by environment interaction
were significant for grain yield. The genotypes therefore
response varied with respect to grain yield under test
different environments, indicated that the presence of
Genotype x environment interaction. Hybrid of G16 had
the highest mean grain yield (7.51 t ha-1) to be considered
the most performed hybrid. However, it was not stable over
locations. G18 had high yield than average yield and stable
across tested environments. G18 (BH 546) is a recently
released three way maize hybrid that suitable for mid-
altitude sub-humid agro-ecology of Ethiopia. Thus, farmers
should be used for further commercial production.
Out of eight locations, Bako and Hawasa sites were the
most suitable environments in discriminating maize
genotypes, selection of superior maize hybrids and being
a representative test environment during cropping
seasons. Some sites showed close association between
them and thus, should be again validated using over years
data analysis later on re-planning to minimize the cost of
maize breeding program
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