Women empowerment’ is the process of enabling and developing ability or potential in women so that they can think and act freely, exercises their choice and control their lives and thereby reducing discrimination and exploitation towards them. It brings about upliftment of women in social, economic and political spheres where they are able to play an equal role at par with men in society. But women who constitute half of the population in India yet they have been subjected to the oppression of patriarchal order and suffered from fewer rights and lower social status than men for centuries.
Definition of empowerment
Women’s empowerment
Need of women's empowerment
How to achieve women empowerment
Education of girl’s child
Importance of girl’s child education
Barriers in girl’s child education
Govt. steps toward girl’s education
Definition of empowerment
Women’s empowerment
Need of women's empowerment
How to achieve women empowerment
Education of girl’s child
Importance of girl’s child education
Barriers in girl’s child education
Govt. steps toward girl’s education
it is a powerpoint presentation on woman empowerment. in which every thing by which woman are deprived, and how to empower woman and some posite and motivating stories of woman who empower themselves...
Gender Inequality is one of the most common topics given in presentations in schools and colleges. this ppt can be used to explain the content and analyze the causes of gender Inequality.
After the World War II, in the post modernization era, one of the issues which had attracted the attention of the policy makers and social scientists was gender issues and concerns. Gender issues mean the discussion on both men and women, though women who suffer from gender inequality. From all gender issues, gender inequality is the most prevalent in India. Consideration of gender inequality is now common in Government, Non-Government organizations, and in the politics in India. The policy makers are strongly believed that a positive commitment to gender equality and equity will strengthen every area of action to reduce poverty because women can bring new energy and new sights. A lot of debates are going on women and their development since last few decades. Thus, several national and international organizations are trying to promote the advancement of women & their full participation in developmental process & trying to eliminate all forms of inequality against women. The importance of feminism has been steadily growing and gaining intellectual legitimacy.
A detailed Powerpoint Presentation that will enable you to understand the concept of women's empowerment in easy language and in the best possible way. I hope you will like it and kindly give your suggestion so that improvement can be made in this presentation.
Gender Discrimination & Women Empowermentsachin tiwari
This presentation is about women empowerment & gender discrimination. Here, I have added a lot of facts & figures.
I have tried to highlight all the problems & hurdles regarding this problem and also suggested some ideas that can overcome all these problems.
it is a powerpoint presentation on woman empowerment. in which every thing by which woman are deprived, and how to empower woman and some posite and motivating stories of woman who empower themselves...
Gender Inequality is one of the most common topics given in presentations in schools and colleges. this ppt can be used to explain the content and analyze the causes of gender Inequality.
After the World War II, in the post modernization era, one of the issues which had attracted the attention of the policy makers and social scientists was gender issues and concerns. Gender issues mean the discussion on both men and women, though women who suffer from gender inequality. From all gender issues, gender inequality is the most prevalent in India. Consideration of gender inequality is now common in Government, Non-Government organizations, and in the politics in India. The policy makers are strongly believed that a positive commitment to gender equality and equity will strengthen every area of action to reduce poverty because women can bring new energy and new sights. A lot of debates are going on women and their development since last few decades. Thus, several national and international organizations are trying to promote the advancement of women & their full participation in developmental process & trying to eliminate all forms of inequality against women. The importance of feminism has been steadily growing and gaining intellectual legitimacy.
A detailed Powerpoint Presentation that will enable you to understand the concept of women's empowerment in easy language and in the best possible way. I hope you will like it and kindly give your suggestion so that improvement can be made in this presentation.
Gender Discrimination & Women Empowermentsachin tiwari
This presentation is about women empowerment & gender discrimination. Here, I have added a lot of facts & figures.
I have tried to highlight all the problems & hurdles regarding this problem and also suggested some ideas that can overcome all these problems.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Enhancing Women Education:A step Towards EqualityZaraB5
Education is the powerful sword which can conquer any obstacle.Women can change the face of the world , if given the major opportunities of education and other human rights.
Presentation subjects is : Let's put India first, according to that topic Women's Security and Empowerment is the issue for India so that this is the solution for it. This presentation is specially for Women's about their safety and Empowerment.
