The slide presents the conditions of pregnant and non-pregnant uterus contraction and focuses on the pharmacology of uterine stimulants and relaxants of pregnant women.
Drugs acting on the uterus can affect the endometrium or myometrium. Uterine stimulants like oxytocin, ergot alkaloids, and prostaglandins increase uterine motility and are used to induce labor or treat postpartum hemorrhage. Uterine relaxants like beta-adrenergic agonists, calcium channel blockers, and magnesium sulfate decrease uterine motility and are used to suppress premature labor. While tocolytics can postpone delivery, they also increase maternal and fetal risks.
This document discusses various drugs acting on the uterus. It describes oxytocin, ergot alkaloids like ergometrine, and prostaglandins as the main classes of uterine stimulants. Oxytocin is used via intravenous infusion to induce or augment labor contractions. Ergometrine causes sustained whole uterine contraction and is used to control postpartum hemorrhaging. Prostaglandins like PGE2 and PGF2α induce rhythmic contractions and are administered intravaginally to induce abortion or labor.
Drugs acting on the uterus can be classified based on their effects on the endometrium or myometrium. Oxytocin is a polypeptide hormone that acts on the myometrium to stimulate contractions during labor and delivery. It is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored/released from the posterior pituitary. Oxytocin is used to induce and augment labor, and to prevent postpartum hemorrhage. While ergot alkaloids like ergometrine are also uterotonic, oxytocin is preferred due to its more physiological action, rapid onset and short duration of effect.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Gout is caused by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood which can crystallize and deposit in the joints, causing inflammation and pain. It is usually characterized by recurrent attacks of inflammatory arthritis in the joint at the base of the big toe. Treatment involves medications like NSAIDs to reduce inflammation during acute attacks and allopurinol or probenecid for long-term prevention by lowering uric acid levels through inhibition of uric acid synthesis or reabsorption. Lifestyle changes and a diet low in purine-rich foods can also help prevent gout attacks.
This document discusses drugs used in reproductive health, including estrogens, progestins, and oral contraceptives. It provides details on:
1) Estrogens like estradiol that are responsible for female pubertal changes and progesterone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
2) Oral contraceptives that contain estrogen and progesterone to prevent ovulation and thickening of cervical mucus to inhibit sperm penetration.
3) Different types of combined oral contraceptives including triphasic pills that mimic the hormonal cycle, and progestin-only mini pills.
Bioassay of Digitalis, d-tubocurarine , OxytocinHeena Parveen
This document summarizes several bioassay methods for determining the potency of digitalis, oxytocin, and d-tubocurarine (d-tb) extracts, including guinea pig, cat, and pigeon methods for digitalis; depression of blood pressure in chickens, contraction of rat uterus, and measurement of milk ejection pressure in lactating rats for oxytocin; and rabbit head drop and frog rectus abdominis muscle preparation methods for d-tb. Standard preparations and procedures for administering test and standard extracts and measuring responses are described for each method.
Drugs acting on the uterus can affect the endometrium or myometrium. Uterine stimulants like oxytocin, ergot alkaloids, and prostaglandins increase uterine motility and are used to induce labor or treat postpartum hemorrhage. Uterine relaxants like beta-adrenergic agonists, calcium channel blockers, and magnesium sulfate decrease uterine motility and are used to suppress premature labor. While tocolytics can postpone delivery, they also increase maternal and fetal risks.
This document discusses various drugs acting on the uterus. It describes oxytocin, ergot alkaloids like ergometrine, and prostaglandins as the main classes of uterine stimulants. Oxytocin is used via intravenous infusion to induce or augment labor contractions. Ergometrine causes sustained whole uterine contraction and is used to control postpartum hemorrhaging. Prostaglandins like PGE2 and PGF2α induce rhythmic contractions and are administered intravaginally to induce abortion or labor.
Drugs acting on the uterus can be classified based on their effects on the endometrium or myometrium. Oxytocin is a polypeptide hormone that acts on the myometrium to stimulate contractions during labor and delivery. It is synthesized in the hypothalamus and stored/released from the posterior pituitary. Oxytocin is used to induce and augment labor, and to prevent postpartum hemorrhage. While ergot alkaloids like ergometrine are also uterotonic, oxytocin is preferred due to its more physiological action, rapid onset and short duration of effect.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Gout is caused by elevated levels of uric acid in the blood which can crystallize and deposit in the joints, causing inflammation and pain. It is usually characterized by recurrent attacks of inflammatory arthritis in the joint at the base of the big toe. Treatment involves medications like NSAIDs to reduce inflammation during acute attacks and allopurinol or probenecid for long-term prevention by lowering uric acid levels through inhibition of uric acid synthesis or reabsorption. Lifestyle changes and a diet low in purine-rich foods can also help prevent gout attacks.
