The document summarizes a literature review on gender differences in outcomes of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization. The review finds that while men and women both experience negative physical and mental health effects from IPV, the literature largely shows that women suffer disproportionately and to a greater degree. Specifically, studies have found that women generally experience more injuries, poorer physical health, higher rates of depression/anxiety, greater posttraumatic stress, and larger decreases in relationship satisfaction as a result of IPV compared to men. The review proposes that these gender differences in outcomes may be due to cultural and social factors that typically give men higher status and power over women.
Domestic violence psychologically affects victims and families in several ways. It can cause health issues for victims like depression, substance abuse, and chronic illness. Witnessing domestic violence can negatively impact children's development and behavior, lowering IQs and increasing aggression and emotional problems. Exposure to domestic violence has also been linked to intergenerational cycles of abuse, with children of abuse being more likely to become future victims or abusers themselves. Treatment for abusers and support for victims is important to help break these harmful cycles.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
This document discusses intimate partner violence (IPV), including definitions, prevalence, impacts, risk factors, assessment, treatment, and prevention. It defines IPV as physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner. National statistics in the US indicate 25% of women and 15% of men experience severe physical IPV, and 50% experience emotional IPV. IPV is associated with mental health issues like PTSD as well as physical health problems. Risk factors include childhood abuse and attachment issues. Treatment focuses on perpetrator intervention, couples therapy in some cases, and preventing revictimization through education and economic resources.
usband and Wife Differences in Response to UndesirableLife E.docxdickonsondorris
usband and Wife Differences in Response to Undesirable
Life Events*
RAND D. CONGER
FREDERICK O. LORENZ
Iowa State University
GLEN H. ELDER, JR.
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
RONALD L. SIMONS
XIAOJIA GE
Iowa State University
Journal of Health and Social Behavior 1993, Vol. 34 (March):71-88
In the present study of 451 married couples living in the rural midwest, gender
differences were examined in reports of exposure and vulnerability to specific types
of^ undesirable life events. Consistent with expectations derived from either a social
structural or identity perspective, the results demonstrated that men are more likely
than women to report exposure to and to be distressed by work and financial
events. Women, on the other hand, are more strongly influenced by exposure to
negative events within the family but not within their network of friends. Outcomes
vary according to the type of emotional distress. Financial stress, for example,
increases hostility among men more than among women, but wives are more likely
than husbands to report somatic complaints in response to the same stressor. The
findings demonstrate the need for future research that more directly investigates
the intraindividual and social mechanisms which account for gender differences in
a broad range of emotional and behavioral responses to varying types of
significant life changes.
The present investigation addresses a cen- emotional distress suggests that women are at
tral issue in social epidemiology: the role of greater risk than men for some types of
gender in the stress process (Mirowsky and psychological problems such as depression
Ross 1989). Research on sex differences in and anxiety. Men, on the other hand, are
more likely to demonstrate other symptoms of
distress such as alcohol or drug use (Cleary
^ , . , ,, ... . ,u 1 .u 1987; Pearlin 1989). In addition to gender
* We would like to thank the anonymous ,... ' . r ,. . ,•
reviewers whose comments considerably improved differences m types of distress, a second line
the manuscript. This paper is based on collabora- of inquiry has focused on the differential
tive research involving the Iowa Youth and reactivity of men and women to varying types
Families Project at Iowa State University, Ames, of life crises with the expectation that
and the Social Change Project at the University of gender-related patterns of socialization, self-
North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The combined
research effort is currently supported by National
Institute of Mental Health grant no. MH43270, no. MH00567, and the Iowa Agriculture and
National Institute on Drug Abuse grant no. Home Economics Experiment Station. For re-
DA05347, the John D. and Catherine T. Mac- prints, contact Rand D. Conger, Department of
Arthur Foundation Program for Successful Adoles- Sociology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
cent Development among Youth in High-Risk 50011. Journal Paper no. 14942 of the Iowa
Settings, Bureau of Maternal and Child Health Ag ...
Women Accused of Sex Offenses: A Gender-Based ComparisonVirginia Lemus
This document summarizes a study that compares women and men accused of sexual offenses who were referred for psychiatric evaluation. Some key findings include:
- Women accused of sexual offenses were similar in age to male counterparts, ranging from 19-62 years old. Many had prior arrests and histories of victimization.
- Both female and male sex offenders were most often referred for sexual predator classification evaluations. However, women were more likely to have victims of both genders.
- While there are some similarities between female and male sex offenders, research shows women are more likely to have histories of abuse, mental illness, and relationship issues. They also tend to know their victims and have victims of the same gender.
This document summarizes a study on awareness of domestic violence in North Cyprus. The study involved distributing a questionnaire to 225 people in different regions of North Cyprus. The questionnaire collected demographic information and assessed participants' knowledge and experiences related to domestic violence. The study aimed to evaluate awareness of domestic violence in the community and how it influences individual and community health. Key findings included that over half of respondents were male, most were aged 21-25, and over half had an undergraduate education level. The results will be analyzed to understand awareness and perspectives on domestic violence in North Cyprus.
FINAL META ANALYSIS RESEARCH PAPER SSH405 Domestic Violence and PatriarchyHannah Al Ghareeb
The document discusses intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in patriarchal societies. It notes that IPV is prevalent across cultures and negatively impacts women's physical and mental health. Studies show patriarchal relationship dynamics that emphasize male dominance and traditional gender roles are correlated with higher rates of IPV. Maintaining power and control in relationships through violence may stem from conditioning to fulfill male identities in patriarchal cultures. IPV has broader societal impacts by spreading dysfunctional behaviors and reducing a country's economic productivity and quality of life for women.
This article reviews the literature on women who perpetrate intimate partner violence and recommendations for their treatment. It discusses the debate around research finding that domestic violence is not exclusively perpetrated by men. Studies have found that rates of violence initiated by women in relationships are equivalent to or exceed rates of male-initiated violence. However, this contradicts early feminist theories and has led to attempts to suppress or reinterpret evidence of female-initiated violence. The article argues for recognizing female perpetrators as a growing part of the criminal justice system and identifies similarities and differences between male and female domestic violence offenders to inform improved treatment approaches for women.
Domestic violence psychologically affects victims and families in several ways. It can cause health issues for victims like depression, substance abuse, and chronic illness. Witnessing domestic violence can negatively impact children's development and behavior, lowering IQs and increasing aggression and emotional problems. Exposure to domestic violence has also been linked to intergenerational cycles of abuse, with children of abuse being more likely to become future victims or abusers themselves. Treatment for abusers and support for victims is important to help break these harmful cycles.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Journal will bring together leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from around the world. Topics of interest for submission include, but are not limited to
This document discusses intimate partner violence (IPV), including definitions, prevalence, impacts, risk factors, assessment, treatment, and prevention. It defines IPV as physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner. National statistics in the US indicate 25% of women and 15% of men experience severe physical IPV, and 50% experience emotional IPV. IPV is associated with mental health issues like PTSD as well as physical health problems. Risk factors include childhood abuse and attachment issues. Treatment focuses on perpetrator intervention, couples therapy in some cases, and preventing revictimization through education and economic resources.
usband and Wife Differences in Response to UndesirableLife E.docxdickonsondorris
usband and Wife Differences in Response to Undesirable
Life Events*
RAND D. CONGER
FREDERICK O. LORENZ
Iowa State University
GLEN H. ELDER, JR.
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
RONALD L. SIMONS
XIAOJIA GE
Iowa State University
Journal of Health and Social Behavior 1993, Vol. 34 (March):71-88
In the present study of 451 married couples living in the rural midwest, gender
differences were examined in reports of exposure and vulnerability to specific types
of^ undesirable life events. Consistent with expectations derived from either a social
structural or identity perspective, the results demonstrated that men are more likely
than women to report exposure to and to be distressed by work and financial
events. Women, on the other hand, are more strongly influenced by exposure to
negative events within the family but not within their network of friends. Outcomes
vary according to the type of emotional distress. Financial stress, for example,
increases hostility among men more than among women, but wives are more likely
than husbands to report somatic complaints in response to the same stressor. The
findings demonstrate the need for future research that more directly investigates
the intraindividual and social mechanisms which account for gender differences in
a broad range of emotional and behavioral responses to varying types of
significant life changes.
The present investigation addresses a cen- emotional distress suggests that women are at
tral issue in social epidemiology: the role of greater risk than men for some types of
gender in the stress process (Mirowsky and psychological problems such as depression
Ross 1989). Research on sex differences in and anxiety. Men, on the other hand, are
more likely to demonstrate other symptoms of
distress such as alcohol or drug use (Cleary
^ , . , ,, ... . ,u 1 .u 1987; Pearlin 1989). In addition to gender
* We would like to thank the anonymous ,... ' . r ,. . ,•
reviewers whose comments considerably improved differences m types of distress, a second line
the manuscript. This paper is based on collabora- of inquiry has focused on the differential
tive research involving the Iowa Youth and reactivity of men and women to varying types
Families Project at Iowa State University, Ames, of life crises with the expectation that
and the Social Change Project at the University of gender-related patterns of socialization, self-
North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The combined
research effort is currently supported by National
Institute of Mental Health grant no. MH43270, no. MH00567, and the Iowa Agriculture and
National Institute on Drug Abuse grant no. Home Economics Experiment Station. For re-
DA05347, the John D. and Catherine T. Mac- prints, contact Rand D. Conger, Department of
Arthur Foundation Program for Successful Adoles- Sociology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
cent Development among Youth in High-Risk 50011. Journal Paper no. 14942 of the Iowa
Settings, Bureau of Maternal and Child Health Ag ...
Women Accused of Sex Offenses: A Gender-Based ComparisonVirginia Lemus
This document summarizes a study that compares women and men accused of sexual offenses who were referred for psychiatric evaluation. Some key findings include:
- Women accused of sexual offenses were similar in age to male counterparts, ranging from 19-62 years old. Many had prior arrests and histories of victimization.
- Both female and male sex offenders were most often referred for sexual predator classification evaluations. However, women were more likely to have victims of both genders.
- While there are some similarities between female and male sex offenders, research shows women are more likely to have histories of abuse, mental illness, and relationship issues. They also tend to know their victims and have victims of the same gender.