A study onwomenentrepreneurshipinharyanatheirdevelopmentandmainconstraintsAnuragSingh1049
Increased female entrepreneurial activity heralds a progress for women’s rights and optimization of their economic and social living index. Women entrepreneurship is synonymous with women empowerment. Parallel to the male counterparts, female entrepreneurs are catalytic in job creation, innovation and more than tangible contribution to the GNP of the country. An economy thrives when women get a level playing field as men. Innovation works as a catalyst or an instrument for Entrepreneurship. Indian Women, despite all the social hurdles stand tall from the rest of the crowd and are applauded for their achievements in their respective field. The transformation of social fabric of the Indian society, in terms of increased educational status of women and varied aspirations for better living, necessitated a change in the life style of Indian women. This paper endeavors to explore studies related to Women Entrepreneurship and Innovation in India. Few examples from Haryana, India have been taken to understand the study in a better way.
Everyone has the right to live with dignity. Education is the basic instrument that makes people empowered in the true sense by realising their potentialities and capabilities so that they realise what is right and wrong and also act for their own empowerment.
DEFINITION “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity”. -WHO (1948)
CONCEPTS OF HEALTH
BIOMEDICAL: - Absence of disease. Person free from disease is considered as healthy
ECOLOGICAL: - Dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment = health. Maladjustment of humans to environment = disease
PSYCHOLOGICAL: - Development of social sciences revealed that health is influenced by social, psychological, cultural, economic and political factors.
HOLISTIC: - Synthesis of all other concepts. Sound mind in a sound body, in a sound family, in sound environment
DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH
• PHYSICAL
• MENTAL
• SOCIAL
• SPIRITUAL
• EMOTIONAL
• VOCATIONAL
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
The science which deals with the study of living objects is called Biology. Thus the subject involves the studies of all kinds of micro-organisms, plants and animals. Biology is related to mankind ever since the origin of man, therefore this branch of science stands first in order of studies as compared to other branches of science. Ever since the origin of life man is eager to know about various phenomenon of life processes such as health and disease, birth, growth and death. However, man depends on plants and animals for food, shelter and clothing which are immediate needs of life, come from Biology. Perhaps it was the elementary need of man to know about the living beings, so that maximum benefits can be drawn out of them. Though biology involves study of life, but now a days it is mostly centralised with the study of agriculture, animal husbandry, health and microbiology and related branches. Today study of any branch of science is not possible in isolation as it also involves principles of physics, chemistry and various other branches.
Chamber of dictionary answer the question for what is knowledge is (i) as the fact of knowing, (ii) information or what is known; (iii) the whole of what can be learned or found out. Further, it also knowledge as assured belief, that which is known, information, instruction, enlightenment, learning, practical skill and acquaintance. Considering all the above that are worthy of knowing. A term widely used by teachers, educators and policy makers is concept of knowledge and it refers to the body of information that teachers teach and that students are expected to learn in a given subject or content area such as English, Language Arts, Mathematics, Science, or Social Studies. Concept of knowledge generally refers to the facts, concepts, theories and principles that are taught and learned rather than related to skills such as reading, writing, or researching that student also learns in academic courses.
Knowledge is not truth. Truth is inferred on the bases of available knowledge. The truth about the universe around us or the macrocosm to the microcosm is inferred knowledge. The knowledge of galaxy is inferred; so is the whole nuclear science, space, DNA etc,. Much of what we knew is not observed knowledge. They are known through their effects, properties, and characteristics. It is at the stage of inference that employment of methods for drawing inferences that philosophy is at work. Knowledge certified by the philosophy enters the curriculum of education. Methods approved by philosophy for building knowledge from the bases of methods and techniques of teaching. The truth arrived by philosophy sets the goals and objectives of education as well as instruments and uses of evaluation. Like this knowledge helps philosophy to interpret, guide, monitor and validating the educational process at every stages.
Business analytics is a custom of transforming the data into business understandings enabling the end users for better decision-making. By using the modern tools and techniques, business analytics can help assess complex situations, consider all the available options, and predict outcomes and showcase critical risks for the decision makers.
Business Analytics can simply be described as a practice that includes the use of various techniques such as Data warehousing, Data mining, Programming in order to visualize and discover several patterns or trends in data. In simple, Analytics help convert the data into useful information, which can be used for decision-making. As a means of sorting through data to find useful information, the application of analytics has found new purpose
Inclusive education is educating ALL students in age-appropriate general education classes in their neighborhood schools, with high quality instruction, interventions and supports so all students can be successful in the core curriculum. Inclusive schools have a collaborative and respectful school culture where students with disabilities are presumed to be competent, develop positive social relationships with peers, and are fully participating members of the school community. Inclusive education has grown from the belief that education is a basic human right and that it provides the foundation for a more just society. All learners have a right to education, regardless of their individual characteristics or difficulties. Inclusive education initiatives often have a particular focus on those groups, which, in the past, have been excluded from educational opportunities.