This document discusses drugs used in reproductive health, including estrogens, progestins, and oral contraceptives. It provides details on:
1) Estrogens like estradiol that are responsible for female pubertal changes and progesterone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy.
2) Oral contraceptives that contain estrogen and progesterone to prevent ovulation and thickening of cervical mucus to inhibit sperm penetration.
3) Different types of combined oral contraceptives including triphasic pills that mimic the hormonal cycle, and progestin-only mini pills.
Bioassay of Digitalis, d-tubocurarine , OxytocinHeena Parveen
This document summarizes several bioassay methods for determining the potency of digitalis, oxytocin, and d-tubocurarine (d-tb) extracts, including guinea pig, cat, and pigeon methods for digitalis; depression of blood pressure in chickens, contraction of rat uterus, and measurement of milk ejection pressure in lactating rats for oxytocin; and rabbit head drop and frog rectus abdominis muscle preparation methods for d-tb. Standard preparations and procedures for administering test and standard extracts and measuring responses are described for each method.
Androgens and Anabolic Steroids and Anti-androgens.pptxFarazaJaved
Androgens, Anabolic Steroids and Anti-androgens summarizes various androgenic and anti-androgenic drugs. It describes how testosterone and its synthetic derivatives like methyltestosterone promote muscle and bone growth but can also cause masculinization in women. It then discusses several classes of anti-androgens like flutamide, bicalutamide and finasteride that block androgen receptors or inhibit testosterone synthesis. These are used to treat prostate cancer, excess hair growth, acne and other androgen-dependent conditions by preventing the biological effects of androgens.
Respiratory stimulants are drugs that stimulate respiration and can restore consciousness in coma or fainting. They work by directly activating the respiratory center or through reflex action. At low doses, they stimulate respiration, but the margin of safety is narrow, and high doses can cause convulsions. Their role in therapeutics is limited, as they may be used in conditions like overdose with sedatives until mechanical ventilation, suffocation from drowning, or respiratory depression after anesthesia or in premature infants. Respiratory stimulants are classified as those acting directly on the respiratory center, those acting through reflex action, or those with mixed mechanisms of action. Doxapram, for example, promotes excitation of central neurons controlling
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
Overview of Discussion-
Anti-rheumatoid drugs
Classification of anti-rheumatoid drugs
Pharmacology of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
Pharmacology of adjuvant drugs
This document discusses oral contraceptives, including their definition, types, mechanisms of action, effects, and pharmacokinetics. The two main types are combined oral contraceptives containing estrogen and progestogen, and progestogen-only pills. Combined pills prevent pregnancy primarily by suppressing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus. Progestogen-only pills work mainly by changing cervical mucus. Common side effects include nausea, weight gain, and changes in menstruation. Oral contraceptives are metabolized in the liver and can interact with certain drugs like antibiotics. Emergency contraception is also discussed.
The document discusses proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) which inhibit gastric acid secretion by blocking the hydrogen-potassium ATPase pump in the stomach. PPIs are converted to sulfoxide derivatives that covalently bind to cysteine residues on the pump, preventing it from pumping protons into the stomach lumen. Common PPIs mentioned are omeprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole, and lansoprazole. Each drug is used to treat various acid-related gastrointestinal conditions such as heartburn, GERD, and ulcers. The mechanism of action involves the covalent inhibition of the proton pump through binding of activated PPIs to the pump.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
This document summarizes respiratory stimulants, also known as analeptics, which stimulate respiration and can help restore consciousness in coma or fainting patients. It discusses four main drugs - doxapram, prethcamide, nikethamide, and almitrine - and their mechanisms of action, effects, uses, and side effects. Doxapram is a short-acting drug that acts on the central nervous system to increase tidal volume and respiratory rate. Prethcamide and nikethamide also stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors and respiratory centers. Almitrine enhances respiration by acting on peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies.
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
This document discusses two categories of drugs - carminatives and digestants.
Carminatives are drugs that promote the expulsion of gases from the gastrointestinal tract and provide a feeling of warmth and comfort in the epigastrium. Commonly used carminatives include sodium bicarbonate, peppermint oil, cardamom tincture, dill oil, and ginger tincture.
