This document summarizes a study on genotype x environment interaction of tef varieties grown in southern Ethiopia. Twenty-two tef genotypes were evaluated across four locations over two years. Significant differences were found among genotypes and locations, and for the genotype x environment interaction. Analysis of variance and AMMI modeling revealed that the variety DZ-Cr-255 was the most stable and high-yielding across locations. The locations of Areka and Hossana showed similar interaction patterns and may represent good testing environments. The study provides information to guide tef breeding efforts in the region.
Assessment of genotype by environment interactions and grainAlexander Decker
The document discusses a study that evaluated 100 extra-early maize hybrids across three environments in Ghana to determine the presence and effects of genotype by environment interactions (GxE) on grain yield. The study found significant effects of genotype and environment on grain yield, but GxE was not significant. Using GGE biplot methodology, five hybrids - TZEEI 8 x TZEEI 51, TZEEI 5 x TZEEI 53, TZEEI 21 x TZEEI 39, TZEEI 27 x TZEEI 36, and TZEEI 4 x TZEEI 6 - were identified as high yielding and stable across environments. In contrast, five other
Seed Yield Stability and Genotype x Environment Interaction of Common Bean (P...Premier Publishers
This document evaluates 15 common bean lines and one check variety across 5 environments in Ethiopia over 2 years to analyze genotype by environment interaction and identify stable, high-yielding lines. Significant genotype by environment interaction was found, with environments explaining most variation (81.06%) followed by interaction (15.73%) and genotypes (3.21%). Combined analysis of variance and AMMI modeling partitioned the interaction into two significant principal component axes explaining 39.45% and 17.38% of variation. Biplots of the results identified lines KG-71-1, KG-71-23, and KG-71-44 as both high yielding and broadly adapted. However, specific adaptation of lines was not consistent over
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Nine groundnut varieties were tested across six environments in western Oromia, Ethiopia during 2013 main cropping season to evaluate the performance of groundnut varieties for kernel yield and their stability across environments. The varieties were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Pooled analysis of variance for kernel yield showed significant (p≤0.01) differences among the varieties, environments and the genotype by environment interaction (GxE). Additive main effect and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) analysis showed highly significant (p≤0.01) differences for varieties, environments and their interaction on kernel yield. Similarly, the first and the second interaction principal component axis (IPCA1 and IPCA 2) were highly significant (p≤0.01) and explained 41.32 and 7.2% of the total GxE sum of squares, respectively. The environment, genotype and genotype by environment interaction accounted 14.7, 24.1 and 53.3% variations, respectively. This indicated the existence of considerable amounts of deferential response among the varieties to changes in growing environments and the deferential discriminating ability of the test environments. Shulamith and Bulki varieties showed the smallest genotype selection index (GSI) values and had the highest kernel yield and stability showing that these varieties had general adaptation in the tested environments. In the genotype and genotype by environment (GGE) biplot analysis, IPCA1 and IPCA 2 explained 63.5% and 22.4%, respectively, of genotype by environment interaction and made a total of 85.9%. GGE biplot analysis also confirmed Bulki and Shulamith varieties showed better stability and thus ideal varieties recommended for production in the test environments and similar agro-ecologies.
Genotype by environment interactions and effects on growth and yield of cowpe...Premier Publishers
Cowpea is widely grown in the humid tropics as staple and is largely affected by genotype by environment interaction (GEI). Data obtained from field trials were subjected to genotype (G) by environment (E) interaction (GEI Biplot) analysis and was applied to examine the nature and magnitude of GEI and quantify their effects on cowpea performance in seven experimental trials in a rainforest and derived savanna agroecologies of south-west Nigeria. Results showed that genotype x environment interactions effects were significant on cowpea growth and yield characters. The differential performance of cowpea varieties as early- and late- rainy season crops at both locations were attributable to variability in the soil, weather and biotic factors of the test environments. Determination of winning genotype(s) and yield ranking across environments showed that cowpea varieties depicted differential performance for the test environments and hence the interaction was crossover type. Varieties IT97K-568-18, IT97K-568-18 and Oloyin Brown are high yielding while IT96D-610 and IT98K-205-8 are poor. Oloyin Brown and IT98K-573-2-1 won in Akure 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Ado 1 while IT97K-568-18 won in Ado 2 and Akure 5. IT96D-610 and IT98K-205-8 did not win in any environment. The best performing varieties, Oloyin Brown, IT97K-568-18 and IT98K-573-2-1 combined both high yield and stable performance across test environments and were characterized as ideal genotypes while most unstable variety, IT96D-610, performed poorly in test environments. It is concluded that Ado-Ekiti was best for the late rainy while Akure location was best for early rainy season cropping.
Yield Stability and Genotype × Environment Interaction of Faba Bean (Vicia fa...Premier Publishers
The present research was conducted to assess the effect of genotype × environment interaction (GEI) on grain yield and determine yield stability of faba bean genotypes using 50 genotypes in randomized complete block design with three replications tested at Holetta, Watebecha Minjaro and Jeldu with and without lime application in 2017. The grain yield performances of genotypes were varied across environments which indicate the existence of GEI. The mean grain yields of genotypes were ranged between 51.16g (Wayu) and 96.40g (CS20DK) with an overall mean value of 78.02g/5plants. The AMMI ANOVA showed that environment, genotype and GEI contributed 58.05, 16.08 and 14.28% of total variation in grain yield, respectively. The significant differences among genotypes, environments and interaction effect of the two way interactions on grain yield showed the differential response of genotypes over locations and managements and the test environments were different each other. Based on mean grain yield, stability parameters from AMMI and GGE-biplot, Tumsa, Cool-0034, EH07015-7 and EKLS/CSR02019-2-4 were identified as the four most stable/relatively stable and productive genotypes whereas Wolki, Numan, EH09004-2 and CS20DK had high grain yield and dynamic response to environments. Therefore, this experiment has to be repeated for one more season for reliable recommendation.
Genotype by environment interaction and stability of extra-early maize hybrid...IJEAB
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal crop produced in Ghana. However the change in environmental conditions, the expansion of maize to new agro-ecologies coupled with inadequate maize varieties available for the different environments affects yield improvement programmes in Ghana. Hence, the study is to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic for famers use in the country. The objectives of the study was to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic performance for famers use in Ghana. Thus, fifteen extra-early maize hybrids and three locally released checks were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two locations in Ghana. The experiment was carried out at KNUST and Akomadan which represent the forest and forest transition zones of Ghana. Nine of the hybrids out of the fifteen hybrids evaluated produce above the average yield and the effect of genotype, location and genotype by location interaction was significant for grain yield. The GGE biplot used in this study revealed that TZEEI-1 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-6 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-15 x TZEEI-1 and TZEEI-29 x TZEEI-21 were high yielding and stable hybrids because they were closer to the ideal. The GGE biplot also identified Akomadan as the most ideal testing environment for these hybrids under irrigation.
Genotype x Environment Interaction and Grain Yield Stability of Maize (Zea ma...Premier Publishers
Testing of genotypes in multi-environments is an important to estimate genotype x environment interaction (GEI) and identify stable genotypes with superior performance. The study was to evaluate different maize hybrids at multi-environments as well as to identify high yielding and stable maize hybrids. Twenty maize hybrids were tested across eight environments in a randomized complete block design in the 2015 cropping season. Combined analysis of variance and AMMI analysis showed that genotype, environment and GEI effect were highly significant (p < 0. 01) for grain yield. Genotype, environment and GEI explained 6.62, 84.87 and 4.50% of the total experimental variations, indicating the importance of environment for variations in grain yield. Mean grain yield of tested hybrids ranged from 4.98 t ha-1 in G2 to 7.51 t ha-1 in G16. As evident from significant GEI, performances of the hybrids were inconsistent across environments indicated that suitable to specific environment. Based on AMMI stability value and mean ranking of GGE biplot indicated that G18 (BH 546) had high grain yield (7.16 t ha-1) and more stable across tested environments. This study identified maize hybrids with high grain yield and stable across environments that need to be further validated for possible new maize variety release and or the newly released hybrid is used for possible commercial production.
Assessment of genotype by environment interactions and grainAlexander Decker
The document discusses a study that evaluated 100 extra-early maize hybrids across three environments in Ghana to determine the presence and effects of genotype by environment interactions (GxE) on grain yield. The study found significant effects of genotype and environment on grain yield, but GxE was not significant. Using GGE biplot methodology, five hybrids - TZEEI 8 x TZEEI 51, TZEEI 5 x TZEEI 53, TZEEI 21 x TZEEI 39, TZEEI 27 x TZEEI 36, and TZEEI 4 x TZEEI 6 - were identified as high yielding and stable across environments. In contrast, five other
Seed Yield Stability and Genotype x Environment Interaction of Common Bean (P...Premier Publishers
This document evaluates 15 common bean lines and one check variety across 5 environments in Ethiopia over 2 years to analyze genotype by environment interaction and identify stable, high-yielding lines. Significant genotype by environment interaction was found, with environments explaining most variation (81.06%) followed by interaction (15.73%) and genotypes (3.21%). Combined analysis of variance and AMMI modeling partitioned the interaction into two significant principal component axes explaining 39.45% and 17.38% of variation. Biplots of the results identified lines KG-71-1, KG-71-23, and KG-71-44 as both high yielding and broadly adapted. However, specific adaptation of lines was not consistent over
Germination percentage and growing behavior of Salix tetrasperma (Willow) as ...Innspub Net
Propagation through branch cuttings is one of the best methods to produced tree nursery the yield of the tree produced from a cutting can be higher then a tree produced from seedlings, the conditions provided to them are important factor for getting good results. The aim of this study was to find the best size of cuttings for establishment of nursery and also to compare their performance in open air or in artificial conditions under plastic sheets cuttings of 2 inches, 4 and 6 of Salix tetrasperma were raised in plastic bags of size 3x7 their were three treatments with 25 bags in each and replicated 4 times. The data on sprouting percentage, plant height, root development etc was recorded after every two weeks. The data thus collected was analyzed statically using randomized complete block design. Result showed that cutting of 2 inches has high sprouting percentage and growth behavior as compared to other cuttings. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Nine groundnut varieties were tested across six environments in western Oromia, Ethiopia during 2013 main cropping season to evaluate the performance of groundnut varieties for kernel yield and their stability across environments. The varieties were arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Pooled analysis of variance for kernel yield showed significant (p≤0.01) differences among the varieties, environments and the genotype by environment interaction (GxE). Additive main effect and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) analysis showed highly significant (p≤0.01) differences for varieties, environments and their interaction on kernel yield. Similarly, the first and the second interaction principal component axis (IPCA1 and IPCA 2) were highly significant (p≤0.01) and explained 41.32 and 7.2% of the total GxE sum of squares, respectively. The environment, genotype and genotype by environment interaction accounted 14.7, 24.1 and 53.3% variations, respectively. This indicated the existence of considerable amounts of deferential response among the varieties to changes in growing environments and the deferential discriminating ability of the test environments. Shulamith and Bulki varieties showed the smallest genotype selection index (GSI) values and had the highest kernel yield and stability showing that these varieties had general adaptation in the tested environments. In the genotype and genotype by environment (GGE) biplot analysis, IPCA1 and IPCA 2 explained 63.5% and 22.4%, respectively, of genotype by environment interaction and made a total of 85.9%. GGE biplot analysis also confirmed Bulki and Shulamith varieties showed better stability and thus ideal varieties recommended for production in the test environments and similar agro-ecologies.
