Studying of genetic relationships among Aegilops L. species is very important for broadening the cultivated wheat genepool, and monitoring genetic erosion, because the genus Aegilops includes the wild relatives of cultivated wheat which contain numerous unique alleles that are absent in modern wheat cultivars and it can contribute to broaden the genetic base of wheat and improve yield, quality and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses of wheat. The use of molecular markers, revealing polymorphism at the DNA level, has been playing an increasing part in plant biotechnology and their genetics studies. There are different types of markers, morphological, biochemical and DNA based molecular markers. These DNA-based markers based on PCR (RAPD, AFLP, SSR, ISSR, IRAP), amongst others, the microsatellite DNA marker has been the most widely used, due to its easy use by simple PCR, followed by a denaturing gel electrophoresis for allele size determination, and to the high degree of information provided by its large number of alleles per locus. Day by day development of such new and specific types of markers makes their importance in understanding the genomic variability and the diversity between the same as well as different species of the plants. In this review, we will discuss about genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships studies of Aegilops L. using some molecular markers, with theirs Advantages, and disadvantages.
Applications of genomics and proteomics pptIbad khan
Applications of genomics and proteomics ppt
genomics and proteomics ppt
in the field of health genomics and proteomics ppt
oncology ppt
biomedical application of genomics and proteomics ppt
agriculture application of genomics and proteomics ppt
proteomics in agriculture ppt
diagnosis of infectious disease ppt
personalized medicine ppt
Applications of genomics and proteomics pptIbad khan
Applications of genomics and proteomics ppt
genomics and proteomics ppt
in the field of health genomics and proteomics ppt
oncology ppt
biomedical application of genomics and proteomics ppt
agriculture application of genomics and proteomics ppt
proteomics in agriculture ppt
diagnosis of infectious disease ppt
personalized medicine ppt
Course: Bioinformatics for Biologiacl Researchers (2014).
Session: 3.1- Introduction to Metagenomics. Applications, Approaches and Tools.
Statistics and Bioinformatisc Unit (UEB) from Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (www.vhir.org), Barcelona.
Genomics platform for agriculture-CAT lectureSenthil Natesan
The popular lecture for the undergraduate students of agriculture to know about the application of biotechnology in agriculture science graduates. Some of the major break through inventions how it impact on agriculture research and development
Marker Assisted Selection in Crop BreedingPawan Chauhan
Marker Assisted Selection is a value addition to conventional methods of Crop Breeding. It has been gaining importance in plant breeding with new generation of plant breeders and to get accurate and fast desired result from plant breeding.
Flow Cytometric Analysis for Ploidy and DNA Content of Banana Variants Induce...paperpublications3
Abstract: Nuclear DNA content of mutated banana plants was determined by using flow cytometric techniques. It is a powerful tool for large scale screening of ploidy levels. Nuclei were isolated from young leaves from (banana mutants & Glycine plants) supplemented with Propidium- iodide (PI) and RNAse. "Glycine max" used as internal reference standard for identifying the nuclear DNA content by FCM. For ploidy estimation DAPI was used. The results showed differences in DNA content between variants indicating the effect of gamma-irradiation on the genotype of these plants. Variants of short plant stature or stunted growth showed great differences in DNA content compared to control (non-irradiated). The phenotypic variations observed at high doses were likely due to changes in the DNA sequences at the chromosomal level. Nuclear DNA contents decreased with an increase of gamma-dose from 20 Gy to 60 Gy. However, there were no significant differences between DNA content at 20 Gy and 30 Gy and also between 40 Gy and 60 Gy, while they were differed significantly from the control. The results showed no significant differences in ploidy level between all samples used (3n); while all selected mutants (variants) showed differences in DNA content.
CD Genomics is dedicated to providing a comprehensive list of genomics and microarray solutions for agriculture, including genome, exome, transcriptome, and metagenome sequencing, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and targeted sequencing and genotyping that focus on a subset of regions or genes such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). https://www.cd-genomics.com/Transcriptomics.html
Functional genomics is a general approach toward understanding how the genes of an organism work together by assigning new functions to unknown genes. Information about the hypothesized function of an unknown gene may be deduced from its sequence structure using already known functions of similar genes as the basis for comparison. Gene function analysis therefore necessitates the analysis of temporal and spatial gene expression patterns (Yunbi Xu et al , Plant Molecular Biology (2005) ).
Course: Bioinformatics for Biologiacl Researchers (2014).
Session: 3.1- Introduction to Metagenomics. Applications, Approaches and Tools.
Statistics and Bioinformatisc Unit (UEB) from Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (www.vhir.org), Barcelona.
Genomics platform for agriculture-CAT lectureSenthil Natesan
The popular lecture for the undergraduate students of agriculture to know about the application of biotechnology in agriculture science graduates. Some of the major break through inventions how it impact on agriculture research and development
Marker Assisted Selection in Crop BreedingPawan Chauhan
Marker Assisted Selection is a value addition to conventional methods of Crop Breeding. It has been gaining importance in plant breeding with new generation of plant breeders and to get accurate and fast desired result from plant breeding.
Flow Cytometric Analysis for Ploidy and DNA Content of Banana Variants Induce...paperpublications3
Abstract: Nuclear DNA content of mutated banana plants was determined by using flow cytometric techniques. It is a powerful tool for large scale screening of ploidy levels. Nuclei were isolated from young leaves from (banana mutants & Glycine plants) supplemented with Propidium- iodide (PI) and RNAse. "Glycine max" used as internal reference standard for identifying the nuclear DNA content by FCM. For ploidy estimation DAPI was used. The results showed differences in DNA content between variants indicating the effect of gamma-irradiation on the genotype of these plants. Variants of short plant stature or stunted growth showed great differences in DNA content compared to control (non-irradiated). The phenotypic variations observed at high doses were likely due to changes in the DNA sequences at the chromosomal level. Nuclear DNA contents decreased with an increase of gamma-dose from 20 Gy to 60 Gy. However, there were no significant differences between DNA content at 20 Gy and 30 Gy and also between 40 Gy and 60 Gy, while they were differed significantly from the control. The results showed no significant differences in ploidy level between all samples used (3n); while all selected mutants (variants) showed differences in DNA content.