Digestants are substances intended to promote digestion by supplying digestive enzymes. Examples include hydrochloric acid, pepsin, papain, pancreatin, and diastase. They may be beneficial in conditions where enzyme production is deficient but their routine use is generally not recommended. Side effects of digestants can
The document discusses drugs that act on the uterus. It describes uterine stimulants/oxytocics like oxytocin, ergot alkaloids, and prostaglandins which increase uterine contraction and are used to induce labor or prevent postpartum hemorrhage. It also discusses uterine relaxants/tocolytics like beta-adrenergic agonists, calcium channel blockers, and magnesium sulfate which decrease uterine motility and are used to delay premature labor. The mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses and adverse effects of various oxytocic and tocolytic drugs are provided.
This document summarizes the bioassay of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol. The bioassay involves administering varying doses of a standard or test ACTH preparation to hypophysectomized rats and measuring the resulting depletion of ascorbic acid in the adrenal glands after 3 hours, using the depletion levels to determine the potency of the test preparation relative to the standard. The procedure involves preparing serial dilutions of the standard and test ACTH, administering doses to groups of hypophysectomized rats, removing and analyzing their adrenal glands for ascor
Erectile dysfunction, also known as impotence, is the inability to get or maintain an erection firm enough for sex. Sildenafil (brand name Viagra) and tadalafil (brand name Cialis) are oral medications used to treat erectile dysfunction. They work by inhibiting the phosphodiesterase-5 enzyme and increasing blood flow to the penis. Common side effects include headache, flushing, and vision changes with sildenafil and headache, stomach upset, back pain with tadalafil. Both drugs are effective treatments for male sexual dysfunction.
This document discusses antihyperlipidemic agents used to treat hyperlipidemia, a condition of high lipid levels in the blood. It begins by defining hyperlipidemia and describing its causes such as diet, genetics, and medical conditions. It then covers the main classes of antihyperlipidemic drugs like HMG CoA inhibitors, fibrates, bile acid sequesterants, and their mechanisms and examples like lovastatin, atorvastatin, clofibrate, and cholestyramine. The document concludes by explaining how these drugs work to lower lipid levels through inhibiting cholesterol synthesis and absorption or increasing lipid catabolism.
Prostaglandins are locally acting lipid compounds derived from arachidonic acid. They have diverse hormone-like effects and are synthesized in almost every tissue. The main classes are prostaglandin D2, E2, F2α, I2, and thromboxane A2. They regulate processes like uterine contraction, bronchodilation, inflammation, and gastric acid secretion. Prostaglandins are rapidly degraded and have short half-lives. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit their synthesis. Clinically, prostaglandins are used to induce labor, treat ulcers, control bleeding, and manage glaucoma and erectile dysfunction. Side effects include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and darkening of
This document summarizes various drugs used to induce or suppress labor. It describes oxytocics like oxytocin and prostaglandins that stimulate uterine contractions and are used to induce or augment labor. It also discusses tocolytics like ritodrine, nifedipine and atosiban that suppress uterine contractions and are used to delay premature labor. For each drug, it provides information on mechanisms of action, uses, side effects and contraindications.
This document provides an overview of asthma, including its definition, characteristics, classification, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment approaches, and medications. Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder characterized by bronchial hyperresponsiveness and reversible airway obstruction. It is classified as extrinsic, intrinsic, or mixed. Diagnosis involves assessing history, symptoms, and lung function tests. Treatment follows a stepwise approach starting with short-acting bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids, adding additional controllers as needed. Status asthmaticus refers to an acute, severe exacerbation unresponsive to usual treatment.
My all and slides mostly try to simplify pharmacy knowledge. Any time you are free to connect me. It's my pleasure to help you to get simplified pharmacy concepts. You may suggest topics needs to simplify the terminolog
This document summarizes formulations for various cosmetic preparations including lipsticks, shampoos, cold cream, vanishing cream, toothpastes, hair dyes, and sunscreens. It provides information on the definition, key ingredients, preparation methods, and evaluation of these products. The main formulations covered are lipsticks, shampoos, cold cream, and toothpastes. It also briefly discusses packaging materials science and factors that influence the choice of packaging for pharmaceutical products.
This document discusses drugs that act on the uterus. It describes how drugs can primarily affect the endometrium or myometrium. It then categorizes drugs into two main groups: uterine stimulants/oxytocics and uterine relaxants/tocolytics.
For uterine stimulants, it describes oxytocin, ergot alkaloids like ergometrine, and prostaglandins. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses for inducing labor or controlling postpartum hemorrhage, and adverse effects.