Assessments for learning -B.ed Second year notesAbu Bashar
Understand the nature of assessment and evaluation and their role in teaching-learning process.
2. Understand the perspectives of different schools of learning on learning assessment
3. Realise the need for school based and authentic assessment
4. Examine the contextual roles of different forms of assessment in schools
5. Understand the different dimensions of learning and the related assessment procedures, tools and techniques
6. Develop assessment tasks and tools to assess learners performance
7. Analyse, manage, and interpret assessment data
8. Analyse the reporting procedures of learners performance in schools
9. Develop indicators to assess learners performance on different types of tasks
10. Examine the issues and concerns of assessment and evaluation practices in schools
11. Understand the policy perspectives on examinations and evaluation and their implementation practices
12. Traces the technology bases assessment practices and other trends at the international level
E satisfaction e-loyalty of consumers shopping onlineAbu Bashar
With the advent of information technologies and emergence of online stores, the
online shopping has not been the same as it was in the past. Now in order to strive
in this cut throat competition it is of vital importance for the organizations to
understand the factors that matter for consumers when they shop online. As the
competition in e-commerce is intensified, it becomes more important for online
retailers to understand the antecedents of consumer acceptance of online
shopping. Such knowledge is essential to customer relationship management,
which has been recognized as an effective business strategy to achieve success
in the electronic market. The current research study is an effort to understand
the satisfaction and loyalty pattern for the consumers shopping online. The objective
of this research is to study the impact of emotional state and perceived risk of
remote purchase on e-satisfaction during the Internet shopping. As well, it aims
to study the influence of e-satisfaction on e-loyalty. The data gathering was carried
out by a questionnaire. The results show that three dimensions of the emotional
state during Internet shopping (the pleasure, stimulation and dominance) have a
significant positive impact on e-satisfaction. Dimensions of the perceived risk of
remote purchase, (the total risk, the financial risk, the social risk, the
psychological risk, the functional risk, and the physical risk) don't have a significant
impact on e-satisfaction, except the risk of loss of time has a negative impact.
Finally satisfaction influences positively and significantly the e-loyalty of the cyber
consumers.
The main purpose of the paper is to determine the correlation of consumers’ demographic factors on
the impulse buying behavior with respect to a number of single impulsivity indicators and one collective
indicator. The paper consists of theoretical and research aspects. The first part encompasses theoretical
insights into the secondary research regarding impulse buying while the practical part presents the
methodology and primary research results. With respect to the subject matter, research goals as well as
previous findings and primary research results, corresponding hypotheses were set and mainly confirmed.
Inter variable correlation and regression analysis has been performed to test the hypothesis. The results
showed that demographic factors, such as the disposable income and age, are related to most impulse
buying indicators and to the impulsivity collective indicator. However, educational qualification and
gender produced marginal association with impulsive buying behavior. The paper also summarizes
research limitations as well as the work contribution and future research guidelines.
OBJECTIVES OF TEACHING SCIENCE
Education is a process of bringing about changes in an individual in a desired direction. It is a process of helping a child to develop his potentialities to the maximum and to bring out the best from within the child. To bring about these changes we teach them various subjects at different levels of school. Science as subject is included in the school curriculum from the very beginning.
Before taking any decision about teaching science we should pose certain questions to ourselves, such as,
• Why do we teach them science?
• What are the goals and objectives of teaching science?
• What changes does science teaching bring about in the behaviour of the students?
Gender refers to the roles and responsibilities of men and women that are created in our families, our societies and our cultures. The concept of gender also includes the expectations held about the characteristics, aptitudes and likely behaviours of both women and men (femininity and masculinity). Gender roles and expectations are learned. They can change over time and they vary within and between cultures. Systems of social differentiation such as political status, class, ethnicity, physical and mental disability, age and more, modify gender roles. The concept of gender is vital because, applied to social analysis, it reveals how women’s subordination (or men’s domination) is socially constructed. As such, the subordination can be changed or ended. It is not biologically predetermined nor is it fixed forever.
Role and importance of language in the curriculumAbu Bashar
The language is always believed to play a central role in learning. No matter what the subject area, students assimilate new concepts when they listen, talk, read and write about what they are learning. Speaking and writing reflects the thinking process that is taking place. Students learn in language, therefore if their language is weak, so is their learning.