Genotype by environment interactions and effects on growth and yield of cowpe...Premier Publishers
Cowpea is widely grown in the humid tropics as staple and is largely affected by genotype by environment interaction (GEI). Data obtained from field trials were subjected to genotype (G) by environment (E) interaction (GEI Biplot) analysis and was applied to examine the nature and magnitude of GEI and quantify their effects on cowpea performance in seven experimental trials in a rainforest and derived savanna agroecologies of south-west Nigeria. Results showed that genotype x environment interactions effects were significant on cowpea growth and yield characters. The differential performance of cowpea varieties as early- and late- rainy season crops at both locations were attributable to variability in the soil, weather and biotic factors of the test environments. Determination of winning genotype(s) and yield ranking across environments showed that cowpea varieties depicted differential performance for the test environments and hence the interaction was crossover type. Varieties IT97K-568-18, IT97K-568-18 and Oloyin Brown are high yielding while IT96D-610 and IT98K-205-8 are poor. Oloyin Brown and IT98K-573-2-1 won in Akure 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Ado 1 while IT97K-568-18 won in Ado 2 and Akure 5. IT96D-610 and IT98K-205-8 did not win in any environment. The best performing varieties, Oloyin Brown, IT97K-568-18 and IT98K-573-2-1 combined both high yield and stable performance across test environments and were characterized as ideal genotypes while most unstable variety, IT96D-610, performed poorly in test environments. It is concluded that Ado-Ekiti was best for the late rainy while Akure location was best for early rainy season cropping.
Yield Stability and Genotype × Environment Interaction of Faba Bean (Vicia fa...Premier Publishers
The present research was conducted to assess the effect of genotype × environment interaction (GEI) on grain yield and determine yield stability of faba bean genotypes using 50 genotypes in randomized complete block design with three replications tested at Holetta, Watebecha Minjaro and Jeldu with and without lime application in 2017. The grain yield performances of genotypes were varied across environments which indicate the existence of GEI. The mean grain yields of genotypes were ranged between 51.16g (Wayu) and 96.40g (CS20DK) with an overall mean value of 78.02g/5plants. The AMMI ANOVA showed that environment, genotype and GEI contributed 58.05, 16.08 and 14.28% of total variation in grain yield, respectively. The significant differences among genotypes, environments and interaction effect of the two way interactions on grain yield showed the differential response of genotypes over locations and managements and the test environments were different each other. Based on mean grain yield, stability parameters from AMMI and GGE-biplot, Tumsa, Cool-0034, EH07015-7 and EKLS/CSR02019-2-4 were identified as the four most stable/relatively stable and productive genotypes whereas Wolki, Numan, EH09004-2 and CS20DK had high grain yield and dynamic response to environments. Therefore, this experiment has to be repeated for one more season for reliable recommendation.
Genotype by environment interaction and stability of extra-early maize hybrid...IJEAB
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the most important cereal crop produced in Ghana. However the change in environmental conditions, the expansion of maize to new agro-ecologies coupled with inadequate maize varieties available for the different environments affects yield improvement programmes in Ghana. Hence, the study is to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic for famers use in the country. The objectives of the study was to investigate the influence of genotype by environment interaction on the maize hybrids and to identify stable and high yielding hybrids with superior agronomic performance for famers use in Ghana. Thus, fifteen extra-early maize hybrids and three locally released checks were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two locations in Ghana. The experiment was carried out at KNUST and Akomadan which represent the forest and forest transition zones of Ghana. Nine of the hybrids out of the fifteen hybrids evaluated produce above the average yield and the effect of genotype, location and genotype by location interaction was significant for grain yield. The GGE biplot used in this study revealed that TZEEI-1 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-6 x TZEEI-21, TZEEI-15 x TZEEI-1 and TZEEI-29 x TZEEI-21 were high yielding and stable hybrids because they were closer to the ideal. The GGE biplot also identified Akomadan as the most ideal testing environment for these hybrids under irrigation.
Genotype x Environment Interaction and Grain Yield Stability of Maize (Zea ma...Premier Publishers
Testing of genotypes in multi-environments is an important to estimate genotype x environment interaction (GEI) and identify stable genotypes with superior performance. The study was to evaluate different maize hybrids at multi-environments as well as to identify high yielding and stable maize hybrids. Twenty maize hybrids were tested across eight environments in a randomized complete block design in the 2015 cropping season. Combined analysis of variance and AMMI analysis showed that genotype, environment and GEI effect were highly significant (p < 0. 01) for grain yield. Genotype, environment and GEI explained 6.62, 84.87 and 4.50% of the total experimental variations, indicating the importance of environment for variations in grain yield. Mean grain yield of tested hybrids ranged from 4.98 t ha-1 in G2 to 7.51 t ha-1 in G16. As evident from significant GEI, performances of the hybrids were inconsistent across environments indicated that suitable to specific environment. Based on AMMI stability value and mean ranking of GGE biplot indicated that G18 (BH 546) had high grain yield (7.16 t ha-1) and more stable across tested environments. This study identified maize hybrids with high grain yield and stable across environments that need to be further validated for possible new maize variety release and or the newly released hybrid is used for possible commercial production.
Vijay Bhosekar_ Published Article_ Organic Agriculturevijay bhosekar
Over 30 years of studies at the Rodale Institute in Pennsylvania found that:
1) Organic systems produced equal yields of corn and soybeans compared to conventional systems, while improving soil quality.
2) Organic systems were more profitable than conventional systems due to lower costs and premium prices for organic crops.
3) Organic systems used less energy and emitted fewer greenhouse gases than conventional systems to produce the same amount of crops.
Ecophysiological Yield Components In Wheat Cultivars Under Variable Phosphoru...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Effects of P deficiency and interactions Cultivar x P available, on wheat yield and ecophysiological components were analysed, considering that the grain number m-2 is the product of the length of spike growth period, crop growth rate during this phase, the proportion of growth for spikes (partitioning) and spike fertility (grain number produced per unit of spike dry weight). Four cultivars with different strategy to generate yield (i.e. combinations of ecophysiological yield components) were compared with and without P fertilization, during two years in Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina. The soil was moderately P deficient (7-9 mg P kg-1 soil) and P fertilization treatments (50 kg P ha-1) were established at sowing. P deficiencies affected yield and most of its components, the exceptions were: partitioning to spike, spike growth period and radiation use efficiency. The interaction Cultivar x P fertilization was not significant in all cases. The lack of interaction between cultivar and P level suggest that improvements in any crop physiological component will express in both, moderately deficiencies or high P environment.
Genotypic variation for agronomical and physiological traits affecting drough...Premier Publishers
The main objective of this study was to evaluate drought resistant genotypes previously developed in CIAT and local cultivars for yield traits and to identify agronomical and physiological traits associated with drought stress environments under the local environment in Yemen. The study materials were selected (16 genotypes) based on phenotypic, physiological traits and drought tolerance indexes in 2006 and 2007, then evaluated in 2008, 2009 and 2010 at three locations representing low rainfall drought (LRD) stress at the southern highland region (SHR) at Ibb – Yemen. Both experiments were subjected to medium to severe drought stress. Genotypes responded differently to drought stress and normal conditions; accordingly these bean genotypes categorized into four groups. The most important group, the group that includes MIB-154, MIB-155, Ser-72, BFB-141, SXB-416, Ser-111, Ser-88, NSL and Taiz-305 genotypes. This group expressed uniform superiority under both normal and drought conditions. The most important group, the group that includes MIB-154, MIB-155, Ser-72, BFB-141, SXB-416, Ser-111, Ser-88, NSL and Taiz-305 genotypes. This group expressed uniform superiority under both normal and drought conditions. Among phenotypic, physiological traits and drought tolerance indexes; delayed leaf senescence (DLS), growth recovery tolerance (LRT), grain filling index (GFI), seed production efficiency (SPE), stomatal conductance, early maturity and stress tolerance index (STI) were found to be the most suitable indices for screening bean lines for drought tolerance under both NS and SD environments as they were highly correlated with both (Yp) and (Ys). Moreover, stability indices analysis of the promising genotypes eight location x three years (2011, 2012 and 2013); proved that genotypes MIB-155, MIB-156, BFB-141, SXB-416 and NSL has high yields with low response indices.
Study of Genotype x Environment Interaction for Sweetpotato Tuber Yield and R...Premier Publishers
The current study was aimed to understand the nature and magnitude of genotype x environment interaction (GEI) while determining yield performances and stability of 9 sweetpotato genotypes. Evaluations were done in three locations in Papua New Guinea over two seasons from 2016-2017 via GxE multi-location trials. Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis revealed significant (P< 0.05) differences among the total treatment interaction (G, E and GEI) while GEI alone was non-significant for tuber yields. Combined analysis showed significant environmental effect on tuber yields, tuber number and gall mite while harvest index, tuber dry matter and scab disease were influenced by genotype main effect. Tuber yields varied from 5.0-13.5, 8.5-18.0 and 2.6-4.7 t/ha for marketable, total and dry tuber yield respectively. New genotypes generally outperformed local varieties in terms of yield and stability. Genotypes G5, G3 and G1 gave promising yield and stability across environments. GGE biplot identified two mega-environments and also tagged G6 as winning genotypes at Aiyamontena and Tambul while G2, G3 and G4 are ideal for Bubia. This indicates that analysis of GxE trials using AMMI/GGE model and auxiliary parameters is important to determine adaptability/stability to identify superior genotypes. Selected genotypes can be recommended for cultivation in specific test locations and similar environments. Tambul was considered as the most favourable environment for production of these genotypes. This study revealed that there is high degree of variation in tuber yields and related traits due to diverse environments and GEI, thus, further breeding and selection for high yield and widely adaptable varieties is necessary.