For uterine relaxants, it lists categories like adrenergic agonists like ritodrine, calcium channel blockers like nif
This document provides information about a student's presentation on augmentation and induction of labor. The presentation objectives are to develop teaching skills, understand topic organization, develop group control skills, and learn how to use audiovisual aids. The presentation aims to provide an in-depth understanding of augmentation and induction of labor. Specific objectives include defining key terms, discussing indications and dangers, and explaining various methods such as medical, surgical, and combined induction.
Androgens and Anabolic Steroids and Anti-androgens.pptxFarazaJaved
Androgens, Anabolic Steroids and Anti-androgens summarizes various androgenic and anti-androgenic drugs. It describes how testosterone and its synthetic derivatives like methyltestosterone promote muscle and bone growth but can also cause masculinization in women. It then discusses several classes of anti-androgens like flutamide, bicalutamide and finasteride that block androgen receptors or inhibit testosterone synthesis. These are used to treat prostate cancer, excess hair growth, acne and other androgen-dependent conditions by preventing the biological effects of androgens.
Respiratory stimulants are drugs that stimulate respiration and can restore consciousness in coma or fainting. They work by directly activating the respiratory center or through reflex action. At low doses, they stimulate respiration, but the margin of safety is narrow, and high doses can cause convulsions. Their role in therapeutics is limited, as they may be used in conditions like overdose with sedatives until mechanical ventilation, suffocation from drowning, or respiratory depression after anesthesia or in premature infants. Respiratory stimulants are classified as those acting directly on the respiratory center, those acting through reflex action, or those with mixed mechanisms of action. Doxapram, for example, promotes excitation of central neurons controlling
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
Overview of Discussion-
Anti-rheumatoid drugs
Classification of anti-rheumatoid drugs
Pharmacology of disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs)
Pharmacology of adjuvant drugs
This document discusses oral contraceptives, including their definition, types, mechanisms of action, effects, and pharmacokinetics. The two main types are combined oral contraceptives containing estrogen and progestogen, and progestogen-only pills. Combined pills prevent pregnancy primarily by suppressing ovulation and thickening cervical mucus. Progestogen-only pills work mainly by changing cervical mucus. Common side effects include nausea, weight gain, and changes in menstruation. Oral contraceptives are metabolized in the liver and can interact with certain drugs like antibiotics. Emergency contraception is also discussed.
The document discusses proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) which inhibit gastric acid secretion by blocking the hydrogen-potassium ATPase pump in the stomach. PPIs are converted to sulfoxide derivatives that covalently bind to cysteine residues on the pump, preventing it from pumping protons into the stomach lumen. Common PPIs mentioned are omeprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole, and lansoprazole. Each drug is used to treat various acid-related gastrointestinal conditions such as heartburn, GERD, and ulcers. The mechanism of action involves the covalent inhibition of the proton pump through binding of activated PPIs to the pump.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
This document summarizes respiratory stimulants, also known as analeptics, which stimulate respiration and can help restore consciousness in coma or fainting patients. It discusses four main drugs - doxapram, prethcamide, nikethamide, and almitrine - and their mechanisms of action, effects, uses, and side effects. Doxapram is a short-acting drug that acts on the central nervous system to increase tidal volume and respiratory rate. Prethcamide and nikethamide also stimulate peripheral chemoreceptors and respiratory centers. Almitrine enhances respiration by acting on peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid bodies.
Dr. Jibachha Sah,M.V.Sc( Veterinary pharmacology, TU,Nepal),posted lecturer notes on AUTONOMIC AND SYSTEMIC PHARMACOLOGY for B.V.Sc & A.H. 6 th semester veterinary students of College of veterinary science,Nepal Polytechnique Institute, Bharatpur, Bhojard, Chitwan, Nepal.I hope this lecture notes may be beneficial for other Nepalese veterinary students. Please send your comment and suggestion .Email:jibachhashah@gmail.com,moble,00977-9845024121
This document discusses two categories of drugs - carminatives and digestants.
Carminatives are drugs that promote the expulsion of gases from the gastrointestinal tract and provide a feeling of warmth and comfort in the epigastrium. Commonly used carminatives include sodium bicarbonate, peppermint oil, cardamom tincture, dill oil, and ginger tincture.
Digestants are substances intended to promote digestion by supplying digestive enzymes. Examples include hydrochloric acid, pepsin, papain, pancreatin, and diastase. They may be beneficial in conditions where enzyme production is deficient but their routine use is generally not recommended. Side effects of digestants can
The document discusses drugs that act on the uterus. It describes uterine stimulants/oxytocics like oxytocin, ergot alkaloids, and prostaglandins which increase uterine contraction and are used to induce labor or prevent postpartum hemorrhage. It also discusses uterine relaxants/tocolytics like beta-adrenergic agonists, calcium channel blockers, and magnesium sulfate which decrease uterine motility and are used to delay premature labor. The mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses and adverse effects of various oxytocic and tocolytic drugs are provided.