The constitutional provision of educationAbu Bashar
The Constitution of the country was adopted on Nov. 26, 1949 and came into force on Jan 26, 1950. The Preamble of the Constitution outlines the social philosophy which should govern all our institutions including educational. Right to Education is one of the fundamental rights enshrined in the Constitution of India. The Constitution of India gives a few directions and suggestions for the development of education in the countries which are also called constitutional provisions.
In much modern usage, the words ‘teaching’ and ‘teacher’ are wrapped up with schooling and schools. One way of approaching the question ‘What is teaching?’ is to look at what those called ‘teachers’ do – and then to draw out key qualities or activities that set them apart from others. The problem is that all sorts of things are bundled together in job descriptions or roles that may have little to do with what we can sensibly call teaching. Another way is to head for dictionaries and search for both the historical meanings of the term and how it is used in everyday language. This brings us to definitions like: “Impart knowledge to or instruct (someone) as to how to do something; or Cause (someone) to learn or understand something by example or experience”
Language is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication, particularly the human ability to do so, and a language is any specific example of such a system. The scientific study of language is called linguistics. Questions concerning the philosophy of language, such as whether words can represent experience, have been debated since Gorgias and Plato in Ancient Greece. Thinkers such as Rousseau have argued that language originated from emotions while others like Kant have held that it originated from rational and logical thought. 20th-century philosophers such as Wittgenstein argued that philosophy is really the study of language. Major figures in linguistics include Ferdinand de Saussure and Noam Chomsky.
The work of speech organs necessary for making speech sounds is called articulation. According to
The specific character of articulation, especially according to the presence or absence of the obstruction speech sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. The most substantial difference between vowels and consonants is that in the articulation of vowels the air passes freely through the mouth cavity, while in making consonants an obstruction is formed in the mouth cavity or in the pharynx and the flow of the air meets a narrowing or complete obstruction. Vowels have no fixed place of articulation, the whole of the speaking apparatus takes part in their formation, while the articulation of consonants can be localized, and an obstruction or a narrowing for each consonant is formed at a definite place of the speaking apparatus. In producing vowels all the organs of speech are tense, while in making consonants, the organs of speech are tense only in the place of obstruction. Voice prevails in vowels while in most consonants noise prevails over voice. Vowels are syllable forming sounds while consonants are not, as a rule.
Reading, in very simple words, is the process of looking at a piece of written work, make out what is written on the page or sheet and understand what is written there.
Here, we have to make a distinction between reading silently and reading aloud. These two ways of reading have different purposes. Primarily, reading aloud is done to make others listen and understand and reading silently is to read "in the mind", so that we can understand, what we are reading, better. The teacher reading out a lesson or a story or a poem in the classroom is a good example for reading aloud. People reading the newspaper or a magazine at home or elsewhere is a good example of reading silently. In other words, reading aloud is aimed at improving our pronunciation while reading silently helps in improving our comprehension.
Drama is a word of Greek origin meaning "action" and referring to a performance on the stage in which actors act out the events and characters of a story. A dramatic work is usually called a play, but if you want to specify what type of drama it is, you can call it a comedy, a. tragedy, a farce or tragicomedy or other names. As wel1 as a play, drama usually involves
o a playwright or dramatist, that is, the author of the play;
o a stage, that is, the area in a playhouse or theatre where the play is performed;
o an audience, that is, the people who go to the theatre to watch the performance.
The Elements of drama
The elements of drama, by which dramatic works can be analyzed and evaluated, can be categorized into three major areas:
Literary elements
Technical elements
Performance elements
Email
Email is a service which allows us to send the message in electronic mode over the internet. It offers an efficient, inexpensive and real time mean of distributing information among people.
E-Mail Address
Each user of email is assigned a unique name for his email account. This name is known as E-mail address. Different users can send and receive messages according to the e-mail address.
E-mail is generally of the form username@domainname. For example, webmaster@tutorialspoint.com is an e-mail address where webmaster is username and tutorialspoint.com is domain name.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
1. Women Empowerment
‘Women empowerment’ is the process of enabling and developing ability or potential in women
so that they can think and act freely, exercises their choice and control their lives and thereby
reducing discrimination and exploitation towards them. It brings about upliftment of women in
social, economic and political spheres where they are able to play an equal role at par with men in
society. But women who constitute half of the population in India yet they have been subjected to
the oppression of patriarchal order and suffered from fewer rights and lower social status than men
for centuries.
