Gregor Mendel performed experiments with pea plants to study inheritance patterns of traits. Through his work, he discovered that hereditary factors do not mix between generations, and that inherited traits separate and transmit independently. Mendel also showed that hybrid offspring from the first filial generation will breed true if self-pollinated, but the recessive traits will reappear in the second filial generation. Mendel's principles form the basis of classical Mendelian genetics and resolved the long-standing debate over pangenesis versus particulate inheritance.
The expression of a single character by the interaction of more than one pair of genes is called the Interaction of genes.
Bateson and Punnet proposed factor hypothesis to explain the Interaction of genes.
The genic interaction is of two types, namely
Non-allelic gene interaction.
Allelic gene interaction.
The expression of a single character by the interaction of more than one pair of genes is called the Interaction of genes.
Bateson and Punnet proposed factor hypothesis to explain the Interaction of genes.
The genic interaction is of two types, namely
Non-allelic gene interaction.
Allelic gene interaction.
GENE SEGREGATION & INTEGRATION
A. Law of Segregation
•B. Law of Independent Assortment
•C. Segregation and Assortment in Haploid Organisms
•D. Dominance Relationship
•E. Multiple Alleles
•F. Lethal Genes
Law of Dominance - Recessive alleles will always be masked by dominant alleles .
Law of Segregation - At the time of gametes formation the two copies of each hereditary factor segregates so that offspring get one factor from each parent .
Law of Independent Assortment - Genes for one trait are not inherited together with another trait .
This power point presentation is designed to explain deviation of Mendelian dihybrid ratio due to interaction of genes which may be of following types
1.Two gene pairs affecting same character – 9:3:3:1
2.Epistasis, one gene hides effect of other
a) Recessive Epistasis - 9:3:4
b) Dominant epistasis - 12:3:1
3.Complementary genes - 9:7 ( 2 genes responsible for production of a particular phenotype )
4. Duplicate genes – 15:1 ( same effect given by either of two genes )
5. Polymeric gene action - 9:6:1
6. Inhibitory gene action - 13 : 3
Each interaction is typical in itself and ratios obtained are different
Introduction :
Mendel and subsequent workers assumed that a character was governed by a single gene.
But it was later discovered that many characters in almost all the organisms are governed by two or more genes. Such gene affect the development of concerned characters in various ways.
The phenomenon of two or more gene affecting the expression of each other in various ways in the development of a single character of on organism is known as gene interaction.
Allelic and Non-allelic interactions : Complete dominance; Incomplete dominance-in Four O'clock plant, Mirabilis jalapa and Snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus ; Co-dominance- MN blood group, AB blood group, Roan coat colour in shorthorn breed of cattle; Inheritance of Comb pattern in Poultry; Epistasis -Dominant - Fruit colour in Summer squash, Recessive - Coat colour in mice; Complementary gene interaction -Purple flower colour in Sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus)
GENE SEGREGATION & INTEGRATION
A. Law of Segregation
•B. Law of Independent Assortment
•C. Segregation and Assortment in Haploid Organisms
•D. Dominance Relationship
•E. Multiple Alleles
•F. Lethal Genes
Law of Dominance - Recessive alleles will always be masked by dominant alleles .
Law of Segregation - At the time of gametes formation the two copies of each hereditary factor segregates so that offspring get one factor from each parent .
Law of Independent Assortment - Genes for one trait are not inherited together with another trait .
This power point presentation is designed to explain deviation of Mendelian dihybrid ratio due to interaction of genes which may be of following types
1.Two gene pairs affecting same character – 9:3:3:1
2.Epistasis, one gene hides effect of other
a) Recessive Epistasis - 9:3:4
b) Dominant epistasis - 12:3:1
3.Complementary genes - 9:7 ( 2 genes responsible for production of a particular phenotype )
4. Duplicate genes – 15:1 ( same effect given by either of two genes )
5. Polymeric gene action - 9:6:1
6. Inhibitory gene action - 13 : 3
Each interaction is typical in itself and ratios obtained are different
Introduction :
Mendel and subsequent workers assumed that a character was governed by a single gene.
But it was later discovered that many characters in almost all the organisms are governed by two or more genes. Such gene affect the development of concerned characters in various ways.
The phenomenon of two or more gene affecting the expression of each other in various ways in the development of a single character of on organism is known as gene interaction.
Allelic and Non-allelic interactions : Complete dominance; Incomplete dominance-in Four O'clock plant, Mirabilis jalapa and Snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus ; Co-dominance- MN blood group, AB blood group, Roan coat colour in shorthorn breed of cattle; Inheritance of Comb pattern in Poultry; Epistasis -Dominant - Fruit colour in Summer squash, Recessive - Coat colour in mice; Complementary gene interaction -Purple flower colour in Sweet pea (Lathyrus odoratus)
La transidentité, un sujet qui fractionne les FrançaisIpsos France
Ipsos, l’une des principales sociétés mondiales d’études de marché dévoile les résultats de son étude Ipsos Global Advisor “Pride 2024”. De ses débuts aux Etats-Unis et désormais dans de très nombreux pays, le mois de juin est traditionnellement consacré aux « Marches des Fiertés » et à des événements festifs autour du concept de Pride. A cette occasion, Ipsos a réalisé une enquête dans vingt-six pays dressant plusieurs constats. Les clivages des opinions entre générations s’accentuent tandis que le soutien à des mesures sociétales et d’inclusion en faveur des LGBT+ notamment transgenres continue de s’effriter.