This document summarizes the bioassay of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH is a polypeptide hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol. The bioassay involves administering varying doses of a standard or test ACTH preparation to hypophysectomized rats and measuring the resulting depletion of ascorbic acid in the adrenal glands after 3 hours, using the depletion levels to determine the potency of the test preparation relative to the standard. The procedure involves preparing serial dilutions of the standard and test ACTH, administering doses to groups of hypophysectomized rats, removing and analyzing their adrenal glands for ascor
Erectile dysfunction, also known as impotence, is the inability to get or maintain an erection firm enough for sex. Sildenafil (brand name Viagra) and tadalafil (brand name Cialis) are oral medications used to treat erectile dysfunction. They work by inhibiting the phosphodiesterase-5 enzyme and increasing blood flow to the penis. Common side effects include headache, flushing, and vision changes with sildenafil and headache, stomach upset, back pain with tadalafil. Both drugs are effective treatments for male sexual dysfunction.
This document discusses antihyperlipidemic agents used to treat hyperlipidemia, a condition of high lipid levels in the blood. It begins by defining hyperlipidemia and describing its causes such as diet, genetics, and medical conditions. It then covers the main classes of antihyperlipidemic drugs like HMG CoA inhibitors, fibrates, bile acid sequesterants, and their mechanisms and examples like lovastatin, atorvastatin, clofibrate, and cholestyramine. The document concludes by explaining how these drugs work to lower lipid levels through inhibiting cholesterol synthesis and absorption or increasing lipid catabolism.
Prostaglandins are locally acting lipid compounds derived from arachidonic acid. They have diverse hormone-like effects and are synthesized in almost every tissue. The main classes are prostaglandin D2, E2, F2α, I2, and thromboxane A2. They regulate processes like uterine contraction, bronchodilation, inflammation, and gastric acid secretion. Prostaglandins are rapidly degraded and have short half-lives. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit their synthesis. Clinically, prostaglandins are used to induce labor, treat ulcers, control bleeding, and manage glaucoma and erectile dysfunction. Side effects include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and darkening of
This document summarizes various drugs used to induce or suppress labor. It describes oxytocics like oxytocin and prostaglandins that stimulate uterine contractions and are used to induce or augment labor. It also discusses tocolytics like ritodrine, nifedipine and atosiban that suppress uterine contractions and are used to delay premature labor. For each drug, it provides information on mechanisms of action, uses, side effects and contraindications.
This document provides an overview of asthma, including its definition, characteristics, classification, pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment approaches, and medications. Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder characterized by bronchial hyperresponsiveness and reversible airway obstruction. It is classified as extrinsic, intrinsic, or mixed. Diagnosis involves assessing history, symptoms, and lung function tests. Treatment follows a stepwise approach starting with short-acting bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids, adding additional controllers as needed. Status asthmaticus refers to an acute, severe exacerbation unresponsive to usual treatment.
My all and slides mostly try to simplify pharmacy knowledge. Any time you are free to connect me. It's my pleasure to help you to get simplified pharmacy concepts. You may suggest topics needs to simplify the terminolog
This document summarizes formulations for various cosmetic preparations including lipsticks, shampoos, cold cream, vanishing cream, toothpastes, hair dyes, and sunscreens. It provides information on the definition, key ingredients, preparation methods, and evaluation of these products. The main formulations covered are lipsticks, shampoos, cold cream, and toothpastes. It also briefly discusses packaging materials science and factors that influence the choice of packaging for pharmaceutical products.
This document discusses drugs that act on the uterus. It describes how drugs can primarily affect the endometrium or myometrium. It then categorizes drugs into two main groups: uterine stimulants/oxytocics and uterine relaxants/tocolytics.
For uterine stimulants, it describes oxytocin, ergot alkaloids like ergometrine, and prostaglandins. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, uses for inducing labor or controlling postpartum hemorrhage, and adverse effects.
For uterine relaxants, it lists categories like adrenergic agonists like ritodrine, calcium channel blockers like nif
This document provides information about a student's presentation on augmentation and induction of labor. The presentation objectives are to develop teaching skills, understand topic organization, develop group control skills, and learn how to use audiovisual aids. The presentation aims to provide an in-depth understanding of augmentation and induction of labor. Specific objectives include defining key terms, discussing indications and dangers, and explaining various methods such as medical, surgical, and combined induction.