CD Genomics is dedicated to providing a comprehensive list of genomics and microarray solutions for agriculture, including genome, exome, transcriptome, and metagenome sequencing, genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and targeted sequencing and genotyping that focus on a subset of regions or genes such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). https://www.cd-genomics.com/Transcriptomics.html
Functional genomics is a general approach toward understanding how the genes of an organism work together by assigning new functions to unknown genes. Information about the hypothesized function of an unknown gene may be deduced from its sequence structure using already known functions of similar genes as the basis for comparison. Gene function analysis therefore necessitates the analysis of temporal and spatial gene expression patterns (Yunbi Xu et al , Plant Molecular Biology (2005) ).
Molecular markers (DNA markers) have entered the scene of genetic improvement in a wide range of horticultural crops. Among the major traits targeted for improvement in horticultural breeding programmes are disease and pest resistance, fruit yield and quality, tree shape, floral morphology, drought tolerance and dormancy. The development of molecular techniques for genetic analysis has led to a great increase in the knowledge of horticultural genetics and understanding and behavior of their genomes. These molecular techniques in particular, molecular markers, have been used to monitor DNA sequence variation in and among the species and create new sources of genetic variation by introducing new and favorable traits from landraces, wild relatives and related species and to fasten the time taken in conventional breeding. Today, markers are also being used for, genetic mapping, gene tagging and gene introgression from exotic and wild species.
Molecular Markers: Indispensable Tools for Genetic Diversity Analysis and Cro...Premier Publishers
Recent progress in molecular biology has led to the development of new molecular tools that offer the promise of making plant breeding faster. Molecular markers are segments of DNA associated with agronomically important traits and can be used by plant breeders as selection tools. Breeders can use marker-assisted selection (MAS) to bypass the traditional phenotype-based selection methods in order to improve crop varieties with pyramiding the desirable traits within short time. Various molecular markers such as RAPD, SSR, ISSR, RFLP, AFLP, SNP, SCAR, CAPS, etc. are extensively used for plant genetic diversity studies and crop improvement biotechnology. These markers are different in characteristic properties, applicability to various plants, unique in the resolving power and also have own advantages and disadvantages. This review article provides a valuable insight into different molecular marker techniques, classification, their advantages, disadvantages, ways of actions, uses of molecular markers in plant genetic diversity analysis and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping. It could be helpful for plant scientists and breeders in MAS breeding and crop improvement biotechnology in the post-genomic era.
Molecular marker and its application in breed improvement and conservation.docxTrilokMandal2
Molecular markers have revolutionized the field of genetics and genomics by providing valuable tools for studying genetic diversity, identifying individuals, and characterizing traits of interest. This review paper aims to explore the applications of molecular markers in breed improvement and conservation. We discuss the various types of molecular markers commonly used, such as microsatellites, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), and many more. Additionally, we examine their applications in genetic diversity assessment, parentage analysis, marker-assisted selection (MAS), and conservation efforts. The paper highlights the importance of molecular markers in accelerating breed improvement programs and enhancing conservation strategies for maintaining genetic diversity within a population.Molecular markers have had a significant impact on breed development and conservation efforts, transforming genetics and offering vital insights into genetic diversity, lineage tracing, and genotype characterization. The importance of molecular markers in improving genetic gains, facilitating breeding programs, and preserving genetic diversity for the long-term sustainability of the animal population has been underlined in this review paper. Emerging advancements in molecular marker technology show enormous potential for improving and conserving breeds. Deeper insights into the genetic basis of complex traits will be provided through GWAS, CRISPR/Cas9, gene editing technologies, and sequencing technologies, resulting in faster genetic gains. Breeders and conservationists will be able to make more informed judgments thanks to these technologies. In conclusion, molecular markers have had a significant impact on breed conservation and enhancement. Their innovations have changed the industry and given both conservationists and breeders vital knowledge. We can pave the road for more effective and sustainable genetic improvement and the preservation of biodiversity for future generations by combining the power of molecular markers with conventional breeding and conservation techniques.
Genomic aided selection for crop improvementtanvic2
In last Several years novel genetic and genomics approaches are expended. Genetics and genomics have greatly enhanced our understanding of the structural and functional aspects of plant genomes.
Role of Pangenomics for crop ImprovementPatelSupriya
It describes about the role of pangenomics in the crop improvement.It includes pangenome,superpangenome,databases,tools used in pangenomics,utilisation in crop improvement
Molecular markers for measuring genetic diversity Zohaib HUSSAIN
Molecular markers for measuring genetic diversity
Introduction:
The molecular basis of the essential biological phenomena in plants is crucial for the effective conservation, management, and efficient utilization of plant genetic resources (PGR).
Determining genetic diversity can be based on morphological, biochemical, and molecular types of information. However, molecular markers have advantages over other kinds, where they show genetic differences on a more detailed level without interferences from environmental factors, and where they involve techniques that provide fast results detailing genetic diversity
Comparison of different methods
Morphological characterization does not require expensive technology but large tracts of land are often required for these experiments, making it possibly more expensive than molecular assessment. These traits are often susceptible to phenotypic plasticity; conversely, this allows assessment of diversity in the presence of environmental variation.
Biochemical analysis is based on the separation of proteins into specific banding patterns. It is a fast method which requires only small amounts of biological material. However, only a limited number of enzymes are available and thus, the resolution of diversity is limited.
Molecular analyses comprise a large variety of DNA molecular markers, which can be employed for analysis of variation. Different markers have different genetic qualities (they can be dominant or co-dominant, can amplify anonymous or characterized loci, can contain expressed or non-expressed sequences, etc.).
Genetic marker
The concept of genetic markers is not a new one; in the nineteenth century, Gregor Mendel employed phenotype-based genetic markers in his experiments. Later, phenotype-based genetic markers for Drosophila melanogaster led to the founding of the theory of genetic linkage. A genetic marker is an easily identifiable piece of genetic material, usually DNA that can be used in the laboratory to tell apart cells, individuals, populations, or species. The use of genetic markers begins with extracting proteins or chemicals (for biochemical markers) or DNA (for molecular markers) from tissues of the plant (for example, seeds, foliage, pollen, sometimes woody tissues).