Studying yield and yield components of Early Maturing Maize (Zea mays L.) Inb...Premier Publishers
The objective of the study was to evaluate yield and yield components of early maturing maize inbred lines in moisture stress areas of Ethiopia. Fifteen inbred lines were crossed in a diallel mating design; three standard checks with105 hybrids were evaluated in Alpha Lattice Design in two replications at three locations. Most studied traits showed significant for entries, hybrids, checks, checks versus hybrids, interaction of entries x location and hybrids x location. The highest grain yield was obtained from hybrids, Line7 x Line15 (8.05t/ha), L9 x L15 (6.44t/ha) andL14 x L15 (9.37t/ha) whereas, the lowest yield was recorded from hybrids, L4 x L8, L1 x L2 or L3 x L9 and L4 x L3 at Melkassa, Mieso and Zeway, in the that order. Mean of hybrids and standard checks across locations indicated that the highest grain yield of 7.2 and 7.1 (t/ha) were obtained from standard checks Melkassa hybrid-130 and BH-543 respectively. Among the hybrids, the best yield of 7.0, 6.7 and 6.6 (t/ha) were recorded for L12 x L15, L7 x L15 and L14 x L15, in that order. The lowest grain yield was obtained from hybrid, L4 x L8 (2.8 t/ha). Lines, L5 x L6 and L5 x L10 were early maturing hybrids across the locations. Hence, hybrids involving L15 as one of its parent yielded better at all locations. The study identified inbred lines and hybrid with desirable traits that will be useful for selecting high yielding and early maturing hybrids for drought areas of the country.
Correlation Coefficient and Path Analysis among Yield and Yield Related Trait...Premier Publishers
Twenty-two upland rice varieties were evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2014 cropping season at Pawe Northwestern Ethiopia to estimate association among grain yield and yield related traits and partition the correlation coefficients into direct and indirect effects. The analysis of variance showed significant (p < 0.01) differences for all traits except harvest index indicating the existence of variability. Correlation analysis of grain yield showed positive and significant associations with fertile tiller per plant (rg=0.792), biomass yield (rg=0.789), and plant height (rg=0.684) at genotypic level indicating that simultaneous improvement for these traits is possible. The path coefficient revealed that biomass yield, fertile tiller per plant and plant height exerted favorable direct effects on grain yield at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Plant height, days to 85% maturity, fertile tillers per plant and thousand-grain weight supported the direct contribution of biomass yield to grain yield. The present investigations indicated that grain yield per plot was influenced by biomass yield, fertile tiller per plant, and plant height.
Field experiments were conducted at the University of Ilorin Teaching and Research Farm in 2005 and
2006 cropping seasons with the objective to evaluate the combining ability for maize grain yield and
other agronomic characters in 10 open pollinated maize varieties, which have been selected for high
yield and stress tolerance. General combining ability (gca) and year (y) effects were significant for all
the parameters except plant height, while specific combining ability (sca) and gca x year effects were
significant only for grain yield. However, Tze Comp4 Dmr Srbc2, Tze Comp4 C2 and Acr 94 Tze Comp5
which are good general combiners for maize grain yield, also showed positive significant gca x year
effects for flowering traits. Significant sca x year interaction effects were recorded for maize grain yield
and days to flowering, with Hei 97 Tze Comp3 C4 combining very well with 3 parents (Acr 90 Pool 16-Dt,
Tze Comp4-Dmr Srbc2 and Tze Comp4 C2). These parents and their hybrids probably have genes that
can be introgressed into other promising lines in developing early maturing and high yielding varieties
for cultivation in the Nigeria savannas.
This document discusses a study that used mixed structural covariance analysis, path analysis, and crop modeling to evaluate variation in yield components and potential yield between high-latitude and mid-European spring wheat genotypes currently grown in Finland. The study aimed to identify optimal ideotypes for each region and assess their adaptation under future climate conditions. Key findings include:
1) Modern genotypes have significantly higher yield potential than older varieties, with mid-European varieties exceeding 5 tons per hectare even under non-optimal conditions.
2) Grains per ear, harvest index, and kernel weight were the most important factors determining yield potential based on path analysis.
3) Crop modeling suggests mid-European ideotypes could achieve over 5.1 tons per
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Correlation and Path Analysis of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Genotypes in...Premier Publishers
Sixteen groundnut genotypes (including local check) were evaluated for quantitative parameters. The crop was sown during 2015 Ethiopian wet season in four locations. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Twelve agromorphological characters were evaluated and the covariance, coheritability, phenotypic, genotypic and environmental correlations and also the direct and indirect effects of the component variables on grain yield/ha were estimated. The results indicated that genotypic correlations were higher than the phenotypic and environmental ones. The grain yield/ha presented positive and significant genetic correlation with PWP, SWP and 100SW. Path analysis based on genotypic and phenotypic correlations showed that direct effects were generally lower than indirect effects on the grain yield showing that no best character contributes to GY/ha. Instead, characters like NMP, PWP, SWP, 100SW, NSPOD and AGBP should be recommended for groundnut breeding for increasing GY/ha.
Cassava (mannihot esculenta cranz) varieties and harvesting stages influenced...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effects of harvesting stages on yield and yield components of 10 cassava genotypes in Ethiopia over two growing seasons. The highest fresh root yield of 23.06 t/ha was obtained after 18 months of planting. Yield and components such as root weight and number of branches differed significantly across stages for all varieties. Harvesting at 18 months provided desirable yields while 15 months was suitable for vegetative propagation material. Correlations showed that plant height, branches, root length and dry weight positively influenced fresh root yield. Therefore, 18 months after planting is recommended for fresh root harvesting under these conditions.
Estimation of association among growth and yield related traits in Bread Whea...Premier Publishers
A total of twenty five bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were evaluated for trait association and path coefficient analysis among yield and yield contributing traits at Gurage zone of two different environments. The genotypes were grown in triplicate randomized complete block design. Data were collected on 13 agronomic characters. It was found results that grain yield showed positive and significant correlations with above ground biomass, tillers per plant, kernel per spike, spikelet per spike and plant height at Fereziye and negatively correlated with tiller per plant (rg= -0.535) and plant height (rg= -0.284) at Kotergedra. Selection on the basis of positive association of grain yield with its contributing traits may be helpful to improve grain yield of wheat. Path coefficient analysis revealed that above ground biomass and tillers per plant exerted high and favorable direct effects on grain yield at Fereziye. Both genotypic and phenotypic correlation and path coefficient analysis revealed that grain filling period exerted high and favorable direct effect on grain yield at Kotergedra which indicated that selection on such traits may be useful to improve the grain yield. It was moreover suggested that the evaluation of wheat genotypes for grain yield under multi-zonal locations should be carried out to exploit more yield potential.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the association between agronomic traits and grain yield, protein content, and oil content in soybean genotypes. The study analyzed data from 49 soybean genotypes grown in two locations in Ethiopia. It found that seed yield was strongly correlated with seeds per plant, pods per plant, seeds per pod, days to maturity, and grain filling period. Protein content was strongly correlated with plant height, branches per plant, and days to maturity. Oil content was not associated with any traits except protein content, which had a strong negative association. Path analysis revealed that number of seeds per pod was more important than other traits for indirect selection of high-yielding genotypes.
Genotype by Environment Interaction of Full-sib Families of Maize Endosperms ...Premier Publishers
The present study was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farms, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi and Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Lafia to evaluate the presence of genotype by environment interactions in a population of 300 FS families of three maize endosperms to ascertain their agronomic performance, yield and stability across environments. The experiment was laid out in a 10 × 10 balanced lattice square design with three replications. Results from the GGE Biplot for mean grain yield performance showed the entry P93 (Popcorn) obtained the highest yield at Lafia while F5 (Field Corn) had the highest yield and thus the winning family for Makurdi. The entries S72, P98, P90, S20, P31, and P54 were the most stable with an above average performance and thus recommended. The significant Location by Entries interaction effects for grain yield explains that a promising genotype selected in one of these locations will not be suitable for production in the other locations in the same agro-ecological zone, however, P93 (Popcorn) and F5 (Field corn) recorded the highest yield for Lafia and Makurdi respectively. The identified stable or location specific families should be crossed in all possible combinations to complete Cycle 1 of the FS families in a recurrent selection programme.
Stem Height and Yield Response of Four Potato Varieties to Planting Density a...Premier Publishers
Field trials were conducted at Tambul in the High Altitude Research Centre in Papua New Guinea Highlands. The trials evaluated four varieties of potato, two of which are resistant to Potato Late Blight disease and bred by the International Potato Centre (E2, E24), Kumdi and PNG industry variety, Sequoia against three planting densities (PD) and three fertilizer rates (FR) in a 4x3x3 factorial design. Trials were replicated three times and repeated in three seasons at three different sites. Stem height of E24 was significantly (P<0.05) higher followed by E2, Kumdi then Sequoia respectively. Marketable and total tuber number plant-1 was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by varieties and treatments especially PD. All varieties performed high marketable and total tuber number plant-1 at moderate to low PD. Optimum marketable and total tuber yield (t ha-1) of E2, Kumdi, Sequoia and E24 were observed at high PD and moderate to high FR. High seed tubers were observed at high density and low to moderate FR. E2 and Kumdi had appropriate genetic traits resistant to PLB disease and natural aptitude to influence tall stem height cultivated using high PD and moderated to high FR resulted in healthy crop development and high yield performance.
Screening of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Genotypes for Mycorrhizal Association ...Premier Publishers
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the most important legumes used for food, feed and maintaining ecological balance. However, its productivity has been declining due to various biotic and abiotic factors. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal symbioses have been proved to enhance growth and yield responses of faba bean and other agricultural crops by counteracting these extreme factors. The study was conducted at field and greenhouse to evaluate the performance of faba bean genotypes for mycorrhizal colonization on two Phosphorus fertilizer levels. Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications was used. Analysis of variance indicated that all parameters, except number of mycorrhizal spores and relative mycorrhizal dependency, were highly significantly (p<0.01) varied for genotypes. Genotypes Wayu, Dosha, Didea, Moti and Tumsa for phosphorus fertilized; and Dagim, Gebelcho, Dosha, Tumsa and Wayu for unfertilized trial had performed better. Mycorrhizal colonization performance was higher on unfertilized than on P fertilized trial, at both field and greenhouse. Furthermore, for the genotypes tested at both conditions, the performance of the genotypes was higher at field than at greenhouse. The study also revealed that most of the mycorrhizal association parameters were highly correlated with biomass phosphorus uptake and grain yield of the faba bean genotypes.
Responses of wheat seedling to varying moisture conditions and relationship b...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The following study was conducted to estimate the genotypic differences among 30 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under different moisture regimes and relationship between morphological and molecular characterization. Eight seedling parameters root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW), root dry weight (RDW), shoot dry weight (SDW), chlorophyll rate (CR) and survival rate (SR) were studied at four different soil moisture conditions (T 1 40%,T 2 60%,T 3 80%,T 4 100%) using two factor factorial complete randomized design (CRD). Significant differences among genotypes were observed by analysis of variance. For heritability estimates, survival rate showed lowest heritability under all the treatments. Principal components analysis accounted 81.4% variation in T 1 , 81.9% in T2, 87.7% in T3 and 84.7% in T4 conditions in first PC. Selected diverse genotypes were further fingerprinted with 10 ISSR markers. A total of 74 DNA fragments were detected and 72.7% of was polymorphic. The amplified DNA fragments were ranged from 4 (UBC-809) to 11 (UBC-808). PIC values were ranged from 0.32 to 0.81. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into 4 clusters on the basis of molecular and phenotypic characterization under T4 normal conditions whereas under T1 (moisture stress) conditions genotypes were grouped into 5 clusters explaining genotypic differences under different moisture conditions. The present results showed that phenotypic difference in wheat seedling expression under different water regimes is accompanied with molecular basis, which offer a prospective to enhance wheat adaptation under moisture stress conditions.