This document summarizes a study on awareness of domestic violence in North Cyprus. The study involved distributing a questionnaire to 225 people in different regions of North Cyprus. The questionnaire collected demographic information and assessed participants' knowledge and experiences related to domestic violence. The study aimed to evaluate awareness of domestic violence in the community and how it influences individual and community health. Key findings included that over half of respondents were male, most were aged 21-25, and over half had an undergraduate education level. The results will be analyzed to understand awareness and perspectives on domestic violence in North Cyprus.
FINAL META ANALYSIS RESEARCH PAPER SSH405 Domestic Violence and PatriarchyHannah Al Ghareeb
The document discusses intimate partner violence (IPV) against women in patriarchal societies. It notes that IPV is prevalent across cultures and negatively impacts women's physical and mental health. Studies show patriarchal relationship dynamics that emphasize male dominance and traditional gender roles are correlated with higher rates of IPV. Maintaining power and control in relationships through violence may stem from conditioning to fulfill male identities in patriarchal cultures. IPV has broader societal impacts by spreading dysfunctional behaviors and reducing a country's economic productivity and quality of life for women.
This article reviews the literature on women who perpetrate intimate partner violence and recommendations for their treatment. It discusses the debate around research finding that domestic violence is not exclusively perpetrated by men. Studies have found that rates of violence initiated by women in relationships are equivalent to or exceed rates of male-initiated violence. However, this contradicts early feminist theories and has led to attempts to suppress or reinterpret evidence of female-initiated violence. The article argues for recognizing female perpetrators as a growing part of the criminal justice system and identifies similarities and differences between male and female domestic violence offenders to inform improved treatment approaches for women.
The gendered foundations of partner violence and its relationship to HIVHopkinsCFAR
This document discusses the relationship between gender-based violence and HIV. It finds that intimate partner violence (IPV) is the most common form of violence women experience globally. IPV increases women's risk of HIV through multiple pathways, including exposure to higher-risk partners of abusive men, genital trauma from violence increasing susceptibility to infection, and psychological impacts of abuse like PTSD that can influence risk behaviors. While individual, relationship, and community factors all predict violence, the strongest predictors of a population's IPV levels are social norms justifying abuse and gender inequality in areas like ownership rights. Economic development alone does not explain violence levels, but appears to be a marker for related social changes. Addressing underlying gender inequality and social norms is key
E M P I R I C A L R E S E A R C HYouth Pathways to Placeme.docxbrownliecarmella
E M P I R I C A L R E S E A R C H
Youth Pathways to Placement: The Influence of Gender, Mental
Health Need and Trauma on Confinement in the Juvenile
Justice System
Erin M. Espinosa • Jon R. Sorensen •
Molly A. Lopez
Received: 9 April 2013 / Accepted: 27 June 2013 / Published online: 4 July 2013
� Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
Abstract Although the juvenile crime rate has generally
declined, the involvement of girls in the juvenile justice
system has been increasing. Possible explanations for this
gender difference include the impact of exposure to trauma
and mental health needs on developmental pathways and
the resulting influence of youth’s involvement in the justice
system. This study examined the influence of gender,
mental health needs and trauma on the risk of out-of-home
placement for juvenile offenders. The sample included
youth referred to three urban juvenile probation depart-
ments in Texas between January 1, 2007 and December 31,
2008 and who received state-mandated mental health
screening (N = 34,222; 30.1 % female). The analysis
revealed that, for both genders, elevated scores on the
seven factor-analytically derived subscales of a mental
health screening instrument (Alcohol and Drug Use,
Depressed-Anxious, Somatic Complaints, Suicidal Idea-
tion, Thought Disturbance, and Traumatic Experiences),
especially related to past traumatic experiences, influenced
how deeply juveniles penetrated the system. The findings
suggest that additional research is needed to determine the
effectiveness of trauma interventions and the implemen-
tation of trauma informed systems for youth involved with
the juvenile justice system.
Keywords Detention � Incarceration, disposition �
Gender disparity � Trauma � Mental health
Introduction
Adolescence is a period of developmental transition char-
acterized by changes in family, school, peers, self-concept,
and general physical development (Bergman and Scott
2001). Although most youth navigate this developmental
period successfully, incidents of rule breaking and behav-
ioral problems are common and can result in involvement
with law enforcement. Some research suggests that inter-
vention by the criminal justice system during the critical
period of adolescence may negatively impact youth out-
comes, including decreasing opportunities for meeting
educational goals and increasing the risk for later
involvement in delinquency and deviance (Sampson and
Laub 2005; pipeline articles). Recent trends have shown a
steady decline in juvenile offending overall, particularly
among violent crimes. However, statistics have also shown
a trend toward increased delinquency in females. For
example, Snyder (2008) reported that between 1994 and
2006, arrests for simple assault declined by 4 % for boys
while the rate increased by 19 % for girls. Given the
gender differences in adolescent development, it seems
critical to examine the pathways that lead to youth
.
Sexual harassment can have negative physical and psychological effects on victims. Research shows victims may experience increased heart rate, depression, anxiety, PTSD, and issues like work or academic withdrawal. Both short and long term effects are seen - immediate effects include impaired task performance while long term effects involve higher rates of PTSD and alcohol abuse. More severe or frequent harassment typically leads to worse outcomes.
Journal of Sociology and Social Work June 2017, Vol. 5, No. TatianaMajor22
This document summarizes a journal article that uses critical race theory to explore differences between African American and Caucasian women who perpetrate intimate partner violence. The study found that African American women in the sample were more likely to score higher on measures of physical conflict and parenting attitudes. The document provides background on intimate partner violence among African American female perpetrators and the use of critical race theory as a framework. It discusses how critical race theory acknowledges the intersections of race, gender, and other factors that influence the experiences of African American women with intimate partner violence.
Motives for Physical Dating Violence Among College Students.docxmoirarandell
Motives for Physical Dating Violence Among College Students:
A Gendered Analysis
Erika L. Kelley
Ohio University
Katie M. Edwards
University of New Hampshire
Christina M. Dardis and Christine A. Gidycz
Ohio University
Objective: Little research examines factors contributing to specific motives for physical dating violence
(DV) perpetration. This study explores this gap in the literature with a specific focus on gender, coping,
DV perpetration and victimization, and attitudes toward violence. Method: The sample included 221
college students who reported a history of physical DV perpetration and completed surveys for course
credit. Results: Physical DV motivated by emotional expression/dysregulation was associated with
physical DV perpetration frequency and disengagement coping for the full sample, and associated with
accepting attitudes toward physical DV among women only. Physical DV motivated by control/tough
guise was associated with accepting attitudes toward physical DV for the full sample, and physical DV
perpetration frequency more strongly for men than women. Physical DV motivated by self-defense was
associated with disengagement coping for the full sample, DV perpetration frequency for men, and
physical DV victimization frequency more strongly for women than men. Conclusion: Results suggest
that DV prevention programming for college students should incorporate focus on coping skills and
decreasing accepting attitudes of DV. Results also provide preliminary support for gender-specific
tailoring of programs that incorporate emotion regulation and communication skills for women; and
among men, deconstructing patriarchal values among frequent perpetrators.
Keywords: dating violence, college students, motives, attitudes, gender
Because of the high rates of dating violence (DV) and its
associated negative outcomes among college students, researchers
have focused on increasing our understanding of the correlates and
predictors of DV perpetration to inform primary prevention efforts
(for a review see Flynn & Graham, 2010). Whereas most of the
past research has examined variables that predict whether or not an
individual perpetrates DV, there has been a growing recognition of
the importance in understanding motives for DV defined as the
“underlying psychological processes that impel people’s thinking,
feeling, and behaving” (Fiske, 2004, p. 14). However, there has
been no research to date that has comprehensively explored the
individual-level variables (e.g., coping, victimization history) that
are related to different motives for DV perpetration, which could
provide critical information for DV prevention efforts. The current
study utilized a sample of young men and women who all perpe-
trated physical DV and examined the types of motives for their use
of physical DV and the correlates of these motives, which based on
social learning theory (Akers, 1985) may include DV victimiza-
tion, attitudes toward DV, and strategies to cope with da ...
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Course NameINTRODUCTION TO HOS.docxlesleyryder69361
ASSIGNMENT
COVER SHEET
Course Name:
INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Course Number:
PHC-231
CRN:
Presentation title or task:
(You can write a question)
Paper Assignment Topic
1. Discuss Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABI) "or" Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) outbreak in long-term acute care hospital settings. Address the following in your report:
a) Characterize the epidemiology and microbiology
b) Describe the agent, and identify the host and the environment that is favorable for the infection.
c) Discuss how the infections spread and the types of prevention and control measures
d) Identify a population and develop a hypothesis about possible causes in a testable format with standard statistical notation (the null and the alternative)
e) Explain how you would choose controls to test this hypothesis?
Student Name:
Student ID No:
Submission Date:
Release date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 (12:01 AM)
Due date: Thursday, April 02, 2020 (11:59 PM)
To be filed by the instructor
Instructor Name:
Instructor's Name
Grade:
…. Out of 10
Submission Guidelines:
1. Font should be 12 Times New Roman
2. Heading should be Bold
3. The text color should be Black
4. Line spacing should be 1.5
5. Avoid Plagiarism
6. Assignments must be submitted with the filled cover page
7. Assignments must carry the references using APA style. Please see below web link about how to cite APA reference style. Click or tap to follow the link: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext.
|---Good Luck---|
Page 2 of 2
Gender as Social Determinant of Health
ObjectivesDifferentiate between sex and gender
Consider the importance of sex and gender as health determinantsImpact on health outcomes Gender identity and sexual identity impact on health
Sex: biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes or hormones.It is usually difficult to change.Example: only women bear children, only men have testicular cancer
Gender: norms, roles and relationships of and between women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.
Sex and Gender
Gender is socially constructed
Components of gender
Socialization process
Gender Norms
Gender Roles
Gender Relations
Gender Stereotypes
Gender-based division of labor
Gender Norms
Beliefs about women and men
Are passed from generation to generation through the process of socialization
Change over time
Religious or cultural traditions contribute to defining expected behavior of men and women at different ages
Many men and women consider gender norms to be the “natural order of things”
Gender norms lead to inequality if they reinforce:
mistreatment of one group or sex over the other
differences in power and opportunities
Gender roles and relations
Gender roles
What men and women can and should do in a .
