Gene translation
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The genetic code defines the relationship between DNA/mRNA sequences and amino acid sequences in proteins. It has the following key properties: codons are 3 nucleotides; codons do not overlap; the code is nearly universal across organisms; and most codons are degenerate, with synonymous codons specifying the same amino acid. Translation of mRNA into protein involves tRNA charged with amino acids, ribosomes, and initiation, elongation and termination factors. It occurs in four main steps: initiation, elongation, termination.
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The document discusses the basic principles of gene expression from DNA to protein. It describes transcription, which is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template, and translation, which is the synthesis of proteins from mRNA templates using ribosomes. In eukaryotes, transcription requires RNA polymerases and other transcription factors to initiate transcription from DNA. The primary transcript then undergoes processing including 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, and splicing to form mature mRNA. The mRNA is then translated by ribosomes to produce proteins.
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The document summarizes RNA synthesis and splicing. It discusses that in eukaryotes, RNA is processed after synthesis from DNA in the nucleus. There are three main types of RNA splicing - self-splicing via ribozymes, spliceosomal splicing involving protein complexes, and polyadenylation of mRNA. Introns are non-coding regions that are spliced out, while exons are coding regions that are joined to form mature mRNA. Small nuclear RNAs and proteins form spliceosomes that catalyze splicing of spliceosomal introns in eukaryotic pre-mRNA.
Transcription in Eukaryotes-Complete.ppt
TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF RNA
A STRUCTURAL GENE
EUKARYOTIC RNA POLYMERASES
MECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES:
- INITIATION
- ELONGATION
- TERMINATION
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
ACTIVATORS, MEDIATORS & CHROMATIN MODIFYING PROTEINS
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION
Presentation Protein Synthesis
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1. It describes the process of transcription, where information from DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus.
2. Translation, or protein synthesis, then occurs in the cytoplasm, where the mRNA sequence is read by ribosomes to produce a polypeptide chain based on the genetic code.
3. Protein synthesis involves initiation, elongation through the addition of amino acids guided by tRNAs, and termination when a stop codon is reached.
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Gene translation
- 3. TRANSLATION
- 7. a) Aminoacids b) Messengerrna c) Transferrna d) Aminoacyltrnasynthetases e) Proteinfactors f) Energy g) Ribosomes
- 12. Cell and Molecular Biology - Concepts and Experiments (7th Ed)
- 13. GENETIC CODE • Defines the relation between the sequence of bases in DNA (or its mRNA transcript) and the sequence of amino acids in a protein. • The group of nucleotides that denotes a single aminoacid is termed as codon Biochemistry-Stryer-5th-Edition.pdf
- 14. Properties Of Genetic Code 1.Codons are nucleotide triplets. 2.Nonoverlapping 6.Unambiguous 3.No punctuation 4.Nearly universal 5.Genetic code is degenerate Biochemistry-Stryer-5th-Edition.pdf
- 15. Codons are nucleotide triplets. Type of code No:of bases in codon No:of codons Singlet 1 4 Doublet 2 4*4=16 Triplet 3 4*4*4=64 Biochemistry-Stryer-5th-Edition.pdf
- 16. Cell and Molecular Biology - Concepts and Experiments (7th Ed)
- 17. Nonoverlapping Cell and Molecular Biology - Concepts and Experiments (7th Ed)
- 18. No punctuation The sequence of bases is read sequentiallyfrom a fixed startingpoint, without punctuation.
- 19. Nearly universal
- 20. Genetic code is degenerate
- 21. Genetic code is degenerate • Because the code is highly degenerate, only tryptophan and methionine are encoded by just one triplet each. The other 18 amino acids are each encoded by two or more. • Codons that specify the same amino acid are called synonyms. For example, CAU and CAC are synonyms for histidine. • most synonyms differ only in the last base of the triplet. • Minimises the deleterious effect of mutations
- 22. Unambiguous No triplet codes for more than one amino acid and so the code is unambiguous
- 23. INITIATOR CODON AUG---MET in eukaryotes N-formyl MET in prokaryotes
- 24. TERMINATOR CODON UAG UGA UAA
- 29. IT ALSO GOT PROOF READING ACTIVITY
- 33. lippincott's biochemistry 5th edition;436
- 36. • Catalytic function • Stabilise the translating machinery INTIATION FACTORS ELONGATION FACTORS TERMINATION FACTORS
- 38. 4 HIGH ENERGY BONDS 2 FROM ATP 2 FROM GTP Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase reaction Binding to A site Translocation step
- 40. 4 4 STEPS 1. CHARGING OF t-RNA 2. INITIATION 3. ELONGATION 4. TERMINATION
- 44. HOW THIS PROTEIN INITIATION START? • In prokaryotes AUG codon near to the Shine-Dalgarno sequences • In eukaryotes AUG codon near to the kozak sequences
- 45. STEPS IN INTIATION 1. DISSOCIATION OF RIBOSOME
- 47. STEPS IN INTIATION 1. DISSOCIATION OF RIBOSOME 2. FORMATION OF 43S PREINITIATION COMPLEX
- 49. STEPS IN INTIATION 1. DISSOCIATION OF RIBOSOME 2. FORMATION OF 43S PREINITIATION COMPLEX 3. FORMATION OF 48S INITIATION COMPLEX
- 51. RATE LIMITING STEP OF TRANSLATION
- 52. STEPS IN INTIATION 1. DISSOCIATION OF RIBOSOME 2. FORMATION OF 43S PREINITIATION COMPLEX 3. FORMATION OF 48S INITIATION COMPLEX 4. FORMATION OF 80S INTIATION COMPLEX
- 56. ELONGATION 1. BINDING OF AMINOACYL tRNA TO THE A SITE
- 58. ELONGATION 1. BINDING OF AMINOACYL tRNA TO THE ASITE 2. PEPTIDE BOND FORMATION
- 60. ELONGATION 1. BINDING OF AMINOACYL tRNA TO THE ASITE 2. PEPTIDE BOND FORMATION 3. TRANSLOCATION OF RIBOSOME ON THE mRNA
- 62. ELONGATION 1. BINDING OF AMINOACYL tRNA TO THE ASITE 2. PEPTIDE BOND FORMATION 3. TRANSLOCATION OF RIBOSOME ON THE mRNA 4. EXPULSION OF DEACETYLATED tRNA FROM P SITE AND E SITE
- 68. TWO CONTROL POINTS 1. eIF 4E of 4F complex 2. eIF 2
- 69. POLYRIBOSOMES
- 76. REFERRANCES • Biochemistry-stryer-5th-edition. • Lippincott's biochemistry 5th edition • Harpers illustrated biochemistry (29th edition) • Cell and Molecular Biology - Concepts and Experiments