Molecular markers In genetics, a molecular marker (identified as genetic marker) is a fragment of DNA that is associated with a certain location within the genome. Molecular markers which detect variation at the DNA level such as nucleotide changes: deletion, duplication, inversion and/or insertion. Markers can exhibit two modes of inheritance, i.e. dominant/recessive or co-dominant. If the genetic pattern of homozygotes can be distinguished from that of heterozygotes, then a marker is said to be co-dominant. Generally co-dominant markers are more informative than the
Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Innspub Net
No previous research has assessed the nongenetic factors, especially the nutrition status of MS patients in Arab countries. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status of MS patients among Arab adults. This study is a nationally representative cross-sectional study using a structured, online self-administered, validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from 13 Arab countries. All data analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 and R for statistical computing version 4.0.4. A total of 813 participants were surveyed, most of the MS participants were female (68.4%), married (58.5%), non-smoker (72.6%) and 53.3% were diagnosed with MS for up to five years. MS participants did not consume the DRI of both the macro and the micronutrients including the energy requirements, except the dietary intake of the sodium which was insignificantly different from the DRI. Results also showed that most participants rarely consumed the main food items including bread, cereals, and most types of meat. While, more than 50% of the participants consumed fruit, vegetables, all types of chicken, fish, fresh soup, rice, and egg up to 3 times per month. On the other hand, milk and milkshake were consumed rarely; while, tea and herbal teas were the most common beverages. Nutrient deficiencies are very common among MS Arab patients. The finding of this study can establish a base for the development of a nutritional program for MS patients in accordance with the recommended DRI.
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsInnspub Net
Sensory evaluation or analysis is an invaluable tool in determining the consumers’ acceptability of a product developed and eventually its market success. This is a sequel test after the chemical analysis and microbiological procedures have been conducted. The study determined the level of acceptability of the by-product of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts specifically; Talisay Nuts Polvoron, Glazed Talisay Nuts, and Sugar-coated Talisay Nuts using sensory evaluation as to appearance, taste, aroma, sweetness, and texture. The responses of the food inclined participants are described yielding from the Hedonic Tests conducted and statistically treated. Results concluded that the developed products are remarkably acceptable and marketable.
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Innspub Net
The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022Innspub Net
Telfairia pedata (Sims) Hook is an important native climber plant commonly grown in East Africa. It bears nuts which are eaten either raw or cooked and is consumed mostly by expectant mothers, and as cooking oil. The survey was conducted between September 2019 to February 2020 in Sambaa, Meru, and Pare communities of Lushoto, Bumbuli, Arumeru and Same Districts, Northern Tanzania to assess the ethnobotany of T. pedata from a sample of 346 respondents using semi-structured questionnaires. Results indicate that, 21% of respondents used T. pedata for cooking with other staple foods while 18% claimed that the nuts are used by pregnant and lactating mothers for medicinal and breast milk stimulation and nine (9) percent indicated that the nuts are used for cultural and ritual purposes. Despite its importance, the cultivation of T. pedata in the study area is declining and the gap why such decline is experienced needs to be answered in further studies. Secondly, respondents within the 36-50 age groups reported the greatest diversity of uses of T. pedata 51% compared with those aged below 36 years old 21% signifying that the traditional knowledge known by younger aged groups may be declining. Thus, this gap of traditional knowledge between the groups should be addressed in order to improve utilization and conservation of this seriously declining yet important nut in the study area and other places of Tanzania.
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...Innspub Net
This study reports the amphibian’s fauna sampled from the Biodiversity Conservation Area of the hydroelectric dam of Soubré city (southwestern Côte d’Ivoire). This study aims to provide a better understanding of the diversity of amphibians in this relict forest of 200 ha, in order to assess the ecological health of this ecosystem for conservation and sustainable management perspectives. During dry season (from 26 February to 4 March 2018) and rainy season (from 17 to 23 June 2018), we recorded 14 species of anurans grouped into eight genera and six families. The study sites comprise an amphibian fauna consisting mainly of savannah specialists and degraded forest (64.28% of total species richness). Based on the IUCN Red List, all species recorded are of least concern. Also, these species are well distributed in the different regions of Côte d’Ivoire and Africa. Thus, it is necessary to monitor the ecology of the species and to protect subsequently the different habitats of this area.
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Innspub Net
Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...Innspub Net
In order to evaluate the effect of Spirodela polyrhiza using in diets of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings, an experiment was conducted on the farm “Awara” in the village of Agongo in Sèmè – Kpodji during 70 days. The initial average weight of fry is about 1g. The stocking density was 13 fry / m². Three experimental diets made with local by-products were tested: T0 (0% S. polyrhiza Meal), T1 (5% S. polyrhiza Meal) and T2 (mixed feed composed of 70% T0 and 30% fresh S. polyrhiza). At the end of the experiment, the survival rate was 100% for all treatments. The best zootechnical parameters were obtained with T1 with a final average weight of 11.67 ± 2.52 g and a consumption index of 1.17 ± 0.30. The highest gross profit margin was also obtained with T1. The lowest economic profitability was obtained.
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...Innspub Net
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in all parts of the world to accommodate the increasing human population but it is having a drastic effect on native flora and fauna. The present study was carried out across a three stage urbanization gradient in and around the city of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. Observations were made from September 2019 to February 2021 at the selected three sites during COVID 19 pandemic. Point count method was used for bird surveys and Sound pressure (Noise) measurements were made across the three selected sites. The Avian diversity was measured by total species richness, Fisher’s alpha diversity index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index. The Urban centre recorded the highest sound pressure and lowest Avian species richness but as we moved away from the urban centre the noise levels reduced and the avain species richness increased towards the rural areas. This is mainly due to many avian species avoiding urban areas because of increasing noise levels. We also found that the urban bird community is dominated by a few species whereas the rural bird community was much more diverse.
Construction health and safety model towards adoption | IJB 2022Innspub Net
This study aimed to assess the safety and health of contractors in Zamboanga Del Norte, Philip-pines, in terms of workforce, workplace, and work implements. It also aimed to evaluate compliance with occupational health and safety standards regarding occupational safety and health training, a health and safety plan, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. It combined quantitative research with a self-created questionnaire that explains and forecasts concepts that can be applied to other people and locations and objectively measures the variable(s) of interest, selected, constructed, and standardized with validity and reliability in mind. The findings revealed that respondents only partially adhered to construction safety and health in personnel, workplace, and work equipment. Occupational health and safety criteria were partially met in occupational safety and health training, health and safety plans, civil works activities, and heavy equipment operations. The Level of Compliance for construction safety and health was also partially met. As a result, it is advised that construction companies will adopt the revised construction safety model.