The Fascinating World of Bats: Unveiling the Secrets of the Nightthomasard1122
The Fascinating World of Bats: Unveiling the Secrets of the Night
Bats, the mysterious creatures of the night, have long been a source of fascination and fear for humans. With their eerie squeaks and fluttering wings, they have captured our imagination and sparked our curiosity. Yet, beyond the myths and legends, bats are fascinating creatures that play a vital role in our ecosystem.
There are over 1,300 species of bats, ranging from the tiny Kitti's hog-nosed bat to the majestic flying foxes. These winged mammals are found in almost every corner of the globe, from the scorching deserts to the lush rainforests. Their diversity is a testament to their adaptability and resilience.
Bats are insectivores, feeding on a vast array of insects, from mosquitoes to beetles. A single bat can consume up to 1,200 insects in an hour, making them a crucial part of our pest control system. By preying on insects that damage crops, bats save the agricultural industry billions of dollars each year.
But bats are not just useful; they are also fascinating creatures. Their ability to fly in complete darkness, using echolocation to navigate and hunt, is a remarkable feat of evolution. They are also social animals, living in colonies and communicating with each other through a complex system of calls and body language.
Despite their importance, bats face numerous threats, from habitat destruction to climate change. Many species are endangered, and conservation efforts are necessary to protect these magnificent creatures.
In conclusion, bats are more than just creatures of the night; they are a vital part of our ecosystem, playing a crucial role in maintaining the balance of nature. By learning more about these fascinating animals, we can appreciate their importance and work to protect them for generations to come. So, let us embrace the beauty and mystery of bats, and celebrate their unique place in our world.
At Affordable Garage Door Repair, we specialize in both residential and commercial garage door services, ensuring your property is secure and your doors are running smoothly.
Care Instructions for Activewear & Swim Suits.pdfsundazesurf80
SunDaze Surf offers top swimwear tips: choose high-quality, UV-protective fabrics to shield your skin. Opt for secure fits that withstand waves and active movement. Bright colors enhance visibility, while adjustable straps ensure comfort. Prioritize styles with good support, like racerbacks or underwire tops, for active beach days. Always rinse swimwear after use to maintain fabric integrity.
MRS PUNE 2024 - WINNER AMRUTHAA UTTAM JAGDHANEDK PAGEANT
Amruthaa Uttam Jagdhane, a stunning woman from Pune, has won the esteemed title of Mrs. India 2024, which is given out by the Dk Exhibition. Her journey to this prestigious accomplishment is a confirmation of her faithful assurance, extraordinary gifts, and profound commitment to enabling women.
Johnny Depp Long Hair: A Signature Look Through the Yearsgreendigital
Johnny Depp, synonymous with eclectic roles and unparalleled acting prowess. has also been a significant figure in fashion and style. Johnny Depp long hair is a distinctive trademark among the various elements that define his unique persona. This article delves into the evolution, impact. and cultural significance of Johnny Depp long hair. exploring how it has contributed to his iconic status.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Johnny Depp is an actor known for his chameleon-like ability to transform into a wide range of characters. from the eccentric Captain Jack Sparrow in "Pirates of the Caribbean" to the introspective Edward Scissorhands. His long hair is one constant throughout his evolving roles and public appearances. Johnny Depp long hair is not a style choice but a significant aspect of his identity. contributing to his allure and mystique. This article explores the journey and significance of Johnny Depp long hair. highlighting how it has become integral to his brand.
The Early Years: A Budding Star with Signature Locks
1980s: The Rise of a Young Heartthrob
Johnny Depp's journey in Hollywood began in the 1980s. with his breakout role in the television series "21 Jump Street." During this time, his hair was short, but it was already clear that Depp had a penchant for unique and edgy styles. By the decade's end, Depp started experimenting with longer hair. setting the stage for a lifelong signature.
1990s: From Heartthrob to Icon
The 1990s were transformative for Johnny Depp his career and personal style. Films like "Edward Scissorhands" (1990) and "Benny & Joon" (1993) saw Depp sporting various hair lengths and styles. But, his long, unkempt hair in "What's Eating Gilbert Grape" (1993) began to draw significant attention. This period marked the beginning of Johnny Depp long hair. which became a defining feature of his image.
The Iconic Roles: Hair as a Character Element
Edward Scissorhands (1990)
In "Edward Scissorhands," Johnny Depp's character had a wild and mane that complemented his ethereal and misunderstood persona. This role showcased how long hair Johnny Depp could enhance a character's depth and mystery.