GGEBiplot analysis of genotype × environment interaction in Agropyron interme...Innspub Net
In order to identify genotypes of Agropyron intermedium with high forage yield and stability an experiment was carried out in the Research station of Kermanshah Iran.The 11 accessions were sown in a randomized complete block design with three replications under rainfed and irrigated conditions during 2013-21-014 cropping deasons. Combined analysis of variance indicated high significant differences for location, genotype and G × E interaction (GEI) at 1% level of probability. Mean comparisons over environments introduced G4, G3 and G5 with maximum forage yield over rainfed and irrigated conditions. Minimum forage yield was attributed to genotype G1. GGEbiplot analysis exhibited that the first two principal components (PCA) resulted from GEI and genotype effect justified 99.37% of total variance in the data set. The four environments under investigation fell into two apparent groups: irrigated and rainfed. The presence of close associations among irrigated (E1 and E3) and rainfed (E2 and E4) conditions suggests that the same information about the genotypes could be obtained from fewer test environments, and hence the potential to reduce testing cost.The which-won-where pattern of GGEbiplot introduced genotypes G3 and G4 as stable with high forage yield for rainfed condition, while G5 was stable with high yield for irrigated condition. According to the comparison of the genotypes with the Ideal genotype accessions G4, G3 and G9 were more favorable than all the other genotypes. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
Genetic Progress for Yield, Yield Components and Other Agronomic Characters o...Premier Publishers
Genetic progress has brought about increase in yield potential per se for almost all production areas around the world. The present study examines the relationship of groundnut yield with year of release, yield components and other agro-morphological traits using aggregative data from 1976 to 2012 to calculate genetic gain in groundnut grain yield across four locations in Eastern Ethiopia. The direct method, that compares cultivars with their year of release, was used. The relative gain for groundnut grain yield was 1.08% since 1976. A deeper understanding of these issues facilitates the identification of specific yield-limiting factors that can be used for future breeding strategies. Grain yield, 100 seed weight, plant height and harvest index were significantly correlated with year of release for tested locations, emphasizing the most promising traits for groundnut breeders in the past. These traits were also responsible for the significant genetic progress in groundnut yield in Ethiopia since 1976. Further improvement in the yield potential of groundnut will have to involve increase in other traits, like pod weight per plant, seed weight per plant, that have shown significant positive correlation with grain yield.
Vijay Bhosekar_ Published Article_ Organic Agriculturevijay bhosekar
Over 30 years of studies at the Rodale Institute in Pennsylvania found that:
1) Organic systems produced equal yields of corn and soybeans compared to conventional systems, while improving soil quality.
2) Organic systems were more profitable than conventional systems due to lower costs and premium prices for organic crops.
3) Organic systems used less energy and emitted fewer greenhouse gases than conventional systems to produce the same amount of crops.
Ecophysiological Yield Components In Wheat Cultivars Under Variable Phosphoru...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Effects of P deficiency and interactions Cultivar x P available, on wheat yield and ecophysiological components were analysed, considering that the grain number m-2 is the product of the length of spike growth period, crop growth rate during this phase, the proportion of growth for spikes (partitioning) and spike fertility (grain number produced per unit of spike dry weight). Four cultivars with different strategy to generate yield (i.e. combinations of ecophysiological yield components) were compared with and without P fertilization, during two years in Azul, Buenos Aires, Argentina. The soil was moderately P deficient (7-9 mg P kg-1 soil) and P fertilization treatments (50 kg P ha-1) were established at sowing. P deficiencies affected yield and most of its components, the exceptions were: partitioning to spike, spike growth period and radiation use efficiency. The interaction Cultivar x P fertilization was not significant in all cases. The lack of interaction between cultivar and P level suggest that improvements in any crop physiological component will express in both, moderately deficiencies or high P environment.
Genotypic variation for agronomical and physiological traits affecting drough...Premier Publishers
The main objective of this study was to evaluate drought resistant genotypes previously developed in CIAT and local cultivars for yield traits and to identify agronomical and physiological traits associated with drought stress environments under the local environment in Yemen. The study materials were selected (16 genotypes) based on phenotypic, physiological traits and drought tolerance indexes in 2006 and 2007, then evaluated in 2008, 2009 and 2010 at three locations representing low rainfall drought (LRD) stress at the southern highland region (SHR) at Ibb – Yemen. Both experiments were subjected to medium to severe drought stress. Genotypes responded differently to drought stress and normal conditions; accordingly these bean genotypes categorized into four groups. The most important group, the group that includes MIB-154, MIB-155, Ser-72, BFB-141, SXB-416, Ser-111, Ser-88, NSL and Taiz-305 genotypes. This group expressed uniform superiority under both normal and drought conditions. The most important group, the group that includes MIB-154, MIB-155, Ser-72, BFB-141, SXB-416, Ser-111, Ser-88, NSL and Taiz-305 genotypes. This group expressed uniform superiority under both normal and drought conditions. Among phenotypic, physiological traits and drought tolerance indexes; delayed leaf senescence (DLS), growth recovery tolerance (LRT), grain filling index (GFI), seed production efficiency (SPE), stomatal conductance, early maturity and stress tolerance index (STI) were found to be the most suitable indices for screening bean lines for drought tolerance under both NS and SD environments as they were highly correlated with both (Yp) and (Ys). Moreover, stability indices analysis of the promising genotypes eight location x three years (2011, 2012 and 2013); proved that genotypes MIB-155, MIB-156, BFB-141, SXB-416 and NSL has high yields with low response indices.
Study of Genotype x Environment Interaction for Sweetpotato Tuber Yield and R...Premier Publishers
The current study was aimed to understand the nature and magnitude of genotype x environment interaction (GEI) while determining yield performances and stability of 9 sweetpotato genotypes. Evaluations were done in three locations in Papua New Guinea over two seasons from 2016-2017 via GxE multi-location trials. Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis revealed significant (P< 0.05) differences among the total treatment interaction (G, E and GEI) while GEI alone was non-significant for tuber yields. Combined analysis showed significant environmental effect on tuber yields, tuber number and gall mite while harvest index, tuber dry matter and scab disease were influenced by genotype main effect. Tuber yields varied from 5.0-13.5, 8.5-18.0 and 2.6-4.7 t/ha for marketable, total and dry tuber yield respectively. New genotypes generally outperformed local varieties in terms of yield and stability. Genotypes G5, G3 and G1 gave promising yield and stability across environments. GGE biplot identified two mega-environments and also tagged G6 as winning genotypes at Aiyamontena and Tambul while G2, G3 and G4 are ideal for Bubia. This indicates that analysis of GxE trials using AMMI/GGE model and auxiliary parameters is important to determine adaptability/stability to identify superior genotypes. Selected genotypes can be recommended for cultivation in specific test locations and similar environments. Tambul was considered as the most favourable environment for production of these genotypes. This study revealed that there is high degree of variation in tuber yields and related traits due to diverse environments and GEI, thus, further breeding and selection for high yield and widely adaptable varieties is necessary.
Studying yield and yield components of Early Maturing Maize (Zea mays L.) Inb...Premier Publishers
The objective of the study was to evaluate yield and yield components of early maturing maize inbred lines in moisture stress areas of Ethiopia. Fifteen inbred lines were crossed in a diallel mating design; three standard checks with105 hybrids were evaluated in Alpha Lattice Design in two replications at three locations. Most studied traits showed significant for entries, hybrids, checks, checks versus hybrids, interaction of entries x location and hybrids x location. The highest grain yield was obtained from hybrids, Line7 x Line15 (8.05t/ha), L9 x L15 (6.44t/ha) andL14 x L15 (9.37t/ha) whereas, the lowest yield was recorded from hybrids, L4 x L8, L1 x L2 or L3 x L9 and L4 x L3 at Melkassa, Mieso and Zeway, in the that order. Mean of hybrids and standard checks across locations indicated that the highest grain yield of 7.2 and 7.1 (t/ha) were obtained from standard checks Melkassa hybrid-130 and BH-543 respectively. Among the hybrids, the best yield of 7.0, 6.7 and 6.6 (t/ha) were recorded for L12 x L15, L7 x L15 and L14 x L15, in that order. The lowest grain yield was obtained from hybrid, L4 x L8 (2.8 t/ha). Lines, L5 x L6 and L5 x L10 were early maturing hybrids across the locations. Hence, hybrids involving L15 as one of its parent yielded better at all locations. The study identified inbred lines and hybrid with desirable traits that will be useful for selecting high yielding and early maturing hybrids for drought areas of the country.
Correlation Coefficient and Path Analysis among Yield and Yield Related Trait...Premier Publishers
Twenty-two upland rice varieties were evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2014 cropping season at Pawe Northwestern Ethiopia to estimate association among grain yield and yield related traits and partition the correlation coefficients into direct and indirect effects. The analysis of variance showed significant (p < 0.01) differences for all traits except harvest index indicating the existence of variability. Correlation analysis of grain yield showed positive and significant associations with fertile tiller per plant (rg=0.792), biomass yield (rg=0.789), and plant height (rg=0.684) at genotypic level indicating that simultaneous improvement for these traits is possible. The path coefficient revealed that biomass yield, fertile tiller per plant and plant height exerted favorable direct effects on grain yield at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. Plant height, days to 85% maturity, fertile tillers per plant and thousand-grain weight supported the direct contribution of biomass yield to grain yield. The present investigations indicated that grain yield per plot was influenced by biomass yield, fertile tiller per plant, and plant height.
Field experiments were conducted at the University of Ilorin Teaching and Research Farm in 2005 and
2006 cropping seasons with the objective to evaluate the combining ability for maize grain yield and
other agronomic characters in 10 open pollinated maize varieties, which have been selected for high
yield and stress tolerance. General combining ability (gca) and year (y) effects were significant for all
the parameters except plant height, while specific combining ability (sca) and gca x year effects were
significant only for grain yield. However, Tze Comp4 Dmr Srbc2, Tze Comp4 C2 and Acr 94 Tze Comp5
which are good general combiners for maize grain yield, also showed positive significant gca x year
effects for flowering traits. Significant sca x year interaction effects were recorded for maize grain yield
and days to flowering, with Hei 97 Tze Comp3 C4 combining very well with 3 parents (Acr 90 Pool 16-Dt,
Tze Comp4-Dmr Srbc2 and Tze Comp4 C2). These parents and their hybrids probably have genes that
can be introgressed into other promising lines in developing early maturing and high yielding varieties
for cultivation in the Nigeria savannas.