Chemical composition of essential oil compounds from the callus of fennel (Fo...Innspub Net
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Miller.), a herbaceous, perennial and aromatic from Apiaceae family, which is used for pharmaceutical, food, health and cosmatic are cultivated in different parts of Iran and much of the world. In this study, the amount of trans-anethole in callus gained from tissue culture of fennel six belonging to different regions of Iran and Turkey have been compared. Tissue culture is a randomized trial. Factor of evaluating in the first node (hypocotyl) has been as explants and hormonal composition of 2,4-D+Kinetin and NAA+BAP was used for callus induction. Callus extracts were extracted by using organic solvent and finally the effective compound was determined, using GC/MS. The results show that the highest percentage of essential oil compounds in callus of E,E 2,4-Decadienal of 46.22% and cineole were 1,8 of the 35.17 percent, respectively. Our results indicate that the derived callus from fennel plants in the MS environment and with herbal hormone has been able to produce volatile compounds.
Evaluation of some maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes for resistance to stem borer...Innspub Net
The field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) , Kassala and Gash Research Station Farm, Takro of, Sudan. During the two winter seasons (2016/017 and 2017/018) respectively to evaluate some grain maize genotypes for resistance to stem borer and identify the most tolerance of these genotypes to Stem Borer infestation. Thirteen (STB.G1, STB.G2, STB.G3, STB.G4, STB.G5, STB.G6, STB.G7, STB.G8, STB.G9, STB.G10, STB.G11) maize genotypes were used in this study: with two check of maize variety (check. 1(Mugtama45) and ckeck. 2 (Var.113),). The experiments were arranged in Randomized Complete Block design (RCBD) with three replications. The data collected were used in this study were : Germination percentages, plant population, plant height, ear height, ear length, days to 50% Tasselling, days to 50% silking, ear length, ear diameter, cob diameter, number of rows/ear, number of kernels/row, 100 Kernel weight and Yieldkg/ha. Results showed that the most encouraging genotypes (STB.G 11, STB.G10, STB.G 4, STB.G 6 and STB.G8) of maize production at Kassala state were obtained a high value for potential of grain yield (4132, 3723, 3611, 3302 and 3264kg/ha) respectively, and for the most important of yield components. Among the traits considered, the yield (kg/ha) was the most promising as an indicator of tolerance to stem borer infestation.
Impact of climate change on wheat yield using remote sensing technique | JBES...Innspub Net
The present study demonstrates the ability of GIS and RS in capturing the spatial temporal data. The changing climatic conditions in the country effects the agriculture. The impacts of climate change are not only restricted to the agricultural productivity of the Pakistan but changing climate also impose destructive impacts on the Land use change practices. Three districts of Punjab i.e. Attock, Multan and Gujrat were selected for analysis of climatic effect on wheat production. The time span that is used for analyzing the change in these areas was from 1999-2014. Climatic changes are not always negative ones but sometimes climatic changes are favoring the increased agricultural production. As the change in temperature and rainfall pattern affects the crop conditions, which changes the net production. It is concluded that for real time prediction of crop yield satellite remote sensing could be used for timely management of food crisis in Pakistan as well as in the world.
Extreme weather events and their impact on urban crop production: A case of K...Innspub Net
Extreme weather events are anticipated to increase the existing challenges and generate new combination of vulnerabilities, especially in developing countries. The agricultural sector is the most vulnerable due to overreliance on unpredictable rainfall. This study examined the impact of extreme weather events on urban crop production and the adaptation strategies applied by the farmers. Secondary data were collected through a literature survey and primary data were collected using structured interviews, observations and focus group discussions. A total of 108 crop farmers were interviewed in two wards of Kinondoni District. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used to analyze the data and Pearson Chi-square was used to test the statistical significance between variables. The study observed that, farmers perceived extreme weather events including floods (39%), extreme temperatures (36%), and drought (25%). These extreme weather events affected negatively crop production leading damaging of crops and low yields (38%), outbreak of crop pests and disease (38%), drying of water sources (20%), and loss of soil fertility (4%). Crop farmers used various adaptation strategies such as crop diversification (28%), the use of pesticides (23%), changing of cropping patterns and planting calendar (16%), irrigation practices (18%) and replanting (10%). The study recommends for adoption of new farming systems such as vertical farming systems for better output with the use of limited water and land resources.
Effectiveness of community forest association and water resource users’ assoc...Innspub Net
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Smallholders socio-economic characteristics of oil palm value chain: Constrai...Innspub Net
The study on the Smallholders Socio-Economic Characteristics Oil Palm Value Chain: Constraints and Prospects was conducted in the Littoral region of Cameroon with the used of multi-sampling technique. The study made used of secondary and primary data sources. Data that were collected through survey involved the distribution of structured questionnaires to a sample of 400 smallholders who were purposively selected from two sub-divisions. The data collected through these questionnaires were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Science and Micro Soft Excel, and the interpreted resulted were presented using descriptive method, pie charts and in tables. Results indicated actors in the value chain were faced the constraints of inadequate capital, inadequate storage facilities, and fluctuation in market prices, inadequate roads, among others. Results further indicated that the activity was important as it provided opportunities such as job creation, health enhancement, education enhancement, income amelioration among others to the actors in the value chain.
Liming leads to high bean and maize yield on a strongly acid tea soil | IJAAR...Innspub Net
Acid soils are very common in tea zones. These soils have a pH below 5.0. Below this pH, not only do the soils exhibit toxicity of aluminum and manganese but are deficient of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and molybdenum, hence becoming chemically infertile. Liming is one cheap way of reclaiming these soils. The staple food crops in these tea soils are maize and beans. However the effect of different liming levels on bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and maize (Zea maiys, L.) yield on acid tea-growing ando-humic Nitisol had not before been investigated. A study was therefore conducted to determine the crop response to liming and the appropriate liming level for maize and bean crops in a tea zone soils. The experiment was carried out in Embu County, Kavutiri and Kianjokoma areas, Agro-Ecological Zone (AEZ) UM1. A randomized complete block design with four replications of each lime treatment was used at each site. Lime at rates of 0 (L0), 2.4 (L1), 6 (L2), 8 (L3) t/ha was broadcasted on to 4m x 4m plots and mixed into 0-15cm of soil. There was a significant response to liming for both maize and beans. The maximum maize and beans yield was attained at around liming level L2 (pH 5.5). Above this pH, yields started to decline. The study clearly shows the benefits of soil liming on strongly acid tea soils and also the importance of accurate lime applications.