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Course NameINTRODUCTION TO HOS.docxbraycarissa250
ASSIGNMENT
COVER SHEET
Course Name:
INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Course Number:
PHC-231
CRN:
Presentation title or task:
(You can write a question)
Paper Assignment Topic
1. Discuss Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABI) "or" Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) outbreak in long-term acute care hospital settings. Address the following in your report:
a) Characterize the epidemiology and microbiology
b) Describe the agent, and identify the host and the environment that is favorable for the infection.
c) Discuss how the infections spread and the types of prevention and control measures
d) Identify a population and develop a hypothesis about possible causes in a testable format with standard statistical notation (the null and the alternative)
e) Explain how you would choose controls to test this hypothesis?
Student Name:
Student ID No:
Submission Date:
Release date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 (12:01 AM)
Due date: Thursday, April 02, 2020 (11:59 PM)
To be filed by the instructor
Instructor Name:
Instructor's Name
Grade:
…. Out of 10
Submission Guidelines:
1. Font should be 12 Times New Roman
2. Heading should be Bold
3. The text color should be Black
4. Line spacing should be 1.5
5. Avoid Plagiarism
6. Assignments must be submitted with the filled cover page
7. Assignments must carry the references using APA style. Please see below web link about how to cite APA reference style. Click or tap to follow the link: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext.
|---Good Luck---|
Page 2 of 2
Gender as Social Determinant of Health
ObjectivesDifferentiate between sex and gender
Consider the importance of sex and gender as health determinantsImpact on health outcomes Gender identity and sexual identity impact on health
Sex: biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes or hormones.It is usually difficult to change.Example: only women bear children, only men have testicular cancer
Gender: norms, roles and relationships of and between women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.
Sex and Gender
Gender is socially constructed
Components of gender
Socialization process
Gender Norms
Gender Roles
Gender Relations
Gender Stereotypes
Gender-based division of labor
Gender Norms
Beliefs about women and men
Are passed from generation to generation through the process of socialization
Change over time
Religious or cultural traditions contribute to defining expected behavior of men and women at different ages
Many men and women consider gender norms to be the “natural order of things”
Gender norms lead to inequality if they reinforce:
mistreatment of one group or sex over the other
differences in power and opportunities
Gender roles and relations
Gender roles
What men and women can and should do in a ...
The document is a public relations proposal prepared by Axiom Public Relations for the Bowling Green State University Community of Care Coalition. It includes an opportunity statement, situation analysis based on secondary and primary research, target audiences, goals and objectives, strategies and tactics, promotional materials and budget, and evaluation plan. The proposal aims to address issues of sexual assault on campus and establish communication where victims feel comfortable reporting, while promoting the Coalition and generating awareness of sexual assault as a community issue.
The paper explores masculinity and / or femininity and their relationship to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe. The paper implicates both masculinity and femininity as accomplices in spreading HIV and AIDS. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the growing concern that cultural practices contribute to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe and beyond. The paper further argues that whereas the masculine (male or female) may impose themselves on the feminine (female or male), the latter also contributes to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS by willingly accepting the imposition as a societal ‘norm’ or value to use Taylor’s (2003) theory of scenarios. The unquestioned acceptance of the masculine’s demands becomes the norm or scenario that should be viewed as ‘natural’ by both the hegemonic masculine and the subaltern feminine in a relationship. To carry out the study, a case study design was adopted as the operational framework for data gathering. Data was collected from Mount Zion, Temeraire Baptist Church in Mashava, Masvingo province by engaging Practice As Research (PAR) and participant observation. The sample comprised 20 adolescents made up of 10 boys and 10 girls. The results gathered from the research confirmed that to a greater extent, societal norms and attitudes influence one’s behaviour towards life in general and sex to be specific. These findings demonstrate the need for academics, government, families and other interested stakeholders to re-evaluate cultural practices and specifically, gender roles.
Sexual Assault and PTSD by Laura OBrienLaura O'Brien
This document summarizes research showing a correlation between sexual assault and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Peer-reviewed studies demonstrate that women are more likely than men to develop PTSD after sexual assault. Factors like feelings of self-blame and negative views of oneself and the world can lead to PTSD in survivors. Future research should further examine the impacts of sexual assault on males and develop ways to facilitate healing in child survivors.
Junxian KuangLaura SinaiENG099101572018In the essay O.docxtawnyataylor528
Junxian Kuang
Laura Sinai
ENG099/101
5/7/2018
In the essay “On Being a Cripple”, Nancy Mairs shares her experiences, attitudes towards life as a multiple sclerosis patient. First, she claims that the diseases she has faced are brain tumor and MS, and those diseases literally changed her fate. The relationships of her family member and the attitude of Nancy’s mother have affected by MS. Also, she writes about her identities in society, her friends who have the same physical issue, thoughts from disabled parents’ children, and her desire to travel. MS affected Nancy Mairs’s family member as well as her thoughts.
Subjective Socioeconomic Status Causes Aggression: A Test of the Theory
of Social Deprivation
Tobias Greitemeyer and Christina Sagioglou
University of Innsbruck
Seven studies (overall N � 3690) addressed the relation between people’s subjective socioeconomic
status (SES) and their aggression levels. Based on relative deprivation theory, we proposed that people
low in subjective SES would feel at a disadvantage, which in turn would elicit aggressive responses. In
3 correlational studies, subjective SES was negatively related to trait aggression. Importantly, this
relation held when controlling for measures that are related to 1 or both subjective SES and trait
aggression, such as the dark tetrad and the Big Five. Four experimental studies then demonstrated that
participants in a low status condition were more aggressive than were participants in a high status
condition. Compared with a medium-SES condition, participants of low subjective SES were more
aggressive rather than participants of high subjective SES being less aggressive. Moreover, low SES
increased aggressive behavior toward targets that were the source for participants’ experience of
disadvantage but also toward neutral targets. Sequential mediation analyses suggest that the experience
of disadvantage underlies the effect of subjective SES on aggressive affect, whereas aggressive affect was
the proximal determinant of aggressive behavior. Taken together, the present research found compre-
hensive support for key predictions derived from the theory of relative deprivation of how the perception
of low SES is related to the person’s judgments, emotional reactions, and actions.
Keywords: aggression, relative deprivation, social class, socioeconomic status
In most Western societies, wealth inequality is at its historic
height. For example, in the United States, the richest 1% possesses
more than 40% of the country’s wealth (Wolff, 2012). In Germany,
the biggest economy in the European Union, the median household
in the top 20% of the income class has 74 times more wealth than
the bottom 20% (European Central Bank, 2013). Although there is
widespread consensus among citizens that wealth inequality
should be reduced (Kiatpongsan & Norton, 2014; Norton & Ari-
ely, 2011), the wealth gap is actually increasing. For example, in
the United States, in 2012 the top 0.1% (including ...
Juror Perception of Intimate Partner Violence Cases Involving Victims with Di...Amanda Langley
My research lab and I conducted an experimental study looking at the perceptions that mock/potential jurors have of IPV, particularly when the victim has a disability.
Sex of an Act of Power and Effects of Gender RolesSara Manning
This document discusses research on the concept that rape is an act of power rather than solely a sexual act. It summarizes several studies that examined how socioeconomic status, gender roles and stereotypes, and perceptions of masculinity and femininity can influence whether someone views a situation as rape or consensual sex. One study found that lower socioeconomic status of a female victim correlated with greater rape prevalence and belief in rape myths. Another study found that men who view sex as dominance over women were more likely to relate to a rapist. Gender roles often cause people to sympathize more with victims or perpetrators of their own gender. The document examines how perceptions of sexual assault differ based on the genders of victims and perpetrators.
This research examined how women's endorsement of benevolent sexism beliefs impacted their psychological and performance outcomes when experiencing sexual objectification in the workplace. The study found that women high in benevolent sexism who experienced severe objectification reported less negative affect, poorer work performance, and were less likely to perceive the objectification as harassment compared to women low in benevolent sexism. For women who experienced mild objectification, benevolent sexism was also correlated with these outcomes but to a lesser extent and not always significantly. No effects were found for those in the control condition who did not experience objectification.
This document discusses a research study that aimed to determine if countries with higher literacy rates and involvement in higher level economic sectors (industry/services rather than agriculture) had lower rates of reported sexual violence. The study analyzed data on literacy rates, economic sectors, and reported sexual crimes for 58 countries. No correlation was found between literacy rates and sexual crimes. The economic sector data could not be adequately analyzed due to lack of available data from many developing countries. The conclusion was that developed countries have better infrastructure and data collection abilities than developing countries.
ArticlePTSD Symptoms Mediate the RelationshipBetween Sex.docxrossskuddershamus
This document summarizes a study that examined whether PTSD symptoms mediate the relationship between sexual abuse and substance use in juvenile justice-involved youth. The study used data from 197 youth who completed psychological assessments. Results showed that PTSD symptoms significantly mediated the relationship between sexual abuse and both drug use and alcohol use. Specifically, higher PTSD symptoms were associated with increased substance use risk for youth who experienced sexual abuse. Gender did not significantly moderate these relationships. The findings suggest targeting PTSD symptoms through treatment may help reduce substance use problems for sexually abused youth in the juvenile justice system.
Author info Correspondence should be sent to Paul Nicodemu.docxikirkton
Author info: Correspondence should be sent to: Paul Nicodemus, Department of
Psychology, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN 37044
North American Journal of Psychology, 2009, Vol. 11, No. 3, 455-462.
NAJP
The Effects of Maternal Relationships on
Physical and Psychological Dating Violence
Paul Nicodemus
Austin Peay State University
Patricia A. Davenport
Our House, Inc., Greenville, MS
Lynn E. McCutcheon
NAJP
Psychological and physical dating violence patterns were examined to
determine if maternal relationships affected dating violence patterns
differently for male and female adolescents. Participants consisted of 469
ninth grade students from various schools across the Mississippi Delta
region. Participants completed self-report evaluations regarding the
number of experienced and perpetrated violent acts with a dating partner.
A series of two-way ANOVAs were calculated to determine the influence
of maternal relationships on dating violence. These findings indicated
that maternal relationships do not significantly influence the physically
violent behaviors; however, significant interactions were found between
maternal relationships by gender, with males perpetrating greater
numbers of and being victimized more psychologically when the
relationship with the mother was negative. Female participants displayed
completely opposite patterns of psychological violence when
experiencing negative maternal relationships as compared to the males.