This document discusses a study that used mixed structural covariance analysis, path analysis, and crop modeling to evaluate variation in yield components and potential yield between high-latitude and mid-European spring wheat genotypes currently grown in Finland. The study aimed to identify optimal ideotypes for each region and assess their adaptation under future climate conditions. Key findings include:
1) Modern genotypes have significantly higher yield potential than older varieties, with mid-European varieties exceeding 5 tons per hectare even under non-optimal conditions.
2) Grains per ear, harvest index, and kernel weight were the most important factors determining yield potential based on path analysis.
3) Crop modeling suggests mid-European ideotypes could achieve over 5.1 tons per
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Correlation and Path Analysis of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Genotypes in...Premier Publishers
Sixteen groundnut genotypes (including local check) were evaluated for quantitative parameters. The crop was sown during 2015 Ethiopian wet season in four locations. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Twelve agromorphological characters were evaluated and the covariance, coheritability, phenotypic, genotypic and environmental correlations and also the direct and indirect effects of the component variables on grain yield/ha were estimated. The results indicated that genotypic correlations were higher than the phenotypic and environmental ones. The grain yield/ha presented positive and significant genetic correlation with PWP, SWP and 100SW. Path analysis based on genotypic and phenotypic correlations showed that direct effects were generally lower than indirect effects on the grain yield showing that no best character contributes to GY/ha. Instead, characters like NMP, PWP, SWP, 100SW, NSPOD and AGBP should be recommended for groundnut breeding for increasing GY/ha.
Cassava (mannihot esculenta cranz) varieties and harvesting stages influenced...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the effects of harvesting stages on yield and yield components of 10 cassava genotypes in Ethiopia over two growing seasons. The highest fresh root yield of 23.06 t/ha was obtained after 18 months of planting. Yield and components such as root weight and number of branches differed significantly across stages for all varieties. Harvesting at 18 months provided desirable yields while 15 months was suitable for vegetative propagation material. Correlations showed that plant height, branches, root length and dry weight positively influenced fresh root yield. Therefore, 18 months after planting is recommended for fresh root harvesting under these conditions.
Estimation of association among growth and yield related traits in Bread Whea...Premier Publishers
A total of twenty five bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were evaluated for trait association and path coefficient analysis among yield and yield contributing traits at Gurage zone of two different environments. The genotypes were grown in triplicate randomized complete block design. Data were collected on 13 agronomic characters. It was found results that grain yield showed positive and significant correlations with above ground biomass, tillers per plant, kernel per spike, spikelet per spike and plant height at Fereziye and negatively correlated with tiller per plant (rg= -0.535) and plant height (rg= -0.284) at Kotergedra. Selection on the basis of positive association of grain yield with its contributing traits may be helpful to improve grain yield of wheat. Path coefficient analysis revealed that above ground biomass and tillers per plant exerted high and favorable direct effects on grain yield at Fereziye. Both genotypic and phenotypic correlation and path coefficient analysis revealed that grain filling period exerted high and favorable direct effect on grain yield at Kotergedra which indicated that selection on such traits may be useful to improve the grain yield. It was moreover suggested that the evaluation of wheat genotypes for grain yield under multi-zonal locations should be carried out to exploit more yield potential.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the association between agronomic traits and grain yield, protein content, and oil content in soybean genotypes. The study analyzed data from 49 soybean genotypes grown in two locations in Ethiopia. It found that seed yield was strongly correlated with seeds per plant, pods per plant, seeds per pod, days to maturity, and grain filling period. Protein content was strongly correlated with plant height, branches per plant, and days to maturity. Oil content was not associated with any traits except protein content, which had a strong negative association. Path analysis revealed that number of seeds per pod was more important than other traits for indirect selection of high-yielding genotypes.
Genotype by Environment Interaction of Full-sib Families of Maize Endosperms ...Premier Publishers
The present study was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farms, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi and Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Lafia to evaluate the presence of genotype by environment interactions in a population of 300 FS families of three maize endosperms to ascertain their agronomic performance, yield and stability across environments. The experiment was laid out in a 10 × 10 balanced lattice square design with three replications. Results from the GGE Biplot for mean grain yield performance showed the entry P93 (Popcorn) obtained the highest yield at Lafia while F5 (Field Corn) had the highest yield and thus the winning family for Makurdi. The entries S72, P98, P90, S20, P31, and P54 were the most stable with an above average performance and thus recommended. The significant Location by Entries interaction effects for grain yield explains that a promising genotype selected in one of these locations will not be suitable for production in the other locations in the same agro-ecological zone, however, P93 (Popcorn) and F5 (Field corn) recorded the highest yield for Lafia and Makurdi respectively. The identified stable or location specific families should be crossed in all possible combinations to complete Cycle 1 of the FS families in a recurrent selection programme.
Stem Height and Yield Response of Four Potato Varieties to Planting Density a...Premier Publishers
Field trials were conducted at Tambul in the High Altitude Research Centre in Papua New Guinea Highlands. The trials evaluated four varieties of potato, two of which are resistant to Potato Late Blight disease and bred by the International Potato Centre (E2, E24), Kumdi and PNG industry variety, Sequoia against three planting densities (PD) and three fertilizer rates (FR) in a 4x3x3 factorial design. Trials were replicated three times and repeated in three seasons at three different sites. Stem height of E24 was significantly (P<0.05) higher followed by E2, Kumdi then Sequoia respectively. Marketable and total tuber number plant-1 was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by varieties and treatments especially PD. All varieties performed high marketable and total tuber number plant-1 at moderate to low PD. Optimum marketable and total tuber yield (t ha-1) of E2, Kumdi, Sequoia and E24 were observed at high PD and moderate to high FR. High seed tubers were observed at high density and low to moderate FR. E2 and Kumdi had appropriate genetic traits resistant to PLB disease and natural aptitude to influence tall stem height cultivated using high PD and moderated to high FR resulted in healthy crop development and high yield performance.
Screening of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Genotypes for Mycorrhizal Association ...Premier Publishers
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the most important legumes used for food, feed and maintaining ecological balance. However, its productivity has been declining due to various biotic and abiotic factors. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal symbioses have been proved to enhance growth and yield responses of faba bean and other agricultural crops by counteracting these extreme factors. The study was conducted at field and greenhouse to evaluate the performance of faba bean genotypes for mycorrhizal colonization on two Phosphorus fertilizer levels. Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications was used. Analysis of variance indicated that all parameters, except number of mycorrhizal spores and relative mycorrhizal dependency, were highly significantly (p<0.01) varied for genotypes. Genotypes Wayu, Dosha, Didea, Moti and Tumsa for phosphorus fertilized; and Dagim, Gebelcho, Dosha, Tumsa and Wayu for unfertilized trial had performed better. Mycorrhizal colonization performance was higher on unfertilized than on P fertilized trial, at both field and greenhouse. Furthermore, for the genotypes tested at both conditions, the performance of the genotypes was higher at field than at greenhouse. The study also revealed that most of the mycorrhizal association parameters were highly correlated with biomass phosphorus uptake and grain yield of the faba bean genotypes.
Responses of wheat seedling to varying moisture conditions and relationship b...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The following study was conducted to estimate the genotypic differences among 30 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under different moisture regimes and relationship between morphological and molecular characterization. Eight seedling parameters root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW), root dry weight (RDW), shoot dry weight (SDW), chlorophyll rate (CR) and survival rate (SR) were studied at four different soil moisture conditions (T 1 40%,T 2 60%,T 3 80%,T 4 100%) using two factor factorial complete randomized design (CRD). Significant differences among genotypes were observed by analysis of variance. For heritability estimates, survival rate showed lowest heritability under all the treatments. Principal components analysis accounted 81.4% variation in T 1 , 81.9% in T2, 87.7% in T3 and 84.7% in T4 conditions in first PC. Selected diverse genotypes were further fingerprinted with 10 ISSR markers. A total of 74 DNA fragments were detected and 72.7% of was polymorphic. The amplified DNA fragments were ranged from 4 (UBC-809) to 11 (UBC-808). PIC values were ranged from 0.32 to 0.81. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into 4 clusters on the basis of molecular and phenotypic characterization under T4 normal conditions whereas under T1 (moisture stress) conditions genotypes were grouped into 5 clusters explaining genotypic differences under different moisture conditions. The present results showed that phenotypic difference in wheat seedling expression under different water regimes is accompanied with molecular basis, which offer a prospective to enhance wheat adaptation under moisture stress conditions.
GGEBiplot analysis of genotype × environment interaction in Agropyron interme...Innspub Net
In order to identify genotypes of Agropyron intermedium with high forage yield and stability an experiment was carried out in the Research station of Kermanshah Iran.The 11 accessions were sown in a randomized complete block design with three replications under rainfed and irrigated conditions during 2013-21-014 cropping deasons. Combined analysis of variance indicated high significant differences for location, genotype and G × E interaction (GEI) at 1% level of probability. Mean comparisons over environments introduced G4, G3 and G5 with maximum forage yield over rainfed and irrigated conditions. Minimum forage yield was attributed to genotype G1. GGEbiplot analysis exhibited that the first two principal components (PCA) resulted from GEI and genotype effect justified 99.37% of total variance in the data set. The four environments under investigation fell into two apparent groups: irrigated and rainfed. The presence of close associations among irrigated (E1 and E3) and rainfed (E2 and E4) conditions suggests that the same information about the genotypes could be obtained from fewer test environments, and hence the potential to reduce testing cost.The which-won-where pattern of GGEbiplot introduced genotypes G3 and G4 as stable with high forage yield for rainfed condition, while G5 was stable with high yield for irrigated condition. According to the comparison of the genotypes with the Ideal genotype accessions G4, G3 and G9 were more favorable than all the other genotypes. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/
GGEBiplot analysis of genotype × environment interaction in Agropyron interme...
Similar to 11.genotype x environment interaction analysis of tef grown in southern ethiopia using additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model
Genetic Progress for Yield, Yield Components and Other Agronomic Characters o...Premier Publishers
Genetic progress has brought about increase in yield potential per se for almost all production areas around the world. The present study examines the relationship of groundnut yield with year of release, yield components and other agro-morphological traits using aggregative data from 1976 to 2012 to calculate genetic gain in groundnut grain yield across four locations in Eastern Ethiopia. The direct method, that compares cultivars with their year of release, was used. The relative gain for groundnut grain yield was 1.08% since 1976. A deeper understanding of these issues facilitates the identification of specific yield-limiting factors that can be used for future breeding strategies. Grain yield, 100 seed weight, plant height and harvest index were significantly correlated with year of release for tested locations, emphasizing the most promising traits for groundnut breeders in the past. These traits were also responsible for the significant genetic progress in groundnut yield in Ethiopia since 1976. Further improvement in the yield potential of groundnut will have to involve increase in other traits, like pod weight per plant, seed weight per plant, that have shown significant positive correlation with grain yield.
Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as percen...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study on the genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, and character associations of 49 Ethiopian mustard landraces. The study found significant genetic variability among the accessions for all traits measured. Traits like seed yield, oil yield, and plant height showed high genotypic and phenotypic variation, indicating potential for selection. Heritability was highest for thousand seed weight, days to flowering, stand percent, and oil quality traits. Positive correlations were found between seed yield and traits like oil content, oil yield, plant height and seed yield per plant. Primary branches and oil yield showed direct positive effects on seed yield per plot. Seed yield, oil content, oil yield and primary branches were determined to be
Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance Analysis in Upland Rice...Premier Publishers
The experiment was conducted to assess genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and yield related traits in some upland rice genotypes. A total of 23 rice genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications in 2017 at Pawe and Assosa. Analysis of variance revealed significant difference among the genotypes for most of the traits at individual and across locations, and error variances of the two locations were homogenous for most of the traits including grain yield. Moreover, the genotypes showed wider variability for grain yield in the range between 3707-6241kg/ha, 4853-7282kg/ha and 4280-6761kg/ha at Pawe, Assosa and over locations, respectively. A relatively high (>20%) phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variations were estimated merely for number of unfilled grains per panicle. High heritability estimates (> 60%) were obtained for all of the traits, except plant height and Protein content. A relatively high genetic advance was obtained for traits like unfilled grains per panicle and fertile tiller per plant. Thus, this study revealed that there was higher genetic variability among the tested genotypes, which could be potentially exploited in future breeding programs.
Genetic Variability and Multivariate Analysis in Indigenous and Exotic Sesame...Premier Publishers
The productivity of sesame in Ethiopia is below the world average due to lack of high yielding improved varieties. Understanding of genetic variability of characters becomes essential. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate the
extent of genetic variation among yield and 19 yield components. One hundred sesame genotypes were evaluated in 10x10 triple lattice design at Werer during 2017 and 2018. The combined analysis of variance showed that the genotypes differed significantly. Higher phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation were observed for shattering resistance, whereas plant height, number of capsules per plant, harvest index and seed yield showed medium values. High heritability coupled with moderate to high genetic advance were observed for shattering resistance, plant height, capsule per plant, harvest
index and seed yield. The present study revealed that to increase sesame seed yield, the genotypes should possess a
greater number of capsules, shattering resistance and high harvest index, which known to be important yield contributing
characters and selection based on these characters would be most effective. The D2 analysis exhibited the group of
genotypes into seven clusters. Assessment of sesame genetic resources with molecular markers assisted breeding should be
considered in the future.
Genetic Diversity of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) from East and West H...Premier Publishers
Genetic diversity within local landraces is important input for crop breeding programs and in the preservation of their genetic potential. The objective of this study was to assess the genetic diversity and analyze population structure of sorghum landraces grown in East and west Hararghe Zones of Oromia Regional state, Ethiopia based on SSR markers. A total of 10 accessions of sorghum landraces were estimated using 10 SSR markers. For all the loci analyzed, 70 polymorphic alleles were detected with the number of alleles per locus range from 2 to 18 with an average of seven alleles. Polymorphism information content of each marker was variable and showed a significant correlation with total number of alleles (r = 0.75). The higher the number of alleles per marker, the greater is PIC value. Dendrogram obtained according to UPGMA hierarchical classification model using DICE coefficient of similarity allowed the classification of sorghum accessions into four main groups. It was recommended that a further research on genetic diversity of sorghum should integrate botanical races, agro-morphological traits in addition to molecular markers for a better preservation of the genetic resources of sorghum landraces in Eastern Ethiopia.
Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and intra-row spacing on yield and yield ...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Gode Polytechnic College demonstration farm in 2013 under irrigation to observe the effect of six N rates (0, 46, 69, 92, 115 and 138 kg ha-1) and four intra-row spacing levels (7.5, 10 12.5 and 15 cm) on yield and yield components of onion (Allium cepa L.). The experiment was laid out according to randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. Results of the analysis revealed that the interaction effects of N rates and intra-row spacing showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect on harvest index, fresh biomass yield, dry biomass yield, total bulb yield and marketable bulb yield. Thus, according to the result of partial Budget analysis application of 138kg N ha-1 planted at 7.5cm plant to plant distance was found the best treatment than others in relation to yield and yield components of onion under Gode condition.
Correlations and Path Analysis of Some Quantitative and Qualitative Character...ijtsrd
Durum wheat is the second most important triticum species next to bread wheat. Ethiopia is one of the centers of diversity for durum wheat. The present study was to determine the interrelationship and direct and indirect effects of yield component traits on grain yield of Ethiopian landraces durum wheat for further breeding activities of yield improvement. Out, 97 durum wheat accessions along with 3 improved varieties were evaluated in 10 x 10 simple lattice design during 2018 main cropping season at Mata Sub site of Haro Sabu Agricultural Research Center. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among accessions for all traits. More than 36 of accessions were superior in mean grain yield than the standard checks. Grain yield exhibited positive and significant correlation both at genotypic and phenotypic level with most of the characters such as plant height rp = 0.22, rg = 0.25 , harvest index rp=0.79, rg = 0.78 , biological yield rp = 0.31, rg = 0.30 , number of kernels per spike rp = 0.17, rg = 0.21 , spike length, rp = 0.36, rg = 0.39 , and hectoliter weight kg hl 1 rp = 0.44, rg = 0.45 . The association between yield, and yield related characters through phenotypic genotypic path coefficients revealed that biological yield, spike length, harvest index and plant height exerted highest positive direct effect on grain yield. This suggests that simultaneous improvement in these characters might be possible Zewdu Tegenu | Dagnachew Lule | Gudeta Nepir "Correlations and Path Analysis of Some Quantitative and Qualitative Characters in Durum Wheat (Triticum Turgidum L.) Accessions in Western Oromia, Ethiopia" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28112.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/28112/correlations-and-path-analysis-of-some-quantitative-and-qualitative-characters-in-durum-wheat-triticum-turgidum-l-accessions-in-western-oromia-ethiopia/zewdu-tegenu
Barley is one of the most important traditional crops in Ethiopia which is a major center of genetic diversity for barley along with other crop plants species. Two hundred seven accessions and 18 released varieties were laid down in 15*15 simple lattice design and planted in 2008 main cropping season (June to Nov) at Kokate. The objective of the study was to conduct the morphological characterization and to determine the nature and degree of variability in morpho- agronomic traits of landrace of barley in southern Ethiopia collections. The proportion of genotypes in kernel row number were 26.6, 15.3, 16.6, 41.5 and 0.4% for two rowed with lateral floret, two rowed deficient, irregular, six rowed with awns on lateral floret and branched heads, respectively. Genotypes with white kernel color (57.5%) and amber (normal) lemma color (50%) were dominant. The highest diversity indices pooled over the characters within zones/ special woredas were recorded for accessions sampled from Dawro (H’= 0.75 ± 0.05) followed by Sheka (H’=0.74 ± 0.07), Gamgofa (H’ =0.70 ± 0.05) and Keffa (H’= 0.70 ± 0.08). These zones can be used for in situ conservation for barley landraces as representatives of southern Ethiopian high lands. The barley genotypes were clustered into five distinct groups of various sizes based on 8 qualitative traits. The estimates of diversity index (H’) for each trait in each of the three altitudinal class has shown that polymorphism was common in varying degrees for most traits, implying the existence of a wide range of variation in the materials.
Estimates of gene action for yield and its components in bread wheat Triticum...Innspub Net
In order to study gene action for yield and its components using 8 × 8 diallel crosses excluding reciprocals during 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 growing seasons at Tag El-Ezz Research Station, Dakahlia Governorate, the genotypes were Sides 12, Gemmiza 11, Maser 1, Maser 2, Shandaweel 1, Giza 168, Sakha 93, and Sakha 94. Results revealed that both additive (D) and dominance (H1 and H2) genetic variance were significant for the all studied characters, indicating the importance of additive and dominance gene effects in controlling these characters. The dominance genetic variance was higher in the magnitude as compared to additive one, resulting in (H1/D)0.5 exceeding than more unity for all studied characters except spike density and number of tillers/plant. The “F” values which refer to the covariance of additive and dominance gene effects in the parents revealed positive and significant for flag leaf length and flag leaf area, extrusion length, number of tillers/plant number of spikes/plant, number of grains/spike and 1000- grain weight, indicating that dominant alleles were more frequent than the recessive ones in the parents for this character, while negative “F’ value for remaining characters indicated excess of recessive alleles among parents. The overall dominance effects of heterozygous loci h2, indicated directional dominance for heading date, flag leaf length, flag leaf area, spike length, extrusion length, spike density, grain yield/spike, number of tillers/plant number of spikes/plant, number of grains/ spike and grain yield/plant. Proportion of genes with positive and negative effects in the parent (H2/4H1) was deviated from 0.25 for all studied characters Heritability in narrow sense was moderate (0.369) for grain yield/plant.
Genetic variability assessment of ethiopian caraway (trachyspermum ammi l. sp...Alexander Decker
- The document analyzes genetic variability among 36 local Ethiopian caraway genotypes. Fourteen traits were measured and statistically analyzed.
- There was significant genetic variability for several traits like days to emergence, maturity, plant height, secondary branches, seed yield, and essential oil content.
- Moderate genetic and phenotypic variation was observed for traits like number of secondary branches, plant height, and essential oil content, suggesting potential for selection.
- High heritability was estimated for essential oil content and secondary branches number, indicating these traits may be simply selected.
- Number of secondary branches, plant height, and essential oil content showed high genetic advance, further suggesting potential for genetic improvement.
Standard heterosis of pipeline maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids for grain yield an...Premier Publishers
The knowledge of gene action and heterosis also helps in identification of superior F1 hybrids in order to use further in future breeding programs. The objective of this study was to estimate the amount of standard heterosis of the pipeline maize hybrids for grain yield and yield related traits. A total of eleven pipeline maize hybrids and two standard checks (BH546 and BH547) were evaluated using randomized complete block design with three replications during the 2015 main cropping season at Northwestern Ethiopia. Mean squares due to genotypes were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) for most grain yield and yield related traits indicating the existence of genetic variation among the evaluated genotypes. The standard heterosis ranged from -38.72 to 33.65%and the highest heterosis was recorded for CML395/CML202//CML464 cross. The observed highest heterosis for grain yield and related traits indicated the possibility of increasing yield by exploiting heterotic potential of maize genotypes. The information generated by this study could be useful for researchers who need to develop high yielding maize hybrids.