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In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
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sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
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Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
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Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
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THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships studies of Aegilops L. using some molecular markers
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RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships studies of
Aegilops L. using some molecular markers
Mahjoub Asma1*,
Mguis Khaled1,2*
, Ben Brahim Nadia1
1
Laboratory of botanic of INRAT, Hedi Karry Street, Ariana, Tunisia
2
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
Article published on May 12, 2016
Key words: Aegilops L., AFLP, ISSR, IRAP, Molecular markers, RAPD, SSR.
Abstract
Studying of genetic relationships among Aegilops L. species is very important for broadening the cultivated wheat
genepool, and monitoring genetic erosion, because the genus Aegilops includes the wild relatives of cultivated
wheat which contain numerous unique alleles that are absent in modern wheat cultivars and it can contribute to
broaden the genetic base of wheat and improve yield, quality and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses of
wheat. The use of molecular markers, revealing polymorphism at the DNA level, has been playing an increasing
part in plant biotechnology and their genetics studies. There are different types of markers, morphological,
biochemical and DNA based molecular markers. These DNA-based markers based on PCR (RAPD, AFLP, SSR,
ISSR, IRAP), amongst others, the microsatellite DNA marker has been the most widely used, due to its easy use
by simple PCR, followed by a denaturing gel electrophoresis for allele size determination, and to the high degree
of information provided by its large number of alleles per locus. Day by day development of such new and specific
types of markers makes their importance in understanding the genomic variability and the diversity between the
same as well as different species of the plants. In this review, we will discuss about genetic variability and
phylogenetic relationships studies of Aegilops L. using some molecular markers, with theirs Advantages, and
disadvantages.
* Corresponding Author: Mahjoub Asma asma_inrat@yahoo.fr
International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)
ISSN: 2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online)
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 8, No. 5, p. 14-25, 2016
2. Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
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Introduction
The eroding genetic base of cultivated wheat, Rapid
changes in climatic and environmental stress
conditions have led researchers to investigate the
possibility of using the genetic diversity present in
wild relatives of cultivated crops (Arzani et al., 2005).
Its have been sustaining under intensive stress
conditions, by modifying themselves to adapt to
newly emerging conditions (Nevo et al., 2002). Great
interest has been focused to the genus Aegilops L.,
which is closely related to Triticum constitutes a
precious source of economically important traits for
wheat improvement (Holubec et al., 1993; Nevo et al.,
2002) particularly those associated with disease
resistance (Bouktila, 2001; Martin-Sanchez et al.,
2003) and other economically desirable attributes.
The genus Aegilops contains 22 species comprising
both diploids and polyploids that originated from
centre of origin (Van Slageren, 1994). Use of
morphological traits may be helpful but often
inadequate in differentiation of closely related
cultivars. Certain morphologically different variants
may be phylogeneticly closely related. In addition
morphological traits are highly influenced by the
environment (Fang et al., 1998). However; molecular
tools provide abundant information, are highly
efficient and are insensitive to environmental factors.
These techniques allow the analysis of variation at the
genomic level and permit detection of genetic
variation at the genomic level. Therefore, information
obtained from the molecular level could be used to
assess genetic relationships among the major
germplasm groups. A better understanding of the
effectiveness of the different molecular markers is
considered a priority step towards germplasm
classification and characterization, and a prerequisite
for more effective breeding programs (Belaj et al.,
2003). In Aegilops L., a wide species of DNA based
markers has been used in order to study their genetic
variation as well as phylogenic relationship among
different species, and some of the important examples
are: RADP (Konstantinos et al., 2010; Mahjoub et al.,
2010; Schoenenberger et al., 2005; Mahjoub et al.,
2009), SSR ( Bandopadhyay et al., 2004; Naghavi et
al., 2005), ISSR (Jam Baranduzi et al., 2013; Laya et
al., 2014), AFLP (Kaya et al., 2011; Khalighi et al.,
2008), IRAP (Hojjatollah et al., 2008; Fathi et al.,
2014). To this end, the application of molecular
markers based on DNA sequences are largely depends
on the type of markers employed, distribution of
markers in the genome, type of loci they amplify, level
of polymorphism and reproducibility of products
(Virk et al., 2001; Fernandez et al., 2002). Despite
this, a new marker type, named SNP, for Single
Nucleotide Polymorphism, is now on the scene and
has gained high popularity, even though it is only a
bi-allelic type of marker. The development of such
new and specific types of markers makes their
importance in understanding the genomic variability
and the diversity between the same as well as
different species of the plants. It is necessary to
update DNA marker based techniques from this
review, to conclude DNA markers and their
application and provide base platform information to
the researchers working in the area to be more
efficiently expertise.
In this review, we summarize genetic variability and
phylogenetic relationships studies of Aegilops L. with
some applications of molecular markers while
showing their advantages and disadvantages
Molecular markers in genetic variability studies in
Aegilops L.
Knowledge of genetic variation and genetic
relationship among genotypes is an important
consideration for classification, utilization of
germplasm resources and breeding. The genetic
diversity and structure of plant populations reflect the
interaction of many factors, including the long-term
evolutionary history of the species (e.g. shifts in
distribution patterns, habitat fragmentation, and
population isolation), mutation, genetic drift, mating
system, gene flow and selection (Schaal et al., 1998).
All of these factors can lead to complex genetic
structuring within populations, and losses of genetic
diversity, with severe potential consequences since
genetic variation at the intra specific level is a
prerequisite for future adaptive change or evolution
(Schaal et al., 1991). Molecular markers allow the
3. Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
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analysis and detection of variation at the genomic
level. Therefore, information obtained from the
molecular level could be used to assess genetic
relationships among the major germplasm groups. A
better understanding of the effectiveness of the
different molecular markers is considered a priority
step towards germplasm characterization, and a
prerequisite for more effective breeding programs
(Belaj et al., 2003). They represent one of the most
powerful tools for the analysis of genomes and enable
the association of heritable traits with underlying
genomic variation (Duran et al., 2009).