Here is Ppt on Oxytocin ,Uterine Stimulant and Uterine relaxant( tocolytic drugs). this is all you will need to learn for the exam. Hope you like it! #Medicine #pharmacology #health #baby #women #childbirth #uterinestimulant #hormones #science #heathcare #heathtech #brain #pitutarygland #mbbs #bpharm #bams #bhms #bums #bvms
Oxytocin and other drugs can stimulate or relax the uterus. Oxytocin increases uterine contractions and is used to induce labor. Ergot alkaloids like ergometrine also increase contractions and are used to prevent postpartum hemorrhage. Prostaglandins help ripen the cervix. Ritodrine and nifedipine can relax the uterus and delay premature labor but have side effects. Atosiban is a newer oxytocin antagonist with fewer side effects that may delay labor.
This document summarizes various drugs used for induction and augmentation of labor, including oxytocics, prostaglandins, and ergot alkaloids. Oxytocin works by increasing uterine contractions and is the drug of choice for labor induction and treatment of uterine inertia. Prostaglandins like misoprostol and dinoprostone promote contractions and cervical ripening. Side effects include nausea and vomiting. Ergot alkaloids like ergometrine and methylergometrine also increase contractions but can increase blood pressure and should be avoided in patients with vascular or renal issues.
1. During pregnancy, there are significant hemodynamic changes including increased blood volume, cardiac output, and regional blood flow to the uterus and placenta. The hematocrit decreases due to disproportionate rises in plasma volume.
2. Respiratory changes include increased tidal volume, minute volume, and oxygen consumption due to effects of progesterone. Low carbon dioxide levels and risk of difficult intubation are seen.
3. Other changes involve increased renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate, hypercoagulability, and increased permeability of the placenta to lipid soluble drugs like general anesthetics. These changes are important considerations for anesthesia management in pregnancy and the peripartum period.
This document summarizes drugs acting on the genitourinary system, including uterine stimulants and relaxants. It describes the classification, mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects of various oxytocics (uterine stimulants) like oxytocin, ergot alkaloids, and prostaglandins that are used to induce or accelerate labor. It also discusses uterine relaxants (tocolytics) like ritodrine, nifedipine, magnesium sulfate, and atosiban that inhibit uterine contractions to delay premature labor. The document provides details on the pharmacokinetics, dosing, and administration of these important drugs used in obstetrics.
There are three main theories that describe the initiation of labor: loss of pregnancy maintenance factors, synthesis of labor-inducing factors, and signals from the mature fetus. Labor involves four phases: uterine quiescence, preparation for labor, the process of labor in three stages, and recovery after delivery. A complex interplay of hormones like estrogen, progesterone, prostaglandins, oxytocin, and corticosteroids precisely regulate these phases and bring about contractions and cervical dilation at term.
Preterm labor is defined as the onset of labor before 37 weeks of gestation. It can be spontaneous or medically indicated and accounts for a majority of neonatal deaths and disabilities. Risk factors include multiple pregnancies, infections, cervical insufficiency, and genetic factors. Management involves tocolytic drugs to delay labor, corticosteroids to improve neonatal outcomes, and careful fetal monitoring during labor. Prematurity and its complications remain a major challenge in obstetrics.
Labour is characterized by spontaneous uterine contractions that result in the delivery of the fetus and placenta. The onset of labour involves several key changes, including cervical effacement and dilation as well as the formation of the amniotic sac. Various hormonal and mechanical factors contribute to labour onset, such as an increase in oxytocin receptors and prostaglandins in the uterus and membranes stretching the cervix. Near term, the fetus and placenta release hormones like cortisol and CRH that help trigger labour by stimulating prostaglandin production.
This document discusses induction of labor, including its definition, indications, contraindications, methods, and risks. It defines induction of labor as planned initiation of uterine contractions before spontaneous onset. Common indications include prolonged pregnancy and fetal growth restriction. Contraindications include placenta previa and severe fetal compromise. Methods discussed include membrane stripping, amniotomy, prostaglandins like misoprostol and dinoprostone, and oxytocin. Risks of induction include greater pain, uterine hyperstimulation, cord prolapse, and potential need for C-section if induction fails. The document provides three scenarios involving induction and asks for opinions on indications and complications.