This widespread discrimination and exploitation of women evoke the need for empowerment of
women. In spite constitutional guarantees, enactment of laws, initiations of social reformers,
efforts by the government through different schemes and programmes and U.N.O.’s directives, the
equal status of women in India is not still achieved to the desired goals after 68 years of
Independence. According to Census, 2011, 74.04% of the population is illiterate, comprising
65.46% females and 82.14% males. As per report of UNDP, 2013 on Human Development
Indicators, women constitute 48% of the population in India of which 29% is national workplace
and 26% women have access to formal credit.
This situation encourages the present writer to find out the effective measures for women
upliftment. Hence an attempt is made to depict the present scenario of women empowerment, its
possible determinants and how education can be used as an instrument of women empowerment.
This paper attempts to find out the possible problems faced and possibilities ahead in promoting
women empowerment through education. Finally, it is realised that education enables women not
only to acquire knowledge but also aid to help them to achieve economic security, social status,
self- confidence, courage and inner strength to face challenges in life and reduces disparities and
exploitation upon them. Lastly, a strategy of broad educational programme along with favourable
attitudes of all concerned has been recommended for women empowerment.
Women empowerment irrespective of cast, creed, religion and gender is a constitutional mandate,
a basic human right and a decisive force of national development. “Empowerment means moving
from a weak position to execute a power”. Women empowerment is a global issue and it was raised
at the International Women Conference T NAROIBI in 1985. Women empowerment is the process
of providing rights, powers, opportunities and responsibilities to women so that they are able to
develop their potential, think, and act freely at par with men Women Empowerment through
Education equally in society, It is the expansion of women‟s ability and freedom to exercise full
control over their action.
Empowerment of women is essentially the process of upliftment of social, economic and political
status of women and it involves the building up of a society wherein women can live without the
fear oppression, exploitation and discrimination that go with being a woman in a traditionally
male-dominated society. Although women constitute half of the population and an active agent of
social change, yet they are still being oppressed and suffered from fewer rights and lower social
status. The widespread discrimination and exploitation upon women evoke the need of
empowerment of women and education can be used as an effective instrument for achieving it.
2. Need of Education in Women Empowerment:
Women empowerment is a tool of development not only of women but also of whole families and
thereby a nation. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru said, “To awaken the people, it is women who must be
awaken; once she is on the move, the family moves, the village moves and the nation moves.”
Education empowers women more effectively which would help to abolish gender inequality,
develop their potentials, increase social and economic return, improve the quality of life, produce
educated and healthy children and reduce fertility and mortality rates. Education is key to
empowering women‟s participation in decision making in democracy, dynamic transformation of
society and shaping the destiny of future generations. Swami Vivekananda said “There is no
chance for the welfare of the world unless the condition of women is improved.” It is education
which can do so by empowering women. In spite of constitutional guarantees, enactment of laws,
efforts by the government through various schemes and programmes and U.N.O‟s directives, the
equal status of women in India is not still achieved up to the desired goals after 68 years of
Independence.
Hence education can be used as powerful tool to help the women to understand the constitutional
directives and legislative Women Empowerment through Education provisions for reducing
women‟s exploitation and negligence upon them, to reduce the gender gap in literacy levels, to
create awareness about the existing social problems and to fight for fulfilment of the basic
amenities and welfare of the community.
Education helps to enable women to exercise their rights on equal footing with men and participate
in national development. “Education is the milestone of women empowerment because it enables
them to respond to the challenges, to confront their traditional role and change their life.” The
target of becoming superpower, a developed country by 2020 will be achieved only when the
women of India will be empowered through education.
The National Policy of Education (1986) has emphasized the need of women education for their
effective participation in social and economic activities. The NPE, 1986 has stated, “Education
will be used as an agent of basic change in the status of women. The National Educational system
will play a positive interventionist role in the empowerment of women.
“The National Policy of Empowerment of Women (1990) has emphasized on education for–
1. Creating an environment to enable women to realize their full potential,
2. Providing all human rights and fundamental freedom to women on equal basis with men,
3. Participation of women in decision-making in every spheres of life,
4. Equal access to health care, quality education, guidance, employment, remuneration and social
security,
5. Elimination of all forms of discrimination and violence against women and girl children.
3. Women Empowerment: In Present Scenario:
Women empowerment and gender equality in India is an alarming issue. Some problems such as
dowry, domestic violence, sex selective abortion, female infanticide are still prevalent. As per the
2011 Census, women are subject to disadvantages as compared to men in terms of literacy rates,
labour participation rates and earnings.