RAPD markers
The introduction of DNA markers based on the PCR
technology has led to the development of several
novel genetic assays that can be used for many
purposes in plant genetic analysis such as cultivar
identification and gene mapping. RAPD is a simple,
sensitive and fast DNA molecular marker technique
to randomly amplify DNA fragments under low-
stringency conditions by short oligonucleotides
(Williams et al., 1990). They require no prior
knowledge of the DNA sequence and can amplify a
large number of DNA fragments for reaction. RAPD
markers resulting from PCR amplification of genomic
DNA sequences recognized by ten-mer primers of
arbitrary nucleotide sequence (Williams et al., 1990),
they have proved to be valuable in Aegilops
geniculata Roth populations similarities and
estimation of their relationships (Mahjoub et al.,
2010).They provide a fast and easy approach for
genetic variability and phylogenetic relationships
studies of Aegilops L. This assay has the advantage of
being readily employed, requiring very small amounts
of genomic DNA, and eliminating the need for
blotting and radioactive detection (Cipriani et al.,
1996). This technique, regardless of its sensitivity to
reaction conditions, problems with repeatability, and
amplifying of nonhomologous sequences has been
successfully used for the assessment of genetic
diversity in plants (Maria et al., 2008). Factors such
as speed, efficiency and amenability to automation
make it one of the most suitable methods for
germplasm management with respect to estimating
diversity, monitoring genetic erosion and removing
duplicates from germplasm collections (Khadari et
al., 2003). Another advantage of using RAPD markers
for introgression studies is that these markers occur
in randomly amplified genome regions, and if
sequenced and compared to nucleotide databases
they may provide some information on eventual genes
or traits introgressed from one species to another
(Schoenenberger et al., 2005).
RAPD analyses generally require purified, high
molecular weight DNA, and precautions are needed to
avoid contamination of DNA samples because short
random primers are used that are able to amplify
DNA fragments in a variety of organisms. Altogether,
the inherent problems of reproducibility make RAPDs
unsuitable markers for transference or comparison of
results among research teams working in a similar
species and subject. As for most other multilocus
techniques, RAPD markers are not locus-specific,
band profiles cannot be interpreted in terms of loci
and alleles (dominance of markers), and similar sized
fragments may not be homologous. RAPD markers
were found to be easy to perform by different
laboratories, but reproducibility was not achieved to a
satisfactory level (Jones et al., 1997) and, therefore,
the method was utilized less for routine
identifications.
Konstantinos et al. (2010) evaluated the genetic
variability and relationships of thirty-eight accessions
of seven Greek Aegilops species using nineteen RAPD
and ten ISSR markers. Cenkci et al. (2008) suggested
that RAPD analysis can be used to distinguish wild
Triticum and Aegilops species and wheat cultivars. In
addition, RAPD technique can be used to develop
genome-specific markers.
Aloui Mahjoub et al. (2012) used nineteen RAPD
markers to study the genetic diversity in natural
populations of Aegilops geniculata Roth and
Triticum durum Desf from Tunisia, the result show
that genetic diversity within populations was
relatively high. Nei’s genetic diversity (H) and
Shannon’s index (I) were 0.324, 0.484 respectively.
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Global AMOVA showed that genetic variation within
populations accounted 80% occurring (ΦPT =0.205
p<0.05). The total genetic diversity (Ht) and the
within population genetic diversity (Hs) were 0.3195
and 0.1516 respectively, Total gene diversity was
attributable mostly to diversity within population,
indicating that the groups of populations were likely
to differ genetically. Genetic differentiation was low in
the two closely related species. The amount of gene
flow (Nm) among groups of populations was also low.
Despite the relatively restricted geographical range
covered by the investigation, studied groups of
populations exhibited a pronounced genetic
divergence at different hierarchical levels. Therefore,
dendrogram based on Nei’s genetic distance indicated
segregation of Aegilops geniculata groups of
populations and Triticum durum into two main clear
pattern clusters.
SSR markers
Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) or microsatellites are
short sequence elements composed of tandem repeat
units one to seven base pairs (bp) in length (Tautz,
1989). SSRs are becoming increasingly widespread
because it is co-dominant, multi allelic, highly
polymorphic genetic markers and appropriate for
genetic diversity studies, evenly distributed
throughout the genome and regarded to be the most
reliable marker (Goldstein et al., 1999; Jannati et al.,
2009).
Because the technique is PCR-based, only low
quantities of template DNA (10–100 ng per reaction)
are required. Due to the use of long PCR primers, the
reproducibility of microsatellites is high and analyses
do not require high quality DNA. Although
microsatellite analysis is, in principle, a single-locus
technique, multiple microsatellites may be
multiplexed during PCR or gel electrophoresis if the
size ranges of the alleles of different loci do not
overlap (Ghislain et al., 2004). This decreases
significantly the analytical costs. Furthermore, the
screening of microsatellite variation can be
automated, if the use of automatic sequencers is an
option EST-SSR markers are one class of marker that
can contribute to ‘direct allele selection’, if they are
shown to be completely associated or even
responsible for a targeted trait (Sorrells and Wilson,
1997).Yu et al. (2004) identified two EST-SSR
markers linked to the photoperiod response gene
(ppd) in wheat. The EST-SSR loci have been
integrated, or genome-wide genetic maps have been
prepared, in several plant (mainly cereal) species. A
large number of genic SSRs have been placed on the
genetic maps of wheat (Nicot et al., 2004, Holton et
al., 2002, Gao et al., 2004). Microsatellites can also
be implemented as monolocus, codominant markers
by converting individual microsatellite loci into PCR-
based markers by designing primers from unique
sequences flanking the microsatellite. Microsatellite
containing genomic fragment have to be cloned and
sequenced in order to design primers for specific PCR
amplification. This approach was called sequence-
tagged microsatellite site (STMS) (Beckmann and
Soller, 1990). In the longer term, development of
allele-specific markers for the genes controlling
agronomic traits will be important for advancing the
science of plant breeding.
In this context, genic microsatellites are but one class
of marker that can be deployed, along with single
nucleotide polymorphisms and other types of markers
that target functional polymorphisms within genes.
The choice of the most appropriate marker system
needs to be decided upon on a case by case basis and
will depend on many issues, including the availability
of technology platforms, costs for marker
development, species transferability, information
content and ease of documentation.
One of the main drawbacks of microsatellites is that
high development costs are involved if adequate
primer sequences for the species of interest are
unavailable, making them difficult to apply to
unstudied groups. Although microsatellites are in
principle codominant markers, mutations in the
primer annealing sites may result in the occurrence of
null alleles (no amplification of the intended PCR
product), which may lead to errors in genotype
scoring. The potential presence of null alleles
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increases with the use of microsatellite primers
generated from germplasm unrelated to the species
used to generate the microsatellite primers (poor
“cross species amplification”). Null alleles may result
in a biased estimate of the allelic and genotypic
frequencies and an underestimation of
heterozygosity.