The issue of dating violence has received considerable research
attention over the past several years. The social problem created by
adolescents being both physically and psychologically violent toward a
dating partner, and the resulting victimization, is cause for serious
concern. Several factors have emerged from the extant research. First, it
is apparent that both physical and psychological abuse occurs regularly
among adolescents. Secondly, certain individual attributes increase the
likelihood of adolescents becoming abusive toward their dating partners.
Previous research has indicated that dating violence among
adolescents is a prevalent problem. James, West, Deters, and Armijo
(2000) reported that 50% of their adolescent participants perpetrated
physical violence in the form of scratching, pushing, shoving, and hitting
with fist. Yet other studies have indicated that as many as 40% of the
adolescent participants had perpetrated some form of physical violence
456 NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY
against the dating partner (Malik, Sorenson, & Aneshensel, 1997;
O′Keefe, 1997; O′Keefe & Treister, 1998; O’Leary, Smith Slep, Avery-
Leaf, & Cascardi, 2008; Reuterman & Burcky, 1989). The exhibiting of
violent acts of a more serious nature is also apparent during the
adolescent years. In one such study, James et al. (2000) found that 20%
of the participants reported committing violent behaviors ...
M3A2
by Jennif er Augustus
Submission dat e: 02- Oct- 2017 03:05AM (UT C- 0700)
Submission ID: 855766133
File name: DomesticViolenceAgainstWomen.docx (26.89K)
Word count : 1229Charact er count : 7085
D
Running head: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGANST WOMEN 1
Domestic Violence Against Women Name
Institution Date
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGANST WOMEN 2
II
Typical IJerpetrator of domestic violence against women
a
Violence against women can be defined as any act of gender -rel ated violen ce that is
likel y to result in or actually results in menta l, se xual, or physical suffering or harm to women including coercion , threats of violent acts or arbitrary depri vation of libert y, whether in private
or public life. In some cases, men are abused by partners (Saili, Mahfo z, Labong, & Putit, 2014). However , domestic violence is in most cases directed toward women. Abusive relationships often involve an imbalance of control and power. The perpetrator uses intimidating , hurtful
beha viors and words to control their partner (Saili Mahfo z, Labong, & Putit, 2014). It might be easy for one to identify domestic viol ence at initial stages . While some relationships tend to be clearly abusive abuse often begins subtly and worsen over time.
Domestic violen ce is about control and power. The perpetrator usua lly wants to dominate the survivor/vict im and wants to secure all the po\ver in the relationship and employs violence to maintain or establish power and authority (Ellsberg , et al., 2015). Perpetrators of domestic violence are often not deranged or sick, but have lea rned, manipulat ive and abusive beha viors and techniques that allow them to control and dominate others and obtain the desired responses (Ellsberg , et al. 2015). In most cases, an abuser will restrict the outlets of a victim , forbidding them from maintaining outside employment family ties and friends . This has an isolating
impact , creating dependenc y and leaving victims with no external support. Perpetrators also limit the options of a survivor by disallowing access to credit cards, checking accoun ts, or other sources of financial independence or mone y.
There is no typical perpetrator of domestic violence against women , but psychologists
have ident ified some characteristics that are common among the perpetrntors (Ellsberg , et al.,
m
2015). Many perpetra tors of domestic violence against women often suffer from low self-esteem ,
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGANST WOMEN 3
and their sense of identity and self is often tied to their partner. Thus, if perpetrators feel the y are somehow losing their victims either through emotional detachment , di vorce , separa tion , or pregnancy (the fear their vic tims will replace love for them with the lo ve for the coup le' s child) , they will lash out (Gracia , 2014). In case victims leave through any of the above-mentioned
methods , perpetrators usua lly feel they are losing their self ...
Explain how firms can benefit from forecastingexchange rates .docxhanneloremccaffery
Explain how firms can benefit from forecasting
exchange rates
Describe the common techniques used for
forecasting
Explain how forecasting performance can be
evaluated
explain how interval forecasts can be applied
APA format, minimum 3 sources
Paper will be a minimum of 650 and a maximum of 900 words.
(This includes title section, content, and references…in other
words the entire paper)
.
•POL201 •Discussions •Week 5 - DiscussionVoter and Voter Tu.docxhanneloremccaffery
• POL201 • Discussions • Week 5 - Discussion
Voter and Voter Turnout
Prepare: Prior to completing this discussion question, review Chapters 10, 11, and 12 in American Government and review Week Five Instructor Guidance. Also read the following articles: How Voter ID Laws Are Being Used to Disenfranchise Minorities and the Poor (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site., Fraught with Fraud (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site., and Proof at the Polls (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
Reflect: The U.S. has one of the lowest voter turnout rates among modern democratic political systems. One study ranks the U.S. 120th on a list of 169 nations compared on voter turnout (Pintor, Gratschew, & Sullivan, 2002). During the last decade, many initiatives have been undertaken to increase voter participation, yet concerns about the possibility of election fraud have also increased. Additionally, some political interests feel threatened by the increase in turnout among some traditionally low-turnout ethnic minorities. Several states have recently passed legislation imposing new registration and identification requirements. This has sparked debate about whether these are tactics intended to suppress turnout or to prevent fraud. Think about the media’s role in the election process and how both mass media and social media can impact the election process.
Write: In your initial post, summarize recent developments in several states enacting voter ID laws. Analyze and describe the pros and cons on both sides of the debate about these laws. Is voter fraud a major problem for our democracy or are some groups trying to make it harder for some segments of society to vote? What impact has the media (mass and social) had in influencing public opinion regarding voter ID laws? Draw your own conclusion about the debate over voter ID laws and justify your conclusions with facts and persuasive reasoning. Fully respond to all parts of the prompt and write your response in your own words. Your initial post must be at least 300 words. Support your position with at least two of the assigned resources required for this discussion, and/or peer reviewed scholarly sources obtained through the AU Library databases. Include APA in-text citations (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. in the body of your post and full citations on the references list (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. at the end. Support your position with APA citations from two or more of the assigned resources required for this discussion. Please be sure that you demonstrate understanding of these resources, integrate them into your argument, and cite them properly.
.
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E M P I R I C A L R E S E A R C HYouth Pathways to Placeme.docxbrownliecarmella
E M P I R I C A L R E S E A R C H
Youth Pathways to Placement: The Influence of Gender, Mental
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Erin M. Espinosa • Jon R. Sorensen •
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Received: 9 April 2013 / Accepted: 27 June 2013 / Published online: 4 July 2013
� Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
Abstract Although the juvenile crime rate has generally
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system has been increasing. Possible explanations for this
gender difference include the impact of exposure to trauma
and mental health needs on developmental pathways and
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system. This study examined the influence of gender,
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2008 and who received state-mandated mental health
screening (N = 34,222; 30.1 % female). The analysis
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suggest that additional research is needed to determine the
effectiveness of trauma interventions and the implemen-
tation of trauma informed systems for youth involved with
the juvenile justice system.
Keywords Detention � Incarceration, disposition �
Gender disparity � Trauma � Mental health
Introduction
Adolescence is a period of developmental transition char-
acterized by changes in family, school, peers, self-concept,
and general physical development (Bergman and Scott
2001). Although most youth navigate this developmental
period successfully, incidents of rule breaking and behav-
ioral problems are common and can result in involvement
with law enforcement. Some research suggests that inter-
vention by the criminal justice system during the critical
period of adolescence may negatively impact youth out-
comes, including decreasing opportunities for meeting
educational goals and increasing the risk for later
involvement in delinquency and deviance (Sampson and
Laub 2005; pipeline articles). Recent trends have shown a
steady decline in juvenile offending overall, particularly
among violent crimes. However, statistics have also shown
a trend toward increased delinquency in females. For
example, Snyder (2008) reported that between 1994 and
2006, arrests for simple assault declined by 4 % for boys
while the rate increased by 19 % for girls. Given the
gender differences in adolescent development, it seems
critical to examine the pathways that lead to youth
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Sexual harassment can have negative physical and psychological effects on victims. Research shows victims may experience increased heart rate, depression, anxiety, PTSD, and issues like work or academic withdrawal. Both short and long term effects are seen - immediate effects include impaired task performance while long term effects involve higher rates of PTSD and alcohol abuse. More severe or frequent harassment typically leads to worse outcomes.
Journal of Sociology and Social Work June 2017, Vol. 5, No. TatianaMajor22
This document summarizes a journal article that uses critical race theory to explore differences between African American and Caucasian women who perpetrate intimate partner violence. The study found that African American women in the sample were more likely to score higher on measures of physical conflict and parenting attitudes. The document provides background on intimate partner violence among African American female perpetrators and the use of critical race theory as a framework. It discusses how critical race theory acknowledges the intersections of race, gender, and other factors that influence the experiences of African American women with intimate partner violence.
Motives for Physical Dating Violence Among College Students.docxmoirarandell
Motives for Physical Dating Violence Among College Students:
A Gendered Analysis
Erika L. Kelley
Ohio University
Katie M. Edwards
University of New Hampshire
Christina M. Dardis and Christine A. Gidycz
Ohio University
Objective: Little research examines factors contributing to specific motives for physical dating violence
(DV) perpetration. This study explores this gap in the literature with a specific focus on gender, coping,
DV perpetration and victimization, and attitudes toward violence. Method: The sample included 221
college students who reported a history of physical DV perpetration and completed surveys for course
credit. Results: Physical DV motivated by emotional expression/dysregulation was associated with
physical DV perpetration frequency and disengagement coping for the full sample, and associated with
accepting attitudes toward physical DV among women only. Physical DV motivated by control/tough
guise was associated with accepting attitudes toward physical DV for the full sample, and physical DV
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associated with disengagement coping for the full sample, DV perpetration frequency for men, and
physical DV victimization frequency more strongly for women than men. Conclusion: Results suggest
that DV prevention programming for college students should incorporate focus on coping skills and
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tailoring of programs that incorporate emotion regulation and communication skills for women; and
among men, deconstructing patriarchal values among frequent perpetrators.