Participatory variety selection of Faba Bean for yield components and yield a...Premier Publishers
Faba bean is one the major highland grain food legumes contributing an enormous amount of protein to the human diet in Ethiopia. Though a lot of improved varieties were released by research centers farmers depend on low yield and local varieties. Participatory variety selection is one of the methods used to evaluate varieties through involvement of users. The participatory faba bean variety selection was conducted during 2014 cropping season at Chiro and Gemachis districts on two farmers training center and three farmers field. Eight released varieties with one local check were laid out in Randomized complete block design in three replications on Farmers training center and single plot on farmer’s field. Agronomic and farmer selection data were collected and analyzed. From all the tested varieties, variety Hachalu was superior in grain yield (1437 kg ha-1) and ( 808 kg ha-1) while Wayu variety was yielded (719 kg ha-1) and 796 (kg ha-1) at Chiro and Gamachis respectively. The lowest grain yield was obtained from Obse (215 kg ha-1) variety at Chiro and Local variety (581 kg ha-1) at Gemachis respectively. In case of farmer preference Hachalu score higher mean value (3.8) followed by Tumsa (3.6) and least mean value was recorded from variety local (2.2). Therefore, the varieties selected by researcher and farmer data Hachalu, Wayu and Tumsa were recommended for further production in these areas.
Grain Yield Stability in Three-way Cross Hybrid Maize Varieties using AMMI an...Premier Publishers
A study to evaluate three-way cross hybrid maize varieties for wide adaptability and stability was conducted in eight environments in Sierra Leone using AMMI and GGE biplot analysis. There were significant genotype and environment main effects, and genotype x environment interactions (GEI) effects. Differences due to environments accounted for 70.1% of the total treatments sum of squares while genotypes and genotype x environment interaction accounted for 9.9% and 20.0%, respectively. The first four interaction principal component axes (IPCA) were also highly significant and accounted for 38.7%, 25.2%, 14.3% and 8.6%, respectively of the total genotype x environment interaction variation. The polygon view of the GGE biplot revealed that hybrid G14 produced the highest grain yield in environments E1, E5 and E7 whereas G24 was adaptive in environments E6, E8, E3, E4 and E2. Hybrids G24, G9, G17 and G6 also produced high grain yields and were relatively stable. Both AMMI and GGE biplot effectively partitioned treatments sum of squares and were more appropriate in explaining genotype x environment interaction. The models also identified G24 as the most desirable hybrid in terms of high grain yield and stability across environments. Therefore, this hybrid is recommended for commercial release.
Interrelationship of Agronomic Traits with Bulb Yield of Garlic (Allium sativ...Premier Publishers
This study evaluated the association between bulb yield and other agronomic traits in 49 garlic genotypes. Bulb yield per plant showed significant positive correlations with pseudo stem length, leaf width, bulb diameter, and bulb length at both the genotypic and phenotypic levels, indicating selection based on these traits could help increase yield. Path coefficient analysis also identified pseudo stem length, leaf width, leaf length, and bulb length as having high positive direct effects on bulb yield at the genotypic and phenotypic levels. Therefore, these traits should be prioritized as selection criteria to breed higher yielding garlic varieties.
Combining ability and heteroses analysis for seed yield and yield components ...Alexander Decker
This document describes a study that evaluated the combining ability and heterosis of three testers and five lines of Brassica napus L. for various yield traits including plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, 1000-seed weight, and seed yield per plant. Fifteen hybrids were produced in a line x tester design and evaluated along with the parental lines. Significant genetic variation was observed among the genotypes for all traits. Both general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were identified. Several hybrids showed significant positive heterosis over the mid and better parents for seed yield and other traits, indicating potential for improving these traits through hybrid breeding in Brassica napus.
Adaptation Trial of Improved Perennial Grass Varieties/Accessions at the High...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted with an objective of adapting, see the yield, quality and recommend improved perennial grass accessions to the highland of Guji Zone, Ethiopia in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three blocks. Accessions were (Phalaris aquatica Sirossa Phalaris aquatica Sirocco, ILCA 14983, ILCA 14984 and variety X (Holeta local). Broadcasting method for Phalaris and 0.5meter between plant and 1meter between row spacing for Napier grass was applied at planting time each plot measuring 4meter x 6meter. Yield parameters were analyzed using statistical analysis software (SAS) and the means of quality parameters were compared with standards. Accordingly, Napier variety X was significant in survival rate, number of shoot, date of first harvest and harvesting frequency at (P<0.05) and highest in crude protein (CP) content. ILCA 14983 were also significant in survival rate and number of shoot and has highest in vitro dry matter digestibility (DOMD). Phalaris aquatica Sirossa was significant in green forage yield and has highest in vitro dry matter digestibility (DOMD). Generally, considering most parameters, Variety X and ILCA 14983 from Napier grass, Phalaris aquatica Sirossa from Phalaris were selected and recommended to the area and has to be evaluated under farmers’ conditions.
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Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
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OpenID AuthZEN Interop Read Out - AuthorizationDavid Brossard
During Identiverse 2024 and EIC 2024, members of the OpenID AuthZEN WG got together and demoed their authorization endpoints conforming to the AuthZEN API
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Project Management Semester Long Project - Acuityjpupo2018
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Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Webinar: Designing a schema for a Data WarehouseFederico Razzoli
Are you new to data warehouses (DWH)? Do you need to check whether your data warehouse follows the best practices for a good design? In both cases, this webinar is for you.
A data warehouse is a central relational database that contains all measurements about a business or an organisation. This data comes from a variety of heterogeneous data sources, which includes databases of any type that back the applications used by the company, data files exported by some applications, or APIs provided by internal or external services.
But designing a data warehouse correctly is a hard task, which requires gathering information about the business processes that need to be analysed in the first place. These processes must be translated into so-called star schemas, which means, denormalised databases where each table represents a dimension or facts.
We will discuss these topics:
- How to gather information about a business;
- Understanding dictionaries and how to identify business entities;
- Dimensions and facts;
- Setting a table granularity;
- Types of facts;
- Types of dimensions;
- Snowflakes and how to avoid them;
- Expanding existing dimensions and facts.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
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11.genotype x environment interaction analysis of tef grown in southern ethiopia using additive main effects and multiplicative interaction model
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.1, 2012
Genotype x Environment Interaction Analysis of Tef Grown in
Southern Ethiopia Using Additive Main Effects and
Multiplicative Interaction Model
Mathewos Ashamo1* Getachew Belay2
1. Areka Agricultural Research Center, PO box 79, Areka, Ethiopia
2. Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center, PO box 32, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia
* E-mail of the corresponding author: ashamom2003@yahoo.com
Abstract
Twenty-two tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] genotypes were evaluated for their grain yield performances
at four locations namely Areka, Humbo, Hossana and Alaba in 2002/03. The objectives were to estimate
genotype x environment interaction, to identify stable tef genotypes, and to assess the interaction patterns of
the testing locations. Significant (p<0.05) differences for grain yield among genotypes were observed at
each location; across locations, the effects of location, genotype and G x E were significant (p<0.05).
AMMI partitioned genotype x environment variance into four Interaction Principal Component Axes
(IPCAs), but significant was (p<0.05) only the first IPCA that captured 49% of the total G x E variance.
The study revealed that the released variety DZ-Cr-255 was highly stable and better yielding variety across
the locations. Areka and Hossana showed close IPCA1 scores of similar sign, and coupled with their higher
location mean yields, may represent relatively better testing environments.
Keywords: genotype x environment interaction, AMMI model, stability, variety
1. Introduction
Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is the most important cereal grown in Ethiopia. In terms of acreage it
occupied about 2.12 million hectares (Central Statistical Authority, 2000) in the production year 1999/200.
Tef production has been increasing from year to year and so did the demand for tef as staple food grain in
both urban and rural areas. The national average yield, however, is as low as, 8.09 quintals per hectare.
Although the genus Eragrostis has a wide distribution in Africa, tef is the only cultivated species as a food
crop only in Ethiopia and Eritrea (Seifu, 1986). According to Vavilov (1951), Ethiopia is both the center of
origin and diversity for tef.
Tef is mainly used for making injera (a pancake like bread). It is also used to make porridge and native
alcoholic drinks called tella and katikala (Asrat and Frew, 2001). The straw is high in demand for feed and
when mixed with mud it provides the best plastering medium for walls of houses. Nutritionally, tef is no
lesser competent than the other cereals grown in the country.
Most cereals are grown in areas with unpredictable environments and the staple Ethiopian cereal, tef
[Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter], is no exception. In these environments, crop yields are dependent upon the
interaction of the genetic potential of cultivars and the growing conditions. Crop breeders have long realized
the importance of genotype-environment interaction (G x E) as it affects the progress from selection and
thereby making variety development and recommendation more difficult (Allard and Bradshaw, 1964).
Analysis of G x E helps to determine an optimum breeding strategy; breeding for wide or specific
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2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.1, 2012
adaptations. Moreover, analysis of the G x E variance allows the grouping of similar sites in relation to
genotype performance within which the interaction is minimum (Gauch and Zobel, 1997; Annicciarico,
2002). Several biometrical methods have been developed to analyse G x E, and evaluate genotype stability
over a range of environments (for review see, Ramagosa and Fox, 1993). The Additive Main Effects and
Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) analysis, which combines analysis of variance and principal component
analysis, is the most widely used in recent times for G x E analysis on different crops (Crossa et al., 1991;
Yau, 1995; Annicciarrico, 2002).
There are few G x E interaction studies in tef (Tiruneh, 1999; Fufa et al., 2000); these were carried out mainly
for the environments prevailing in the central highlands of Ethiopia. But tef in this country is grown on over
two million hactares under high variation in climatic and edaphic factors that lead to G x E even within a
small geographic area (Hailu and Getachew, 2006). In his review on G x E in tef, Tiruneh (2001) has
recommended the need for further G x E interaction studies in the various tef-growing regions of the country
for a better understanding of its magnitude and nature.
In Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Regional State (SNNPR), tef is the second (proceeded only by
maize) most important cereal cultivated by the majority of farmers. Report by Central Statistical Authority
(2000) indicates that the total production area is 165,000 ha with an average regional yield of only 0.635 t ha-1
(78% of the national average). Currently, multi-location performance tests on tef are undergoing in the
Region, but with no quantitative estimation of G x E, which is a prerequisite to formulate sound tef breeding
strategy. The objectives of this study, using the AMMI model, were to estimate the magnitude of G x E, to
identify stable tef genotypes suitable to grow across the diverse tef production areas of SNPPR, and to assess
the interaction patterns of the testing locations.
2. Materials and Methods
Twenty-two tef genotypes (12 released varieties and 10 genotypes in advanced stage of yield trials) were
used in this study (Table 2). The plant materials, which were obtained from Debre Zeit Agricultural
Research Center, courtesy of Dr. Hailu Tefera, differ in grain color and other agronomic characteristics
(Hailu et al., 1995). A local check was included in the test genotypes; however, its performance at all the
locations was very poor, and therefore, was excluded from the analysis for reasons of fulfilling statistical
assumptions.