Furthermore, the underlying mutation model of
microsatellites (infinite allele model or stepwise
mutation model) is still under debate. Homoplasy
may occur at microsatellite loci due to different
forward and backward mutations, which may cause
underestimation of genetic divergence. A very
common observation in microsatellite analysis is the
appearance of stutter bands that are artifacts in the
technique that occur by DNA slippage during PCR
amplification. These can complicate the
interpretation of the band profiles because size
determination of the fragments is more difficult and
heterozygotes may be confused with homozygotes.
However, the interpretation may be clarified by
including appropriate reference genotypes of known
band sizes in the experiment.
Bandopadhyay et al. (2004) were used 64 EST-SSRs
in 18 species of Triticum-Aegilops complex to identify
genus specific and genome specific EST-SSRs and to
estimate the level of DNA polymorphism detected by
them in these 18 species of the complex, any
polymorphism detected using EST-SSRs, may reflect
better the relationships among Triticeae. And they
indicated that the SSRs derived from the functional
portion of the genome of bread wheat may be
successfully used in cultivated and wild relatives of
wheat belonging to Triticum-Aegilops complex for
comparative genomics studies such as genome
analysis, localization of expressed genes,
discrimination among different species, etc.
Therefore, EST-SSRs may be used in studies on
polymorphism, genetic diversity, gene mapping and
synteny conservation across different species of
Triticeae. Naghavi et al. (2005) were used 21 simple
microsatellite primers to determine the genetic
relationship of the D genome among hexaploid wheat
Triticum aestivum and 3 Aegilops species Aegilopsd
tauschii, Aegilops cylindrica and Aegilops crassa.
They reported that different genotypes of Aegilops
tauschii could be involved in the evolution of
polyploid species. A high level of variation and also
the highest number of unique alleles observed within
Aegilops crassa accessions, indicating that Aegilops
crassa is a good potential source of novel genes for
bread wheat improvement. The conclusion of their
study confirms the usefulness of SSR markers to
study wheat genetic diversity. Additionally, the results
obtained from their study could be useful for
improving the understanding of diversity in and
management of germplasm collections.
ISSR markers
Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker is a PCR
based method that can rapidly differentiate closely
related individuals. They involve the amplification of
DNA segments between two identical microsatellite
repeat regions. ISSR markers use degenerate primers
to reveal a large number of fragments per PCR
reaction, and thus are able to efficiently distinguish
between closely related individuals (Zietkiewicz et al.,
1994). They have high reproducibility possibly due to
the use of longer primers (16–25-mers) as compared
to RAPD primers (10-mers), which permits the
subsequent use of high annealing temperature (45°–
60°C) leading to higher stringency. ISSR uses a single
primer of 16–25 bp long microsatellites. This primer
consists of a di, tri, tetra or penta nucleotide which
can be anchored at the 3° or 5° end with 2–4 arbitrary
degenerate nucleotides. This technique combines
most of the benefits of AFLP and SSR markers with
the universality of RAPD (Pradeep Redy et al., 2002).
Being polymorphic (Bornet and Branchard, 2001) and
ubiquitous in the genome ISSR markers, have the
advantages of SSR markers, while by passing the
major obstacle to the development of SSR markers,
that is, the need to know the flanking sequences.
Hence, ISSR markers are suitable for use in species
where extensive information on DNA sequences are
not yet available (Meloni et al., 2006), they are scored
as dominant markers and inherited in Mendelian
fashion (Ratnaparkhe et al., 1998). It is widely used
6. Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Asma et al.
Page 19
by the research community in various fields of plant
science such as breeding, germplasm conservation
and genetic mapping (Pradeep Redy et al., 2002).
This technique overcomes most limitations such as
low reproducibility and high cost (Zietkiewicz et al.,
1994; Pradeep Redy et al., 2002). ISSR provide a
useful and relatively simple method for cultivar
fingerprinting (Luro et al., 1995). Jam Baranduzi et
al. (2013) investigated the genetic diversity in thirty-
three accessions of six Aegilops species by using
eleven ISSR markers and their results revealed that
171 polymorphic bands were produced; low variation
within different accessions of Aegilops and genetic
similarity separated three major cluster groups.
Laya et al. (2014) used 10 ISSR primers to estimate
genetic diversity among 14 durum breeding lines. The
result showed that the primers produced 85
polymorphic fragments. The average of PIC index was
0.33, that showed a good efficiency of primers to
separate the genotypes. Cluster analysis using
UPGMA method and Dice similarity coefficient
categorized the genotypes into five main groups in
which the check genotypes were classified in the
separated groups.
AFLP markers
Molecular markers can provide information needed to
select genetically diverse parents for developing
breeding and mapping accessions, among which the
AFLP markers have been successfully used to
determine genetic diversity in many plant species
(Pillay and Myers, 1999). AFLP markers are
generated by selective amplification of a subset of
restriction fragments from total genomic DNA
(Mueller and Wolfenbarger, 1999). The
reproducibility, heritability, effectiveness and
reliability of these amplified DNA products have
substantial advantages when compared with other
marker systems (Russell et al., 1997). The PCR-based
AFLP markers are amenable to automation for high-
throughput genotyping and, being anonymous, do not
require any sequence information (Rouf Mian et al.,
2002). AFLP fingerprinting is considerably
informative, allowing the survey of variation in more
than 50 co-amplified restriction fragments in each
AFLP reaction (Yildirim and Akkaya, 2006). The use
of AFLP in genetic marker technologies has become
the main tool due to its capability to disclose a high
number of polymorphic markers by single reaction
(Vos et al., 1995). Li-COR IR2 automated DNA
sequencers and associated software have been
demonstrated to efficiently generate and analyze
complex AFLP patterns of various genomes (Qui et
al., 1999). We applied AFLP markers to characterize
the genetic diversity and relationships among
different populations of Aegilops in Turkey using Li-
COR instrument.
The disadvantages include the need for purified, high
molecular weight DNA, the dominance of alleles, and
the possible non-homology of comigrating fragments
belonging to different loci. In addition, due to the
high number and different intensity of bands per
primer combination, there is the need to adopt
certain strict but subjectively determined criteria for
acceptance of bands in the analysis. Special attention
should be paid to the fact that AFLP bands are not
always independent. For example, in case of an
insertion between two restrictions sites the amplified
DNA fragment results in increased band size. This
will be interpreted as the loss of a small band and at
the same time as the gain of a larger band. This is
important for the analysis of genetic relatedness,
because it would enhance the weight of non-
independent bands compared to the other bands.