The Census, 2011 reveals that the total literate population is 74.04% comprising 65.46% females
and 82.14% males. As per report of UNDP, 2013 on Human Development Indicators, women
constitute 48% of the population in world of which 29% is national work force and 26% women
have access to format credit. It is witnessed that in software industry women enjoy equal wages
and roles with men, but in other sectors women are mostly ill paid.
The percentage of IPC crimes committed against women has increased during the last 5 years from
9.25 in the year 2009 to 11.2% during the year 2013. A women is raped once in every 10 minutes.
Women perform about 2/3 of total hours, get 1/10th of the world‟s income and own less than
1/100th of the world resources. Women occupied only 10% seats in World Parliament and 6%
seats in National Cabinet. India is ranked as the 135th country in the World in imparting free and
compulsory education between the age group of 6 to 14 years (Right to Education, 2010). In Indian
society, preference is still continuing for a son over the birth of a girl and biased attitude of the
parents is seen in favour of male child in respect of education, nutrition and other opportunities.
Constitutional Provisions and Government Efforts for Women Empowerment
in India:
A. Constitutional Provisions:
The constitution of India has given provisions for empowering women. Some of these are
as follows:
1. Equality before law for all persons (Article-14) Women Empowerment through
Education Nabanita Bera Volume-II, Issue-VI May 2016 187
2. Prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth
(Article 15(1)
3. Special provisions to be adopted by the State in favour of women and children (Article
15(3)
4. Equality of opportunity for employment to any office under the State (Article 16), right
to secure adequate means of livelihood for men and women equally (Article 39(a).
5. Equal pay for equal work for both men and women (Article 39(d).
6. Maternity relief (Article 42).
7. Promotion of dignity of women (Article 51A).
8. Reservation of not less than one third of total seats for women in direct election to local
bodies (Articles 343(d) & 343(T).
B. Government Efforts:
The government has taken initiatives for women empowerment through enacting laws and
implementing several schemes operated by different departments and ministries. The
4. National Commission of Women was set up by an act of parliament in 1990 for
safeguarding the constitutional right and legal provisions for women. The reservation of
seats in the local bodies of Panchayats and Municipalities for women has been provided by
the 73th and 74th Amendments (1993) to the Constitution which is needed for socio-
political empowerment.
The Department of Women and Child Development (DWCD) under the MHRD was
established to implement various schemes relating to women advancement. The National
Mission for Empowerment of Women (NMEW)2010 has emphasized to facilitate the
process of integrating all programmes for welfare and upliftment of women undertaken by
the ministries and department. The National Resource Centre for Women acts as a national
convergence centre for all programmes for women. The National Literacy Mission is being
set up towards eradication of literacy in the age group of 15-35 years. The Functional
Literacy for Audit Women (FLAW was started in 1975-76 to provide illiterate adult women
to gain functional skills and to awaken desired awareness for health, hygiene and children
practices.
C. Government Schemes:
The Government of India has undertaken different schemes for welfare upliftment and
security of the women. Some of these may be noted here– „Rastriya Mahila Kosh” (RMK)
1992-93, „Mahila Samridhi yojana‟ (MSY) 1993, „Indira Mahila Yojana‟ (IMY) 1995,
„Swa Shakti Group‟, „Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women‟
(STEP), „Creches/Day-care Centre for the Children of working and ailing mother‟,
„Hostels for working women‟, „National Mission for Empowerment of Women‟,
„Integrated Child Development Services‟ (ICDS), „Rajib Gandhi Scheme for Employment
of Adolescence Girls‟ (RGSEAG),2010, „Women‟s Development Corporation
Scheme‟(WDCS), „Working Women‟s Forum‟, „Indira Priyadarshini Yojana‟, „NGO‟s
Credit Schemes. The present Prime Minister Modi Government has launched the
programmes of „Beti bachao, beti padhao‟ aims at tackling the low child sex ratio of 918
girls child in resources and savings of a family which is helpful to meet the expenses of
higher education and marriage.
The first year of New Millennium (2001) was declared as “Women Empowerment Year”.