Keywords: dating violence, college students, motives, attitudes, gender
Because of the high rates of dating violence (DV) and its
associated negative outcomes among college students, researchers
have focused on increasing our understanding of the correlates and
predictors of DV perpetration to inform primary prevention efforts
(for a review see Flynn & Graham, 2010). Whereas most of the
past research has examined variables that predict whether or not an
individual perpetrates DV, there has been a growing recognition of
the importance in understanding motives for DV defined as the
“underlying psychological processes that impel people’s thinking,
feeling, and behaving” (Fiske, 2004, p. 14). However, there has
been no research to date that has comprehensively explored the
individual-level variables (e.g., coping, victimization history) that
are related to different motives for DV perpetration, which could
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ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Course NameINTRODUCTION TO HOS.docxlesleyryder69361
ASSIGNMENT
COVER SHEET
Course Name:
INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Course Number:
PHC-231
CRN:
Presentation title or task:
(You can write a question)
Paper Assignment Topic
1. Discuss Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABI) "or" Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) outbreak in long-term acute care hospital settings. Address the following in your report:
a) Characterize the epidemiology and microbiology
b) Describe the agent, and identify the host and the environment that is favorable for the infection.
c) Discuss how the infections spread and the types of prevention and control measures
d) Identify a population and develop a hypothesis about possible causes in a testable format with standard statistical notation (the null and the alternative)
e) Explain how you would choose controls to test this hypothesis?
Student Name:
Student ID No:
Submission Date:
Release date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 (12:01 AM)
Due date: Thursday, April 02, 2020 (11:59 PM)
To be filed by the instructor
Instructor Name:
Instructor's Name
Grade:
…. Out of 10
Submission Guidelines:
1. Font should be 12 Times New Roman
2. Heading should be Bold
3. The text color should be Black
4. Line spacing should be 1.5
5. Avoid Plagiarism
6. Assignments must be submitted with the filled cover page
7. Assignments must carry the references using APA style. Please see below web link about how to cite APA reference style. Click or tap to follow the link: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext.
|---Good Luck---|
Page 2 of 2
Gender as Social Determinant of Health
ObjectivesDifferentiate between sex and gender
Consider the importance of sex and gender as health determinantsImpact on health outcomes Gender identity and sexual identity impact on health
Sex: biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes or hormones.It is usually difficult to change.Example: only women bear children, only men have testicular cancer
Gender: norms, roles and relationships of and between women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.
Sex and Gender
Gender is socially constructed
Components of gender
Socialization process
Gender Norms
Gender Roles
Gender Relations
Gender Stereotypes
Gender-based division of labor
Gender Norms
Beliefs about women and men
Are passed from generation to generation through the process of socialization
Change over time
Religious or cultural traditions contribute to defining expected behavior of men and women at different ages
Many men and women consider gender norms to be the “natural order of things”
Gender norms lead to inequality if they reinforce:
mistreatment of one group or sex over the other
differences in power and opportunities
Gender roles and relations
Gender roles
What men and women can and should do in a .
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET Course NameINTRODUCTION TO HOS.docxbraycarissa250
ASSIGNMENT
COVER SHEET
Course Name:
INTRODUCTION TO HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Course Number:
PHC-231
CRN:
Presentation title or task:
(You can write a question)
Paper Assignment Topic
1. Discuss Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABI) "or" Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) outbreak in long-term acute care hospital settings. Address the following in your report:
a) Characterize the epidemiology and microbiology
b) Describe the agent, and identify the host and the environment that is favorable for the infection.
c) Discuss how the infections spread and the types of prevention and control measures
d) Identify a population and develop a hypothesis about possible causes in a testable format with standard statistical notation (the null and the alternative)
e) Explain how you would choose controls to test this hypothesis?
Student Name:
Student ID No:
Submission Date:
Release date: Sunday, March 15, 2020 (12:01 AM)
Due date: Thursday, April 02, 2020 (11:59 PM)
To be filed by the instructor
Instructor Name:
Instructor's Name
Grade:
…. Out of 10
Submission Guidelines:
1. Font should be 12 Times New Roman
2. Heading should be Bold
3. The text color should be Black
4. Line spacing should be 1.5
5. Avoid Plagiarism
6. Assignments must be submitted with the filled cover page
7. Assignments must carry the references using APA style. Please see below web link about how to cite APA reference style. Click or tap to follow the link: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext.
|---Good Luck---|
Page 2 of 2
Gender as Social Determinant of Health
ObjectivesDifferentiate between sex and gender
Consider the importance of sex and gender as health determinantsImpact on health outcomes Gender identity and sexual identity impact on health
Sex: biological and physiological characteristics of males and females, such as reproductive organs, chromosomes or hormones.It is usually difficult to change.Example: only women bear children, only men have testicular cancer
Gender: norms, roles and relationships of and between women and men. It varies from society to society and can be changed.
Sex and Gender
Gender is socially constructed
Components of gender
Socialization process
Gender Norms
Gender Roles
Gender Relations
Gender Stereotypes
Gender-based division of labor
Gender Norms
Beliefs about women and men
Are passed from generation to generation through the process of socialization
Change over time
Religious or cultural traditions contribute to defining expected behavior of men and women at different ages
Many men and women consider gender norms to be the “natural order of things”
Gender norms lead to inequality if they reinforce:
mistreatment of one group or sex over the other
differences in power and opportunities
Gender roles and relations
Gender roles
What men and women can and should do in a ...
The document is a public relations proposal prepared by Axiom Public Relations for the Bowling Green State University Community of Care Coalition. It includes an opportunity statement, situation analysis based on secondary and primary research, target audiences, goals and objectives, strategies and tactics, promotional materials and budget, and evaluation plan. The proposal aims to address issues of sexual assault on campus and establish communication where victims feel comfortable reporting, while promoting the Coalition and generating awareness of sexual assault as a community issue.
The paper explores masculinity and / or femininity and their relationship to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe. The paper implicates both masculinity and femininity as accomplices in spreading HIV and AIDS. The purpose of the paper is to highlight the growing concern that cultural practices contribute to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS in Zimbabwe and beyond. The paper further argues that whereas the masculine (male or female) may impose themselves on the feminine (female or male), the latter also contributes to the prevalence of HIV and AIDS by willingly accepting the imposition as a societal ‘norm’ or value to use Taylor’s (2003) theory of scenarios. The unquestioned acceptance of the masculine’s demands becomes the norm or scenario that should be viewed as ‘natural’ by both the hegemonic masculine and the subaltern feminine in a relationship. To carry out the study, a case study design was adopted as the operational framework for data gathering. Data was collected from Mount Zion, Temeraire Baptist Church in Mashava, Masvingo province by engaging Practice As Research (PAR) and participant observation. The sample comprised 20 adolescents made up of 10 boys and 10 girls. The results gathered from the research confirmed that to a greater extent, societal norms and attitudes influence one’s behaviour towards life in general and sex to be specific. These findings demonstrate the need for academics, government, families and other interested stakeholders to re-evaluate cultural practices and specifically, gender roles.
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In the essay “On Being a Cripple”, Nancy Mairs shares her experiences, attitudes towards life as a multiple sclerosis patient. First, she claims that the diseases she has faced are brain tumor and MS, and those diseases literally changed her fate. The relationships of her family member and the attitude of Nancy’s mother have affected by MS. Also, she writes about her identities in society, her friends who have the same physical issue, thoughts from disabled parents’ children, and her desire to travel. MS affected Nancy Mairs’s family member as well as her thoughts.
Subjective Socioeconomic Status Causes Aggression: A Test of the Theory
of Social Deprivation
Tobias Greitemeyer and Christina Sagioglou
University of Innsbruck
Seven studies (overall N � 3690) addressed the relation between people’s subjective socioeconomic
status (SES) and their aggression levels. Based on relative deprivation theory, we proposed that people
low in subjective SES would feel at a disadvantage, which in turn would elicit aggressive responses. In
3 correlational studies, subjective SES was negatively related to trait aggression. Importantly, this
relation held when controlling for measures that are related to 1 or both subjective SES and trait
aggression, such as the dark tetrad and the Big Five. Four experimental studies then demonstrated that
participants in a low status condition were more aggressive than were participants in a high status
condition. Compared with a medium-SES condition, participants of low subjective SES were more
aggressive rather than participants of high subjective SES being less aggressive. Moreover, low SES
increased aggressive behavior toward targets that were the source for participants’ experience of
disadvantage but also toward neutral targets. Sequential mediation analyses suggest that the experience
of disadvantage underlies the effect of subjective SES on aggressive affect, whereas aggressive affect was
the proximal determinant of aggressive behavior. Taken together, the present research found compre-
hensive support for key predictions derived from the theory of relative deprivation of how the perception
of low SES is related to the person’s judgments, emotional reactions, and actions.
Keywords: aggression, relative deprivation, social class, socioeconomic status
In most Western societies, wealth inequality is at its historic
height. For example, in the United States, the richest 1% possesses
more than 40% of the country’s wealth (Wolff, 2012). In Germany,
the biggest economy in the European Union, the median household
in the top 20% of the income class has 74 times more wealth than
the bottom 20% (European Central Bank, 2013). Although there is
widespread consensus among citizens that wealth inequality
should be reduced (Kiatpongsan & Norton, 2014; Norton & Ari-
ely, 2011), the wealth gap is actually increasing. For example, in
the United States, in 2012 the top 0.1% (including ...
Juror Perception of Intimate Partner Violence Cases Involving Victims with Di...Amanda Langley
My research lab and I conducted an experimental study looking at the perceptions that mock/potential jurors have of IPV, particularly when the victim has a disability.
Sex of an Act of Power and Effects of Gender RolesSara Manning
This document discusses research on the concept that rape is an act of power rather than solely a sexual act. It summarizes several studies that examined how socioeconomic status, gender roles and stereotypes, and perceptions of masculinity and femininity can influence whether someone views a situation as rape or consensual sex. One study found that lower socioeconomic status of a female victim correlated with greater rape prevalence and belief in rape myths. Another study found that men who view sex as dominance over women were more likely to relate to a rapist. Gender roles often cause people to sympathize more with victims or perpetrators of their own gender. The document examines how perceptions of sexual assault differ based on the genders of victims and perpetrators.