However, the major disadvantage of AFLP markers is
that these are dominant markers.
Kaya et al. (2011) studied the genetic diversity and
relationship of 55 accessions of genus Aegilops,
including the species Aegilops triuncialis L. (UUCC),
Aegilops geniculata Roth (MMUU), Aegilops
cylindrica Host (CCDD) and Aegilops umbellulata
Zhuk (UU) using the combinations of 16 AFLP
selective primers. Similarly, Khalighi et al. (2008)
assessed the genetic diversity and morphological
traits of thirty one Triticum and Aegilops genotypes
using 414 AFLP markers.
7. Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Asma et al.
Page 20
Soleimani et al. (2002) studied the genetic variation
in 13 modern Canadian durum wheat cultivars based
upon amplified restriction fragment polymorphism
(AFLP). The result, showed of the approximately 950
detected AFLP markers, only 89 were polymorphic.
The ancestry of Canadian durum wheat cultivars was
traced back to 125 cultivars, selections, and breeding
lines including 17 landraces. Mean pairwise genetic
distance based on the kinship coefficient was 0.76. On
the other hand, AFLP-based mean pairwise genetic
distance was 0.40. Even though there was a large
difference between the means of the two diversity
measures, a moderate positive correlation (r=0.457,
p<0.002) was detected between the two distance
matrices. Cluster analysis with the entire AFLP data
divided all cultivars into three major groups reflecting
their breeding origins.
IRAP markers
Transposable elements, particularly the
retrotransposons, comprise much or most of plant
genomes; their replication generates genomic
diversity and makes them an excellent source of
molecular markers. The retrotransposon-based
marker methods rely on PCR amplification between a
conserved retrotransposon feature, most often the
long terminal repeat (LTR), and another dispersed
and conserved feature in the genome. The inter-
retrotransposon amplified polymorphism (IRAP)
method displays insertional polymorphisms by
amplifying the segments of DNA between two
retrotransposons. It has been used in numerous
studies of genetic diversity (smykal, 2006).
Retrotransposon insertional polymorphism is
sufficiently great to support not only analyses on the
whole genome level within species, but also gene
mapping projects within the generally narrower
germplasm of cultivated varieties (Queen et al.,
2004).
A virtue of IRAP is its experimental simplicity. All
that is needed is simple PCR followed by
electrophoresis to resolve the PCR products. IRAP
can be carried out with a single primer matching
either the 5’ or 3’ end of the LTR but oriented away
from the LTR itself, or with two primers. Nearby TEs
may be found in different orientations in the genome
(head-to-head, tail-to-tail or head-totail) increasing
the range of tools available to detect polymorphism
depending on the method and primer combinations.
If two primers are used, they may be from the same
retrotransposon family or from different families. The
PCR products, and therefore the fingerprint patterns,
result from amplification of hundreds to thousands of
target sites in the genome. The pattern obtained will
be related to the TE copy number, insertion pattern
and size of the TE family. IRAP fingerprints with
single primers often generate bands from 500 to
3000 bases, lengths that are not convenient for
capillary electrophoresis. To reduce the size of the
DNA products to be separated and visualized,
fluorescent primers may be used in the PCR reaction
and the amplicon DNA digested with a four-base-
specific restriction enzyme such as TaiI or TaqI after
the PCR reaction. In this way, IRAP can be adapted to
analyses on capillary sequencing platforms.
A major disadvantage of this method is the need for
retrotransposon sequence information to design
family-specific primers. LTR primers can be readily
used across species lines, among closely related
genera and even sometimes between plant families
(Lou and Chen, 2007; Sanz et al., 2007). In this case,
primers designed to conserved TE sequences are
advantageous. Moreover, TEs are dispersed
throughout the genome and often interspersed with
other elements and repeats. By combining PCR
primers from different classes of repeats and families
of LTRs, PCR fingerprints can be improved.
Deployment of a retrotransposon marker system into
a species, in which the methods have not been
previously used, requires PCR primers that recognize
a retrotransposon and, in the case of RBIP, the
flanking sequences. The retrotransposon targets that
can be amplified by heterologous primers developed
in a different species tend to be members of old
families of elements present before the divergence of
the plant clades in question. Jing et al. (2005)
estimated the average age of segregating
retrotransposon insertion sites in Pisum as being
8. Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.
Asma et al.
Page 21
approximately 2 Myr. This result is roughly similar to
estimates made by SanMiguel et al. (1998) and Vitte
et al. (2004) in maize and rice, respectively, but may
be biased toward younger elements because structural
disruptions make old insertions harder to
characterize. Nevertheless, these ages are comparable
to divergence times between some closely related
species (or even the genera Homo and Pan),
suggesting that some retroelements may be useful in
recently diverged clades. In this context, Fathi et al.
(2014) studied molecular genetic diversity of Aegilops
triuncialis L. revealed by IRAP markers. The result of
classification showed low relation between genetic
divergence and geographical origins. Hojjatollah et al.
(2008) tested the IRAP method and applied to
characterize the diversity of Aegilops tauschii
collected across Iran. He also evaluated the method
for analysing the relationships at infraspecific
(subspecies and varieties) level to develop
phylogeographic models for the distribution of these
taxa.
Conclusion
Knowledge of the levels and distribution of genetic
diversity are important for designing conservation
strategies for threatened and endangered species.
Preservation of the genetic diversity represented in all
the plant ecosystems throughout the world has
become a major issue of international concern. The
loss of increasingly large numbers of plant species
through habitat destruction threatens the availability
of a diverse plant germplasm base which will be
needed to feed future generations. Advances in
biotechnology, especially in the area of molecular
biology techniques provide some important tools for
improved conservation and management of plant
genetic resources. The present review highlights the
usage of different marker system for studying genetic
diversity across DNA level in the genus Aegilops L. All
the marker techniques provided useful information
on the level of polymorphism and genetic diversity in
Aegilops L. and have potential use in studies of
diversity, linkage mapping, accession identification,
and germplasm organization. Selection of the best
marker system depends on aim of research and ploid
level of studied being. In Aegilops L., a wide variety of
DNA based markers has been used in order to study
their genetic variation as well as phylogenic
relationship among different genera. RAPD and SSR
are the markers of choice in Aegilops breeding
research, because of their variability, ease of use,
accessibility of detection and reproducibility. IRAP,
ISSR, AFLP are also used to study the genetic
diversity of Aegilops throughout the world.
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