A brief introduction regarding oxytocics & tocolytics which are the indispensable drugs in obstetrics. It consists of illustrative images, classification of drugs with their dosage, uses & side-effects along with contraindications
llecture 3 drugs used in labor pph.pptxabdinuh1997
Oxytocin is the most commonly used drug to induce and augment labor. It acts directly on the uterine muscles to stimulate contractions. Oxytocin is administered via intravenous infusion or nasal spray and requires close monitoring of the mother and fetus due to risks like hypertonic uterine contractions, fetal distress, and uterine rupture. Nurses must assess vital signs, uterine contractions, and fetal heart rate when oxytocin is used and notify physicians of any abnormalities.
Endocrinology --- control of parturitiondrmcbansal
1. The document discusses various factors involved in maintaining uterine quiescence during pregnancy and initiating labor. It describes how progesterone, relaxin, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), prostaglandins, and other factors work to keep the uterus relaxed.
2. As term approaches, placental signals activate the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, increasing cortisol and estrogen production. Falling progesterone levels and rising estrogen allow the uterus to become responsive to contraction stimuli.
3. Uterine contractions in labor involve increased expression of contraction proteins, calcium signaling, and interactions between actin and myosin fibers in myometrial cells. Gap junctions and surface
Please find the power point on Management of Preterm labor. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
This document discusses various pharmacotherapeutic agents used in obstetrics, including oxytocics, antihypertensives, tocolytics, and diuretics. It begins by describing oxytocin and its uses for labor induction and augmentation. It then covers ergot alkaloids like ergometrine and their hemostatic effects. Prostaglandins and their roles in cervical ripening and labor induction are also discussed. The document also outlines various antihypertensive drug classes and individual medications used to treat hypertension during pregnancy. Tocolytics that delay preterm labor like beta-agonists and magnesium sulfate are also summarized.
This document discusses various pharmacotherapeutic agents used in obstetrics, including oxytocics, antihypertensive medications, and diuretics. It provides details on the mechanisms of action, indications, contraindications, preparations, and administration of oxytocin, ergot alkaloids, prostaglandins, methyldopa, labetalol, prazocin, hydralazine, nifedipine, and furosemide. The roles of these drugs in induction of labor, postpartum hemorrhage, and treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension are summarized. Adverse effects on both mother and fetus are also outlined for each class of medication.
Chemotherapy and Antibiotics - General principlesAnirban Bora
This document discusses the general principles of chemotherapy. It begins by defining chemotherapy as using drugs to treat infections or cancer by preferentially killing microorganisms or cancer cells with minimal damage to healthy tissues. It then discusses different types of antibiotic agents and how they work, such as bacteriostatic agents that inhibit growth and bactericidal agents that kill microbes. The document also covers classifications of chemotherapy drugs based on their spectrum of action and mechanisms of action. It discusses emerging trends in chemotherapy like nanotechnology and personalized medicine. In conclusion, it notes that chemotherapy continues to evolve through innovations in precision targeting, immunomodulation, and personalized treatment regimens.
Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents (OHA): MOA and Drugs.pptxAnirban Bora
This is a compact slide on Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents (drugs acting against diabetes, both type 1 and type 2) including its mechanism of action and drug examples.
Testosterone is the main androgen in men and is synthesized primarily in the Leydig cells of the testes under stimulation from LH. Androgens bind to nuclear receptors in target cells and promote male secondary sex characteristics, reproductive organ maturation, protein synthesis, and muscle growth. Testosterone levels in males are typically 300-1000 ng/dL while in females they are 15-75 ng/dL.
This document summarizes the current state of antifungal drug development and resistance mechanisms. It discusses the classes of antifungal drugs including azoles, polyenes, echinocandins, which act by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis or glucan synthesis. Resistance occurs via overexpression of drug targets, efflux pumps, or biofilm formation. Improving drug formulations, combinations, and developing new antifungals are important to address the rise in antifungal infections and resistance.
The main causes of cancer are mutations in DNA from exposure to carcinogens like tobacco or viruses. Cancer can also be caused by epigenetic factors, activation of oncogenes, or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. There are three main types of nucleic acid-based cancer treatments: immunotherapy, oncolytic virotherapy, and gene transfer. Immunotherapy uses genetically modified cells or viruses to stimulate the immune system to destroy cancer cells. Oncolytic virotherapy uses viruses that replicate within and kill cancer cells. Gene transfer introduces new genes into cancerous cells to cause cell death or slow cancer growth. Some examples of therapeutic approaches discussed include CAR T-cell therapy, use of recombinant adenovirus
Depression is associated with feelings of sadness, loss of interest, and sleep disturbances. It involves decreased levels of monoamines like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain. Common antidepressant drug classes include tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) inhibitors. Antidepressants work by inhibiting the reuptake or breakdown of neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine. They are used to treat conditions like depression, anxiety disorders, OCD, and chronic pain.