The test varieties and genotypes were planted at four locations (Alaba, 1700 m asl, Andosol; Alaba, 1830 m
asl, Alfisol; Hossana, 2400 m asl, Nitosol; Humbo, 1400 m asl, Nitosol) that represent the major tef growing
areas of SNNPR in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Meher season of
2002/03. Each experimental plot was 2 m long and consisted of six rows spaced 20 cm apart. Distances
between plots and blocks were 1 m and 1.5 m, respectively. Sowing at all locations was made starting from
end of July to the first week of August based on availability of rainfall and soil moisture. Seed rate of 25 kg
ha-1 was used. The seeds of tef were mixed with sand (1:4) for uniform distribution in a plot. Fertilizers (DAP
and Urea) were applied with the rate of 60 kg ha-1 P2O5 and 60 kg ha-1 N for Nitisol (Hossana) and 40 kg ha-1
N and 60 kg/ha P2O5 at all the other locations. DAP and half of the Urea were incorporated into the soil before
planting and the remaining Urea was applied at early tillering stage. Weeds were controlled manually. Data
on grain yield were recorded on plot basis of the four central rows.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for grain yield was carried out at each location. Combined ANOVA over
locations was carried out after testing the homogeneity of error variances (Gomez and Gomez, 1984). The
Additive Main Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) analysis was carried out according Gauch and
Zobel (1997) using AgrobaseTM software (Agronomics Software Inc., 1988). AMMI analysis partitions the G
x E sum of squares into interaction principal component axis (IPCAs) and generates scores for the first IPCA,
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3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.1, 2012
which are helpful to estimate stability (Gauch and Zobel, 1997). Bi-plot, which provides a graphical view of
G x E was constructed (Kempton, 1984). Interpretation in a bi-plot representation is that genotypes or
environments that occur almost on perpendicular line have similar interaction patterns. Genotypes and
environments with large IPCA1 scores, positive or negative, have high interactions whereas genotypes or
environments with IPCA1 score of zero (or nearly zero) have small interactions (Zobel et al. 1988; Crossa,
1990).
3. Results and Discussions
The combined analysis of variance for the 22 tef varieties and genotypes grown at four locations is given in
Table 1. Genotype, location and G x E variances were significant (p<0.01), indicating that genotypes
performed differently at the different locations. Location accounted the largest (53%) percentage sums of
squares (% SS) remaining among location, genotype and G x E. G x E accounted relatively small (27%) but
larger percentage of the remaining SS than genotype (20%), thus allowing further variance analysis using the
AMMI model.
From the AMMI analysis for grain yield (Table 1), four possible interaction principal component axes
(IPCAs) were developed. However, the full model AMMI was retained in the first three IPCAs to capture the
whole pattern, which was contained in the G x E. Among these IPCA axes, the was significant (P < 0.05). The
first IPCA axis (IPCA1) captured 48.70% of the total interaction variance while the second IPCA axis
(IPCA2) captured 36.89%. The total portion of G x E variance captured by the two IPCA axes was 85.59%,
which is congruent with the results (84%) of Tiruneh (1999). In barley, 37-53% of the interaction variance
was explained by the first IPCA alone (Yau, 1995), and in maize, as much as 90% has been reported (Crossa,
1990).
Significant differences (p<0.05) among the test genotypes were observed for grain yield at all the individual
locations (Table 2); grain yield ranged between 1403 kg ha-1 at Alaba and 2493 kg ha-1 at Hossana. The
differential responses of genotypes were also manifested in their ranking orders. Across locations, the
released varieties DZ-Cr-37 (2418 kg ha-1) and DZ-Cr-255 (2309 kg ha-1), and the genotype, DZ-01-1278
(2262 kg ha-1), were the highest yielders.
Tef genotypes under this study showed IPCA scores of different signs and magnitudes (Table 2). Bi-plot
graphical representation for genotypes and locations is shown in Fig. 1. Few genotypes had IPCA score
values of nearly zero, which implies that they are relatively stable (minimum interaction) genotypes across
diverse environmental conditions. Accordingly, the tef variety DZ-Cr-255 was highly stable across the test
environments. This variety gave the second highest mean grain yield (2309 kg ha-1), indicating the possibility
of simultaneous selection for stable and high-yielding genotypes. The bi-plot also showed that genotypes
DZ-Cr-37, DZ-01-1573B, DZ-01-1378B and DZ-01-2507 were relatively stable compared to the rest of the
tef genotypes. IPCA1-score list for genotypes also showed that the scores for these genotypes were small
(near to zero) showing the inclination of the genotypes to be stable across the test environments. High
IPCA-scores for grain yield were obtained for HO-Cr-136, DZ-01-2462 and DZ-01-2457, indicating that
these genotypes were highly unstable; bi-plot indicated that these genotypes were better performing only at
Hossana, where the highest location mean yield was observed.
A bi-plot of AMMI analysis or IPCA-scores for locations express the effect of an environment on different
characters; environments with higher IPCA scores regardless of the sign discriminate among genotypes more
than those with lesser IPCA scores (Kempton 1984). Thus, discrimination among genotypes was high at
Humbo while little discrimination among genotypes was observed at Alaba. IPCA1 list for environments
showed that Hossana also had high genotype discrimination next to Humbo. The IPCA score for Areka and
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4. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.1, 2012
Hossana were similar in their sign, and their magnitude is close to each other relative to the remaining test
locations. Therefore, the two environments could belong to the same interaction group. Positive (but low
magnitude) of IPCA-score for Alaba also indicated that there might be few similar agro-climate features of
this test location with Hossana and Areka. Tiruneh (1999) has noted that environments with similar
altitudinal range, rainfall distribution and soil types, exhibit the same sign for IPCA-score and they were put
into same interaction group.
The AMMI analysis was demonstrated to have advantage in partitioning G x E variance over joint regression
analysis (Eberhart and Russel, 1966) under the conditions of small or large data settings (Yau, 1995).
Because the two IPCAs in the present study have cuptured the interaction variances quite substantially, there
are interesting features of practical significance that can be brought to the spot light. First, DZ-Cr-37
(Tsedeay) was previously found to be highly stable for grain yield in different environments from the present
study (Truneh et al., 1999). DZ-Cr-37 was released in 1984, and is currently the most widely grown tef
variety in the relatively low altitude and moisture-stress prone areas. The other variety and which was found
to be highly stable, DZ-Cr-255 (Ghibe), was released in 1993 on the grounds of specific adaptation to the
south and southwest regions of Ethiopia (Hailu Tefera, personal communication). These results are
testimonial to the effectiveness of selection in the national tef project in the development of varieties both for
specific and wide adaptation. For unknown reason, DZ-Cr-255 is not as widely adopted by farmers as
DZ-Cr-37. Tef breeders in the region therefore will have to consider popularization of DZ-Cr-255, and
selecting higher yielding and more stable tef varieties than DZ-Cr-37 as the starting challenges.
Second, DZ-Cr-37 and DZ-Cr-255 are early maturing varieties (Hailu et al., 1995). The negative correlations
between days-to-heading (r= -0.323***) and days-to-mature (r= -0.245**) with grain yield at these locations
(Truneh, 1999) also corroborate the better adaptation of early maturing varieties than the late ones in SNNPR.
References
Agronomix Software Inc. (1998). AgrobaseTM Reference Manual. Winnipeg,Manitoba, Canada.
Allard, R.W. and A.D. Bradshaw. 1964. Implications of genotype-environmental interactions. Crop Sci. 4:
503-507.
Annicciarico, P. (2002). Genotype x Environment Interactions: Challenges and Opportunities for Plant
Breeding and Cultivar Development. FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper 174. FAO, Rome.
Asrat Wondimu and Frew Mekbib. (2001). Utilization of tef in the Ethiopian diet. In Hailu Tefera,
Getachew Belay and Mark Sorrells (eds). Narrowing the rift: Tef research and development. Proceedings of
the International Workshop on Tef Genetics and Improvement, Debrezeit,Ethiopia. PP. 239-244.
Central Statistical Authority. (2000). Ethiopian Statistical Authority. Addis Ababa.
Crossa, J. (1990). Statistical analysis of multi-location trials. Adv. Agron. 44: 55-85.
Crossa, J., P.N. Fox, W.H. Pfeiffer, S. Rajaram and H.G. Gauch. (1991). AMMI adjustment for statistical
analysis of an international wheat yield trial. Theor. Appl. Genet. 81:27- 37.
Eberhart, S.A. and W.A. Russel. (1966). Stability parameters for comparing varieties. Crop Sci. 6: 36-40.
Fufa H., T. Hailu, A. Kebebew, T. Tesfaye, K. Tiruneh and T. Girma. (2000). Grain yield and stability
analysis in late maturing genotypes of tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter]. J. Genet. Breed. 54: 13-18.
Gauch, H. G. and R.W. Zobel. (1997). Identifying mega environments and targeting genotypes. Crop Sci.
37: 311-326.
Gomez, K.A and A.A. Gomez. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. John Wiley & Sons,
New York.
Hailu Tefera, Mulu Ayele and Kebebew Assefa. (1995). Improved varieties of tef (Eragrostis tef) in
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Ethiopia. Releases of 1970-1995. Research Bulletin No. 1. DebreZeit Agricultural Research Center,
Alemaya University of Agriculture, DebreZeit, Ethiopia.
Hailu Tefera and Getachew Belay. (2001). Eragrostis tef (Zuccagni) Trotter.In: M. Brink and G. Belay (eds).
Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 1. Cereals and pulses. PROTA Foundation, Wageningen/Buckhyus
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(Camb.) 103:123-135.
Ramagoza, I. and P.N. Fox. (1993). Genotype x environment interaction and adaptation. In: M.D. Hayward,
N.-O. Bosmark and I. Ramagosa (eds.), Plant Breeding: Principles and Prospects. London, Chapman &
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Tiruneh Kefyalew. (2001). Genotype x environment interaction in tef. In: Hailu Tefera, Getachew Belay
and Mark Sorrells (eds). Narrowing the Rift: Tef Research and Development. Proceedings of the
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388-393.
Table 1. Combined and AMMI analyses of variance for grain yield (kg ha-1) of 22 tef genotypes grown at
four locations in SNNPR, 2002/03.
Sum of square Mean square % SS
Source df (SS)
Locations (L) 3 3968.7 1322.9** 53
Genotypes (G) 21 1436.4 68.4** 20
GxE 63 1965.6 31.2** 27
IPCA1 23 349.6 15.2** -
IPCA2 21 241.5 11.5ns -
IPCA3 19 85.5 4.5ns -
Residual 168 2822.4 16.8 (38)*
CV (%) - 21.3 -
Note. The rest 62% of the total variance in the combined analysis is contributed by L, G, and G x L
(remaining variance).
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ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol 2, No.1, 2012
Figure 1. Biplot of genotypes (lower cases) and environments (upper cases) for grain yield using the first
IPCA as ordinate and main effects as abscissa. Note: Environments with similar means are not shown.
72
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