This research examined how women's endorsement of benevolent sexism beliefs impacted their psychological and performance outcomes when experiencing sexual objectification in the workplace. The study found that women high in benevolent sexism who experienced severe objectification reported less negative affect, poorer work performance, and were less likely to perceive the objectification as harassment compared to women low in benevolent sexism. For women who experienced mild objectification, benevolent sexism was also correlated with these outcomes but to a lesser extent and not always significantly. No effects were found for those in the control condition who did not experience objectification.
This document discusses a research study that aimed to determine if countries with higher literacy rates and involvement in higher level economic sectors (industry/services rather than agriculture) had lower rates of reported sexual violence. The study analyzed data on literacy rates, economic sectors, and reported sexual crimes for 58 countries. No correlation was found between literacy rates and sexual crimes. The economic sector data could not be adequately analyzed due to lack of available data from many developing countries. The conclusion was that developed countries have better infrastructure and data collection abilities than developing countries.
ArticlePTSD Symptoms Mediate the RelationshipBetween Sex.docxrossskuddershamus
This document summarizes a study that examined whether PTSD symptoms mediate the relationship between sexual abuse and substance use in juvenile justice-involved youth. The study used data from 197 youth who completed psychological assessments. Results showed that PTSD symptoms significantly mediated the relationship between sexual abuse and both drug use and alcohol use. Specifically, higher PTSD symptoms were associated with increased substance use risk for youth who experienced sexual abuse. Gender did not significantly moderate these relationships. The findings suggest targeting PTSD symptoms through treatment may help reduce substance use problems for sexually abused youth in the juvenile justice system.
Author info Correspondence should be sent to Paul Nicodemu.docxikirkton
Author info: Correspondence should be sent to: Paul Nicodemus, Department of
Psychology, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN 37044
North American Journal of Psychology, 2009, Vol. 11, No. 3, 455-462.
NAJP
The Effects of Maternal Relationships on
Physical and Psychological Dating Violence
Paul Nicodemus
Austin Peay State University
Patricia A. Davenport
Our House, Inc., Greenville, MS
Lynn E. McCutcheon
NAJP
Psychological and physical dating violence patterns were examined to
determine if maternal relationships affected dating violence patterns
differently for male and female adolescents. Participants consisted of 469
ninth grade students from various schools across the Mississippi Delta
region. Participants completed self-report evaluations regarding the
number of experienced and perpetrated violent acts with a dating partner.
A series of two-way ANOVAs were calculated to determine the influence
of maternal relationships on dating violence. These findings indicated
that maternal relationships do not significantly influence the physically
violent behaviors; however, significant interactions were found between
maternal relationships by gender, with males perpetrating greater
numbers of and being victimized more psychologically when the
relationship with the mother was negative. Female participants displayed
completely opposite patterns of psychological violence when
experiencing negative maternal relationships as compared to the males.
The issue of dating violence has received considerable research
attention over the past several years. The social problem created by
adolescents being both physically and psychologically violent toward a
dating partner, and the resulting victimization, is cause for serious
concern. Several factors have emerged from the extant research. First, it
is apparent that both physical and psychological abuse occurs regularly
among adolescents. Secondly, certain individual attributes increase the
likelihood of adolescents becoming abusive toward their dating partners.
Previous research has indicated that dating violence among
adolescents is a prevalent problem. James, West, Deters, and Armijo
(2000) reported that 50% of their adolescent participants perpetrated
physical violence in the form of scratching, pushing, shoving, and hitting
with fist. Yet other studies have indicated that as many as 40% of the
adolescent participants had perpetrated some form of physical violence
456 NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY
against the dating partner (Malik, Sorenson, & Aneshensel, 1997;
O′Keefe, 1997; O′Keefe & Treister, 1998; O’Leary, Smith Slep, Avery-
Leaf, & Cascardi, 2008; Reuterman & Burcky, 1989). The exhibiting of
violent acts of a more serious nature is also apparent during the
adolescent years. In one such study, James et al. (2000) found that 20%
of the participants reported committing violent behaviors ...
M3A2
by Jennif er Augustus
Submission dat e: 02- Oct- 2017 03:05AM (UT C- 0700)
Submission ID: 855766133
File name: DomesticViolenceAgainstWomen.docx (26.89K)
Word count : 1229Charact er count : 7085
D
Running head: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGANST WOMEN 1
Domestic Violence Against Women Name
Institution Date
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGANST WOMEN 2
II
Typical IJerpetrator of domestic violence against women
a
Violence against women can be defined as any act of gender -rel ated violen ce that is
likel y to result in or actually results in menta l, se xual, or physical suffering or harm to women including coercion , threats of violent acts or arbitrary depri vation of libert y, whether in private
or public life. In some cases, men are abused by partners (Saili, Mahfo z, Labong, & Putit, 2014). However , domestic violence is in most cases directed toward women. Abusive relationships often involve an imbalance of control and power. The perpetrator uses intimidating , hurtful
beha viors and words to control their partner (Saili Mahfo z, Labong, & Putit, 2014). It might be easy for one to identify domestic viol ence at initial stages . While some relationships tend to be clearly abusive abuse often begins subtly and worsen over time.
Domestic violen ce is about control and power. The perpetrator usua lly wants to dominate the survivor/vict im and wants to secure all the po\ver in the relationship and employs violence to maintain or establish power and authority (Ellsberg , et al., 2015). Perpetrators of domestic violence are often not deranged or sick, but have lea rned, manipulat ive and abusive beha viors and techniques that allow them to control and dominate others and obtain the desired responses (Ellsberg , et al. 2015). In most cases, an abuser will restrict the outlets of a victim , forbidding them from maintaining outside employment family ties and friends . This has an isolating
impact , creating dependenc y and leaving victims with no external support. Perpetrators also limit the options of a survivor by disallowing access to credit cards, checking accoun ts, or other sources of financial independence or mone y.
There is no typical perpetrator of domestic violence against women , but psychologists
have ident ified some characteristics that are common among the perpetrntors (Ellsberg , et al.,
m
2015). Many perpetra tors of domestic violence against women often suffer from low self-esteem ,
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGANST WOMEN 3
and their sense of identity and self is often tied to their partner. Thus, if perpetrators feel the y are somehow losing their victims either through emotional detachment , di vorce , separa tion , or pregnancy (the fear their vic tims will replace love for them with the lo ve for the coup le' s child) , they will lash out (Gracia , 2014). In case victims leave through any of the above-mentioned
methods , perpetrators usua lly feel they are losing their self ...
Similar to Gender Differences in Intimate Partner Violence OutcomesJe.docx (20)
Explain how firms can benefit from forecastingexchange rates .docxhanneloremccaffery
Explain how firms can benefit from forecasting
exchange rates
Describe the common techniques used for
forecasting
Explain how forecasting performance can be
evaluated
explain how interval forecasts can be applied
APA format, minimum 3 sources
Paper will be a minimum of 650 and a maximum of 900 words.
(This includes title section, content, and references…in other
words the entire paper)
.
•POL201 •Discussions •Week 5 - DiscussionVoter and Voter Tu.docxhanneloremccaffery
• POL201 • Discussions • Week 5 - Discussion
Voter and Voter Turnout
Prepare: Prior to completing this discussion question, review Chapters 10, 11, and 12 in American Government and review Week Five Instructor Guidance. Also read the following articles: How Voter ID Laws Are Being Used to Disenfranchise Minorities and the Poor (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site., Fraught with Fraud (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site., and Proof at the Polls (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
Reflect: The U.S. has one of the lowest voter turnout rates among modern democratic political systems. One study ranks the U.S. 120th on a list of 169 nations compared on voter turnout (Pintor, Gratschew, & Sullivan, 2002). During the last decade, many initiatives have been undertaken to increase voter participation, yet concerns about the possibility of election fraud have also increased. Additionally, some political interests feel threatened by the increase in turnout among some traditionally low-turnout ethnic minorities. Several states have recently passed legislation imposing new registration and identification requirements. This has sparked debate about whether these are tactics intended to suppress turnout or to prevent fraud. Think about the media’s role in the election process and how both mass media and social media can impact the election process.
Write: In your initial post, summarize recent developments in several states enacting voter ID laws. Analyze and describe the pros and cons on both sides of the debate about these laws. Is voter fraud a major problem for our democracy or are some groups trying to make it harder for some segments of society to vote? What impact has the media (mass and social) had in influencing public opinion regarding voter ID laws? Draw your own conclusion about the debate over voter ID laws and justify your conclusions with facts and persuasive reasoning. Fully respond to all parts of the prompt and write your response in your own words. Your initial post must be at least 300 words. Support your position with at least two of the assigned resources required for this discussion, and/or peer reviewed scholarly sources obtained through the AU Library databases. Include APA in-text citations (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. in the body of your post and full citations on the references list (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. at the end. Support your position with APA citations from two or more of the assigned resources required for this discussion. Please be sure that you demonstrate understanding of these resources, integrate them into your argument, and cite them properly.
.
•No less than 4 pages causal argument researched essay •In.docxhanneloremccaffery
•
No less than 4 pages causal argument researched essay
•
Includes an interview with an expert from a university
•
Includes survey question with students concerning the topic
•
Includes arguments from official sources from the library
.
•Focus on two or three things in the Mesopotamian andor Ovids ac.docxhanneloremccaffery
•Focus on two or three things in the Mesopotamian and/or Ovid's account of creation that differ from Genesis. How do they differ? What is the significance of these differences?
•Focus on two or three things in the Mesopotamian and/or
Ovid's account of the flood that differ from Genesis. How do they differ? What is the significance of these differences
.