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis - Pathogenesis , Clinical Features & Manage...Jim Jacob Roy
In this presentation , SBP ( spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ) , which is a common complication in patients with cirrhosis and ascites is described in detail.
The reference for this presentation is Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Textbook ( 11th edition ).
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/RvdYsTzgQq8
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/ECILGWtgZko
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Dr. Tan's Balance Method.pdf (From Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin)GeorgeKieling1
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Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin
About AOMA: The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin offers a masters-level graduate program in acupuncture and Oriental medicine, preparing its students for careers as skilled, professional practitioners. AOMA is known for its internationally recognized faculty, award-winning student clinical internship program, and herbal medicine program. Since its founding in 1993, AOMA has grown rapidly in size and reputation, drawing students from around the nation and faculty from around the world. AOMA also conducts more than 20,000 patient visits annually in its student and professional clinics. AOMA collaborates with Western healthcare institutions including the Seton Family of Hospitals, and gives back to the community through partnerships with nonprofit organizations and by providing free and reduced price treatments to people who cannot afford them. The Academy of Oriental Medicine at Austin is located at 2700 West Anderson Lane. AOMA also serves patients and retail customers at its south Austin location, 4701 West Gate Blvd. For more information see www.aoma.edu or call 512-492-303434.
Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)MuskanShingari
Statistics- Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing and interpreting numerical data to assist in making more effective decisions.
A statistics is a measure which is used to estimate the population parameter
Parameters-It is used to describe the properties of an entire population.
Examples-Measures of central tendency Dispersion, Variance, Standard Deviation (SD), Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Eigen Value
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
2. Non- pregnant Human:
Contracts spontaneously but weakly during 1st part of the cycle.
More strongly during luteal phase and menstruation.
Pregnant Human:
Uterine movements depressed in early pregnancy.
Towards end of gestation, contractions increase in force and
frequency.
Fully co-ordinated during parturition.
3. Introduction: A nonapeptide hormone synthesized in the
hypothalamus.
Storage: Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
Actions:
1. Uterus: Contraction of the pregnant uterus.
2. Breast: Contraction of myoepithelial cells, causing milk ejection.
3. Kidney: ADH- like action, decreases urine output.
4. Blood vessels: Vasodilatation.
4. Oxytocin binds to specific G- protein coupled receptors on
myometrium.
This leads to:
1. Generation of Inositol trisphosphate (IP3)
2. Release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores
3. Increased production of Prostaglandins by endometrium
Contraction of the pregnant uterus
5. Induction of labour
Reasons:
a. Toxaemia of pregnancy
b. Erythroblastosis faetalis
c. Ruptured membrane
d. Diabetic mother
e. Placental insufficiency
To prevent postpartum haemorrhage (PPH)
To augment uterine contractions
Breast engorgement
9. Pharmacologic Action
1. Uterus: Stimulate contractions involving both upper and
lower segments.
2. CVS: Weak vasoconstriction.
3. GI tract: Peristalsis increased in high doses.
Therapeutic Use
1. Prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage.
2. Prevention of uterine atony.
3. To hasten involution of uterus.
10. PGE2, PGF2α and 15- Methyl PGF2α are
potent uterine stimulants
They cause ripening and dilatation of cervix
12. Ritodrine, the preferred β2 selective agonist has
prominent uterine relaxant action and is approved
to suppress premature labor and to delay delivery.
Salbutamol and Terbutaline can be used
alternatively.
Isoxsuprine oral / i.m. has been used to stop
threatenend abortion, but its efficacy is uncertain.
13. Mechanism of Action
It acts by inhibiting the influx of Ca2+ ions and reducing
the tone of myometrium to oppose contractions.
Other info
It can postpone labour if used early enough.
It is used orally.
Adverse Effect
Tachycardia and hypotension.
14. It is a peptide analogue of oxytocin which competitively
blocks the oxytocin receptors of the uterus and induces
uterine relaxation.
It is given by i.v. infusion.
It suppresses premature uterine contractions and
postpones preterm delivery.
Its cardiovascular and metabolic complications are less
than β2 agonists.
15. It acts as a tocolytic by competing with Ca2+ ions for entry
into myometrium through both voltage sensitive as well as
ligand gated Ca2+ channels.
It is a first line drug for prevention and treatment of
seizures in preeclampsia and eclampsia.
It is given by i.v. infusion.
Currently, it is only used when β2 agonists are
contraindicated.
Its use to delay premature labour is not safe as it may
increase perinatal mortality.
16. 1. To delay preterm labour
2. Threatened abortion
3. Dysmenorrhoea