It is necessary to supplement Government efforts by nongovernment organizations for
facilitating women empowerment. Yet India has not achieved the expected goals, hence
comprehensive programme for empowering women is still demanding. Women
Empowerment through Education Nabanita Bera Volume-II, Issue-VI May 2016 188 C.
Legislative Provisions:
The Government of India has also enacted specific laws to safeguard the interests of
women and uplift their status in society. Some of the notable legislations are as follows:
1. The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 which provides women the right to parental property.
5. 2. The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 which declares the taking of dowry an unlawful
activity.
3. Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 which provides the payment of equal remuneration with
men for equal value of work.
4. The Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1983 which prohibits various types of crimes
against women.
5. The Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986 which prohibits the
vulgar presentation of women in the media. The protection of women from Domestic
Violence Act, 2005 protects women from domestic violence committed against them.
6. The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2013. These legal provisions
would help women to gain socio-political empowerment.
D. U.N.O. Directives:
The third Millennium Development Goals (MDG) of the United Nations Development
Program has directed to the Indian context– “Eliminate gender disparity in primary and
secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education by no later than
2015”. India is nearly on track. The MDG Report 2009 pointed out, “Participation of
women in empowerment and decision making remains far less than that of men, and the
disparity is not likely to be eliminated by 2015”. However the opportunity of women to
labour market has marginally increased from 13% to 18% between 1990-91 and 2004-05.
Barriers of Women Empowerment:
The main obstacles that go against the way of women empowerment in India may be
summed up as follows:
1. Gender discrimination.
2. Lack of proper educational programme.
3. Female infanticide.
4. Atrocities on women.
5. Child marriage and dowry system.
6. Financial constraints.
7. Patriarchal order and the subordinate status of women.
8. Lack of health care and safety.
9. Professional inequality, particularly workplace harassment.
10. Inequality in sharing the burden of house hold work. It is also noted that the gender
inequality is related to social and economic structure, traditional attitude towards women,
economic insecurity and negligence of men and lack of sincere efforts of all concerned.
6. Role of Education in Achieving Women Empowerment:
In spite of constitutional guarantees, legislative provisions, judiciary mandate and
administrative efforts, the women empowerment in India is still lacking in some areas.
Mere enactment of laws and chalking out of schemes are not much effective for women
empowerment. Hence education is needed for this. The National Curriculum Framework
of Women pointed out, “Education of women is an important key to improving health,
nutrition and education in the family and also empowering them to participate in decision
making”.
Moreover education enables women not only to acquire knowledge but also help them to
achieve economic security, self-confidence, vocational and technical skills and guidance,
good health and safety, courage and inner-strength to face challenges in every spheres of
life and enable them to play equal role as men in nation-building. Education can be used
as a tool for reduction of inequalities and gender bias so that women can move from weak
position to execute their power or capabilities in society.
The National Policy for the Empowerment of Women,2001 stated, “Equal access to
education for women and girls will be ensured, special measures will be taken to eliminate
discrimination, universalize education, eradicate illiteracy and create gender sensitive
educational system, increase enrolment and retention rates of girls and improve the quality
of education to facilitate life-long learning as well as development of vocational or
technical skills of women.”
Hence some practical steps should be taken as follows:
1. Different types of educational institutions should be established exclusively for women
in the state.
2. Traditional evil norms and practices, such as child marriage child labour, dowry
system, child prostitution, polygamy and female feticides should be strictly banned by
enforcing laws and creating public awareness.
3. The government should provide a package of educational grants, such as „Kanyashri‟
of women and concessions in the form of providing free books, uniform, mid-day
meals, scholarships, cycles and so on for enrolment for more girls and reducing the
drop out students, especially from marginalized families of BPL.
4. Adult and continuing education, social education, home schooling etc can be used as a
tool of basic change in the status of women. It would help to develop in women
entrepreneurial skills and job opportunities. In rural areas mobile library, distance
education through the media, non-formal schools should be provided for the life-ling
education and empowerment of women.
5. Technical and vocational education should be provided particularly to the rural women,
such as tailoring and weaving, mushroom farming, bee keeping, fruit pulping etc, for
improving their vocational efficiency so that they can be self- appointed and self-
supportive. The government will have to offer financial support and teach them how
they can earn money by starting business activities.
7. 6. The efforts of Govt. and N.G.O.‟s will be co-ordinated in respect of implementation of
schemes and programmes for empowerment of women. Better facilities of health care,
sanitation and medication should be provided to women. The judiciary should look
after the molestation cases with special care and transparency.