•Langbein, L. (2012). Public program evaluation A statistical guide.docxhanneloremccaffery
•Langbein, L. (2012). Public program evaluation: A statistical guide (2nd ed.). Armonk, NY: ME Sharpe. ◦Chapter 7, “Designing Useful Surveys for Evaluation” (pp. 209–238)
•McDavid, J. C., Huse, I., & Hawthorn, L. R. L. (2013). Program evaluation and performance measurement: An introduction to practice (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. ◦Chapter 4, “Measurement for Program Evaluation and Performance Monitoring” (pp. 145–185)
•Geddes, B. (1990). How the cases you choose affect the answers you get: Selection bias in comparative politics. Political Analysis, 2(1), 131–150. Retrieved from http://www.uky.edu/~clthyn2/PS671/Geddes_1990PA.pdf
•Levitt, S., & List, J. (2009). Was there really a Hawthorne effect at the Hawthorne plant? An analysis of the original illumination experiments. Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/papers/w15016.pdf
•Urban Institute. (2014). Outcome indicators project. Retrieved from http://www.urban.org/center/cnp/projects/outcomeindicators.cfm
•Bamberger, M. (2010). Reconstructuring baseline data for impact evaluation and results measurement. Retrieved from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPOVERTY/Resources/335642-1276521901256/premnoteME4.pdf
•Parnaby, P. (2006). Evaluation through surveys [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.idea.org/blog/2006/04/01/evaluation-through-surveys/
•Rutgers, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. (2014). Developing a survey instrument. Retrieved from http://njaes.rutgers.edu/evaluation/resources/survey-instrument.asp
•MEASURE Evaluation. (n.d.). Secondary analysis of data. Retrieved February 24, 2015, from http://www.cpc.unc.edu/measure/our-work/secondary-analysis/secondary-analysis-of-data
•Zeitlin, A. (2014). Sampling and sample size [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/2.%20Sampling%20and%20Sample%20Size_AFZ3.pdf
Now that you have thought through a logical model or framework for your Final Project, it is time to develop preliminary input, output, and outcome indicators. For this Assignment, use the guidelines from the Urban Institute resource and consult relevant Optional Resources from this week.
Submit a 2- to 3-page paper which describes your input, output, and outcome program indicators, including the following:
•Describe the variables and the data you will be using.
•Provide a realistic discussion of the availability of research data.
•Provide an analysis of intended data collection strategies.
◦If a sample or sample survey will be used, discuss the sampling frame or the sampling strategy you intend to use.
.
•Chapter 10 Do you think it is possible for an outsider to accura.docxhanneloremccaffery
•Chapter 10: Do you think it is possible for an outsider to accurately discern about the underlying cultural values of an organization by analyzing symbols, ceremonies, dress, or other observable aspects of culture in comparison to an insider with several years of work experience? Select a percentage (e.g., 10%, 70%, etc.) and explain your reasoning.
•Chapter 11: A noted organization theorist once said, "Pressure for change originates in the environment. Pressure for stability originates within the organization." Do you agree?
•Chapter 12: If managers frequently use experience and intuition to make complex, non-programmed decisions, how do they apply evidence-based management (which seems to suggest that managers should rely on facts and data)?
•Chapter 13: In a rapidly changing organization, are decisions more likely to be made using the rational or political model of organization?
•What biblical implications should be included/addressed?
•How can/should a biblical worldview be applied?
Group Discussion Board Forum Thread Grading Rubric
Criteria
Points Possible
Points Earned
Thread
0 to 30 points
All questions associated with Part 1 are provided in a thread.
At least 4 peer-reviewed references are included in the thread.
The thread is 1200 words.
The thread is posted by the stated deadline.
Spelling and grammar are correct.
Sentences are complete, clear, and concise.
Total
.
· Bakit Di gaanong kaganda ang pagturo sa UST sa panahon.docxhanneloremccaffery
·
Bakit
Di gaanong kaganda ang pagturo sa UST sa panahon ni Jose Rizal
·
bakit
Merong diskriminasyon; minamaliit ang mga Pilipinosa panahon ni Jose Rizal
·
bakit
Galit sa kay Jose Rizal ang mga Dominikano dahil sa pagtatatag ng Companerismo (Fraternity)
·
bakit
Gustong gamutin ni Jose Rizal ang ina niya
.
·YOUR INDIVIDUAL PAPER IS ARGUMENTATIVE OR POSITIONAL(Heal.docxhanneloremccaffery
·
YOUR INDIVIDUAL PAPER IS ARGUMENTATIVE OR POSITIONAL
(Healthcare Information Technology)
THIS is NOT and information paper so please read this carefully
Individual Writing Assignment
This Individual Writing Assignment is worth 20 points, and it is due at the end of Week 5.
The purposes of this assignment are to a) help you effectively use research resources through library data bases and search engines to complete course requirements; b) improve your critical thinking skills, and c) develop your effectiveness in writing about topics relevant to course objectives and healthcare information systems. The paper explores, in greater detail than the required readings and class discussion, any healthcare information system topic identified in the course text or syllabus. Your job is to select a current issue in healthcare information systems, provide the necessary background and your position, along with a conclusion and future direction. I encourage you to select a subject in which you have interest and approach this assignment as a potential publishable work.
Position Paper
Your final paper is 15 pages double-spaced (excluding the executive summary, footnotes, and references) with a 10 or 12 point font. Tables, graphics, and diagrams must be placed in the paper as attachments. They do not count in the page length. This is a guide to help you organize your content and what is expected in each section. The page counts are suggested, however, where they have a limit, that must be adhered to.
·
Cover Page:
APA Style (1 Page, not included in page count)
·
Table of Contents:
(not included in page count)
·
Executive Summary:
Bottom line up front (1 page, no more)
·
Introduction
: (1/2 to 1 page)
·
Background
: Information on the topic that provides context so readers can understand the background leading into your statement and analysis of the issue (up to 2 pages, no more)
·
Analysis of the issue
: This is the problem you see with the current state of your topic supported by evidence and literature that brings validity to the issue or problem you are stating exists. Then describe the factors contributing to the issue /problem broken down by (2-3 pages)
People
Processes
Technology
·
Position
: Now that the reader understands the problem broken down by people, process, and technology, provide a clear statement of what your position is on the issue and why. (1/2 to 1 page)
·
Rationale
: Now that the reader clearly understands your position and why you will detail your position with supporting evidence and literature to persuade the reader your position is the most valid. You should address opposing views with counter arguments here also. Your position should have evidence directly addressing the issues you stated above broken down by the same (3-4 pages)
People
Process
Technology
·
Recommendation
: Now that you have convinced the reader on your position being the best way forward, you need to provide 3-5 discrete recommen.
·Write a 750- to 1,Write a 750- to 1,200-word paper that.docxhanneloremccaffery
·
Write
a 750- to 1,
Write
a 750- to 1,200-word paper that addresses the following:
Define religion.
Describe the theory of animism.
Explain the influence of religion on cultures.
Identify the seven major religions of the world.
Describe any four types of theism.
Format
your paper consistent with APA guidelines.
Include
a minimum of five references.
Limit
direct quotes to less than 10% of the total manuscript.
Criteria for grading
·
Introduction provides sufficient background on the topic and previews major points
·
Define religion
·
Describe the theory of animism
·
Explain the influence of religion on cultures (e.g., architecture, art, politics, social norms, etc.)
·
Identify the seven major religions of the world and provide one or two sentences about each
·
Describe any four types of theism (e.g., atheism, monotheism, ditheism, polytheism, pantheism, etc.) and provide an example of each
·
Conclusion
.
[Type here]Ok. This school makes me confused. The summary of t.docxhanneloremccaffery
[Type here]
Ok. This school makes me confused. The summary of this week they posted like this:
SUMMARY:
This week introduced you to grand theories and middle-range theories that serve to articulate the voice of nursing within healthcare.
Here are the key points covered:
Grand theories are comparatively more abstract than middle-range theories since they are at a higher level of abstraction. Compared to grand theories, middle-range theories are made up of limited number of concepts that lend themselves to empirical testing. All theories help to explain human health behavior.
· Sister Callista Royï's adaptive model theory is built on the conceptual foundation of adaptation. It identifies the positive role that nursing plays in the promotion and enhancement of client adaptation to environments that facilitate the healing process.
· Leiningerï's culture care theory is pertinent in the current multicultural healthcare environment where nurses are exposed to diverse cultures.
· Penderï's health promotion and disease prevention theory can be called as a "direction setting exercise" for nursing professionals. It believes in fostering the spirit of health promotion and disease and risk reduction.
From the chapter, Models and Theories Focused on Nursing Goals and Functions, read the following:The Health Promotion Model: Nola J. Pender
From the chapter, Models and Theories Focused on a Systems Approach, read the following:
The Roy Adaptation Model
From the chapter, Models and Theories Focused on Culture, read the following:
Leininger's Cultural Care Diversity and Universality Theory and Model
SO, THAT IS WHY I ASSUMED THAT HAS TO BE ONE OF THEM (Pender, Roy Adaptaion or Leininger)
ANYWAY, I AM PUTTING INFORMATION TOGETHER.
Week 4 Chapter 17
Models and Theories Focused on Nursing Goals and Functions
The Health Promotion Model: Nola J. Pender
Background
Nola J. Pender was born in 1941 in Lansing, Michigan. She graduated in 1962 with a diploma in nursing. In 1964, Pender completed a bachelor’s of science in nursing at Michigan State University. By 1969, she had completed a doctor of philosophy in psychology and education. During this time in her career, Pender began looking at health and nursing in a broad way, including defining the goal of nursing care as optimal health.
In 1975, Pender published a model for preventive health behavior; her health promotion model first appeared in the first edition of the text Health Promotion in Nursing Practice in 1982. Pender’s health promotion model has its foundation in Albert Bandura’s (1977) social learning theory (which postulates that cognitive processes affect behavior change) and is influenced by Fishbein’s (1967) theory of reasoned action (which asserts that personal attitudes and social norms affect behavior).
Pender’s Health Promotion Model
McCullagh (2009) labeled Pender’s health promotion model as a middle-range integrative theory, and rightly so. Fawcett (2005) decisively presented the differenc.
{
Discrimination
*
GENERAL DISCRIMINATION
+
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
RELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION
(on freedom of religion)
DISCRIMINATION ON SEXUAL ORIENTATION
(still weak protection)
GENDER DISCRIMINATION
(CEDAW)
TYPES OF DISCRIMINATION
NON-DISCRIMINATION in INT’L LAW
A. GENERAL DISCRIMINATION
Arts 1 & 2 Universal Declaration on Human Rights
Arts. 2 & 26 ICCPR
Art. 14 ECHR & Add. Protocol 12
B. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
Int’l Convention against All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD)
Art . 2: (1). Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to respect and to ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the present Covenant, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
(2). States to take the necessary steps to adopt laws and measures to give effect to art. 2;
(3). States to ensure effective remedy, determined by competent judicial, administrative or legislative authorities, or by any other competent authority and enforce such remedies.