Captain Jack Sparrow: The Pirate with Flowing Locks
One of Johnny Depp's iconic roles is Captain Jack Sparrow from the "Pirates of the Caribbean" series. Sparrow's long, dreadlocked hair symbolised his rebellious and unpredictable nature. The character's look, complete with beads and trinkets woven into his hair. was a collaboration between Depp and the film's costume designers. This style became iconic and influenced fashion trends and Halloween costumes worldwide.
Other Memorable Characters
Depp's long hair has also been featured in other roles, such as Ichabod Crane in "Sleepy Hollow" (1999). and Roux in "Chocolat" (2000). In these films, his hair added a layer of authenticity and depth to his characters. proving that Johnny Depp with long hair is more than a style—it's a storytelling tool.
Off-Screen Influenc
Understanding the Mahadasha of Shukra (Venus): Effects and RemediesAstro Pathshala
The Mahadasha of Shukra (Venus) is one of the most significant periods in Vedic astrology. Shukra is known as the planet of love, beauty, wealth, and luxury. Its Mahadasha can bring about profound changes in an individual's life, both positive and negative, depending on its placement and condition in the natal chart.
What is Shukra Mahadasha?
Mahadasha is a planetary period in Vedic astrology that affects various aspects of an individual's life for a specific number of years. The Mahadasha of Shukra lasts for 20 years and is known to bring a period of significant transformation. Shukra is associated with pleasures, creativity, relationships, and material comforts. During its Mahadasha, these areas of life tend to get highlighted.
3. 3 Hypothesis of Mendel
„ Hereditary determinants do not
“mix” or “contaminate each
other”.
„ Segregation is the method of
separating alleles; they are
independent from each other.
„ Gametes produced by segregation
come together in pairs at
random.
4. Mendelian laws of
Inheritance
1. Law of independent
assortment
-alleles separate
independently to each other.
2. Law of segregation
-the paired genes separate in
the formation of the
reproductive cells. It forms
together as a zygote.
5. 3 Generalization of
Mendel
1. The f1 holds the dominant trait . In
crossing a pure breeding variety , only
one trait will appear in the f1 and that is
the dominant trait.
2. In crosses it doesn’t matter which parent
variety contributes the gametes,
reciprocal crosses will yield the same
result
3. The trait that doesn’t appear in f1 will
appear in f2 in a 25% of each progency.
Wild type: common/ dominant
6. 2 traits:
„ Morphological trait
- It is the trait referring to the
external or visible
characteristics of traits; like
phenotype.
„ Molecular trait
- It is the intrinsic characteristics in
the organism; can’t be seen
externally.
8. • is a method of determining the
inheritance pattern of a trait between
two single organisms.
• is a cross between parents who are true-
breeding for a trait
• Monohybrid inheritance is the inheritance
of a single characteristic. The different
forms of the characteristic are usually
controlled by different alleles of the
same gene.
9. Example:
A normal woman whose parents are both
heterozygous normal marries a normal
man whose mother is albino and whose
father is normal. He has an albino sister.
The couple has a normal and albino sons.
a. Construct a pedigree and give the genotypes
of all persons involved.
b. If the couple plans to have three more
children. What is the probability of having 2
normal and 1 abnormal?
13. „ is a cross between F1 offspring of two
individuals that differ in two traits of
particular interest.
„ The cross between their offspring is
referred to as a dihybrid cross, in which
parents are both heterozygous.
„ is often used to test for dominant and
recessive genes in two separate
characteristics. Such a cross has a variety
of uses in Mendelian genetics.
18. • The mating of two
individuals, organisms, or
strains that have different
gene pairs that determine
three specific traits or in
which three particular
characteristics or gene loci
are being followed.
20. Fork-line method
MEANING:
„ The fork line method can be used by
figuring the occurrence of each gene or
set of genes to be found in the gamete, and
then multiply them together.
„ This can be multiplied by figuring each
trait or combination of traits separate
for both the male and female, or each
gene individually regardless of sex.
21. P1: WWGG * ww gg
F1: Ww Gg * Ww Gg
F2: Ww * Ww Gg * Gg
WW Ww Ww ww GG Gg Gg gg
Phenotypes:
¾W ¾ G = 9/16 WG
¼ g = 3/16 Wg
¼ w ¾ G = 3/16 wG
¼ g = 1/16 wg
Phenotypic ratio:
9:3:3:1
24. • Describing an individual, organism, or
strain that is heterozygous for more
than three specific traits or gene pairs
or that is the offspring of parents
differing in more than three specific
gene pairs.
25. 2 rules in solving
probability
• Addition rule
- If it is mutually exclusive; the same.
ex:
b+g
b+g
b2+ bg
bg+ g2
b2+2bg+g2
26. • Multiplication rule
- If it is independent; it is different.
ex:
DdAa * DdAa
DD Aa Dd dd
AA Aa Aa aa
(3DD + 1d ) (3A + 1a ) = 9DA