Art. 26: non-discrimination before the law and equal protection by the law
ICCPR
*
Justification for differential treatment
General Comment 18 HRC
Not every differentiation of treatment will constitute discrimination:
if the criteria are reasonable and objective
and the aim is to achieve the purpose which is legitimate
ICCPR cont.
*
“Racial discrimination" shall mean any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life (art. 1)
States Parties particularly condemn racial segregation and apartheid and undertake to prevent, prohibit and eradicate all practices of this nature in territories under their jurisdiction (art. 3)
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION-
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
Direct discrimination: Indirect discrimination
Formal equality: Substantive equality
Discrimination in law: Discrimination in practice
Non-discrimination: negative protection
Equality: positive obligations -> special measures
Is there a hierarchy in the protection of discrimination?
Racial Discrimination (prohibition Jus Cogens);
gender based discrimination?
Religious-based discrimination??
Discrimination based on sexual orientation???
Discrimination (forms & grounds)
= Affirmative action/ positive action
Article 1.4 of ICERD:
Special measures taken for the sole purpose of securing adequate advancement of certain racial or ethnic groups or individuals requiring such protection as may be necessary in order to ensure such groups or in.
`HISTORY 252AEarly Modern Europe from 1500 to 1815Dr. Burton .docxhanneloremccaffery
`HISTORY 252A
Early Modern Europe from 1500 to 1815
Dr. Burton Van Name Edwards (Van)
Tuesday – Thursday 3:30-4:45
Unistructure 247
Third Paper Assignment
Due Tuesday, December 13th
The third paper will be based on a book in the list at the end of the syllabus. These works are generally works of literature, with some concerned with philosophy or politics. The student’s task will be to show how the chosen work reflects or shows the influence of conditions and events in Europe that were operating at the time of the writing of the work. This is not a book report. I am not interested in plots or descriptions of the general argument of a given work. Instead, I am looking for an analysis of specific sections of the chosen work that may illuminate social and economic attitudes or contemporaneous conditions.
The paper should be 7-8 pages long.
You will be expected to give a 5-10 minute oral report based on your finding in the third paper. This oral report will be a significant part of your class participation grade.
.
^ Acadumy of Management Journal2001. Vol. 44. No. 2. 219-237.docxhanneloremccaffery
^ Acadumy of Management Journal
2001. Vol. 44. No. 2. 219-237.
A SOCIAL CAPITAL THEORY OF CAREER SUCCESS
SCOTT E. SEIBERT
MARIA L. KRAIMER
•̂ ' ' ' Cleveland State University
ROBERT C. LIDEN
University of Illinois at Chicago
A model integrating competing theories of social capital with research on career
success was developed and tested in a sample of 448 employees with various occupa-
tions and organizations. Social capital was conceptualized in terms of network struc-
ture and social resources. Results of structural equation modeling showed that net-
work structure was related to social resources and that the effects of social resources
on career success were hilly mediated by three network benelits: access to information,
access to resources, and career sponsorship.
Organizational researchers have begun to de-
velop increasingly comprehensive models of career
success using demographic, human capital, work-
family, motivational, organizational, and industry
variables (e.g., Dreher & Ash, 1990; Judge & Bretz,
1994: Judge, Cable. Boudreau, & Bretz. 1995; Kirch-
meyer, 1998). Although this work has provided
considerable evidence regarding the determinants
of career outcomes, the roles of informal interper-
sonal behaviors have not been fully explored (Judge
& Bretz, 1994; Pfeffer, 1989). Popular advice for
getting ahead in one's career rarely fails to mention
the importance of networking for the achievement
of career goals (e.g., Bolles, 1992; Kanter, 1977).
Indeed, Luthans, Hodgetts, and Rosenkrantz (1988)
found that the most successful managers in their
study spent 70 percent more time engaged in net-
working activities and 10 percent more time en-
gaged in routine communication activities than
their less successful counterparts. Recent advances
in social capital theory (Coleman, 1990) have begun
to provide a finer-grained analysis of the ways in-
dividuals' social networks affect their careers in
organizations (Burt, 1992, 1997; Ibarra, 1995;
Podolny & Baron, 1997; Sparrowe & Popielarz,
1995). This theoretical perspective has the poten-
Data were collected and the manuscript was submitted
and processed while Scott E. Seibert was in the Manage-
ment Department at the University of Notre Dame and
Maria L. Kraimer was a graduate student at the Univer-
sity of Illinois at Chicago. Support for this project was
provided by the Management Department at the Univer-
sity of Notre Dame and the Alumni Office of the Univer-
sity of Notre Dame. The current investigation is part of a
larger study of career success.
tial to considerably enhance scholars' knowledge of
the role of social processes in career success.
The first purpose of the current study was to
integrate the current conceptualizations of social
capital as they pertain to career success. Tbree dif-
ferent theoretical approaches—weak tie theory
(Granovetter, 1973), structural hole theory (Burt,
1992), and social resource theory (Lin, 1990)—
focus on different network properties as r.
`
Inclusiveness. The main difference that can distinguish a happy employee from disgruntled employee. As with all decisions that are made, there is always an audience that the decision will affect. When employees are privy and organizational decisions are inclusive to employees this can greatly increase their level of fulfillment. Whether or not the end user of the decision will be content with the outcome or not, there will always be critics. Which leads us to discuss key characteristics and the importance of involving employees in relative organizational decision making.
It is not uncommon to find that during strategic organizational planning that top-level management will include their employees to engage and provide their input on complex processes. Human capital, whether the organization is large or small, corporate ran or small business managed is key to an organization’s success. Employee satisfaction level drives productivity and is what increases revenue for the company. Happy employees equal happy customers.
What does it take to keep employees motivated? A critical and important element for employers to keep their employees happy and content is clear communication. It is critical that an organization’s objective and vision for future growth is communicated clearly throughout all levels. Top-level management must be skilled at delivering the company’s mission and values to every tier within their organization. Each tier within the organization with healthy communication should be able to open-mindedly accept the message and freely provide any feedback positive or negative without fear of repercussion. Keeping an open line of communication within an organization is key to building the foundation for success.
As we move away from the golden days of traditional office operations consisting of fax machines, telephones, paper, pencils, etc. and move towards a more technologically repertoire, we lose the personable face to face interaction with one another. We spend most of the day behind our computer screen at our desk. The need to sustain job satisfaction amongst employees could not be ever more present than now. To maintain the morale amongst employees, organizations should be able to keep them challenged and motivated. Take technology for example. If the increase of new technology isn’t daunting enough, consider the challenge to remain current with technology all the while maintaining a competitive advantage in the industry? Reach internally to our internal resource, human capital. Employees must be given the opportunity to share their knowledge, skills, and abilities. When empowered to provide input concerning highly visible organizational decisions, employee morale is boosted. Not only is this beneficial for employees but also the employer as they receive ideas and input that could possibly lead to the solution. Employee engagement boosts the overall welfare of the organization.
According to.
__MACOSX/Sujan Poster/._CNA320 Poster Presentation rubric.pdf
__MACOSX/Sujan Poster/._CNA320+Poster+Template (1).ppt
__MACOSX/Sujan Poster/._Helpful Hints for the Poster Presentation.docx
Sujan Poster/Poster Abstract - Aspiration pneumonia (1).docx
Title: Aspiration pneumonia: Best practice to avoid complications
Background
Aspiration pneumonia is a lung infection due to inhaled contents; this is a relevant topic because aspiration pneumonia is prevalent and accounts for up to 15% of all pneumonia cases and is particularly common in older people, and thus it is important for nurses to be aware of how to manage the condition particularly as the population is ageing so this will be of more concern (Kwong, Howden & Charles 2011).
Target Audience
The target audience for this presentation is experienced Registered Nurses and thus the presentation has been designed for this group.
Main Findings
Aspiration pneumonia is an infection within the lungs that occurs after a person aspirates either liquid, vomit or food into the larynx and lower respiratory tract; this can occur when an individual inhales their gastric or oral contents. Patients at risk include individuals who are elderly or those who have a marked disturbance of consciousness such as that resulting from a drug overdose, seizures, a massive cerebrospinal accident, dysphagia or dysphasia (Kwong, Howden & Charles 2011). Aspiration pneumonia can quickly develop into respiratory failure, abscess and empyema and this requires supportive care, which is the main form of therapy, however prophylactic antimicrobial therapy is also often prescribed (Joundi, Wong & Leis 2015). Best practice suggests suctioning, supplemental oxygen to keep O2 above 90%, septic shock therapy, management of hypotension and antibiotic therapy for 7-10 days. Sputum cultures should be taken so that antibiotics can be tailored appropriately (McAdams-Jones & Sundar 2012).
Implications for Practice
These findings are important for registered nurses to be aware of so that aspiration pneumonia can be managed appropriately and complications can be avoided, which could cause increased hospital stay and costs. Nurses need to be aware of the best practice recommendations such as oxygen supplementation, sit up while eating, provide thickened foods and drinks, dental care and about taking sputum cultures when managing aspiration pneumonia so that treatment can be tailored appropriately and recovery can occur quickly.
Feedback from marker (Teacher)
Thank you for your abstract.
You have just managed a pass grade, your work is very basic and you will need to engage with the basic practice literature to ensure you have a comprehensive understanding of this topic in your poster.
I am also unclear on your focus, is this about prevention of aspiration or management once it has occurred or both?
Kind regards Andrea
Sources of Evidence
Joundi, R, Wong, B & Leis, J 2015, "Antibiotics “Just-In-Ca.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
Gender Differences in Intimate Partner Violence OutcomesJe.docx
1. Gender Differences in Intimate Partner Violence Outcomes
Jennifer E. Caldwell, Suzanne C. Swan, and V. Diane
Woodbrown
University of South Carolina
Objective: This paper proposes a conceptual model for gender
differences in outcomes
of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization, broadly
conceived as including
physical, sexual, emotional, and coercive control forms of
abuse, as well as stalking.
Method: Literature review of PsycInfo and PubMed databases.
Results: The literature
reviewed suggests these negative effects are not equally
distributed by gender—studies
indicate that women suffer disproportionately from IPV,
especially in terms of injuries,
fear, and posttraumatic stress. The review also finds that women
experience greater
decreases in relationship satisfaction as a result of IPV.
Conclusions: Our review
largely supports the contention of feminist theory that gender
matters— but we would
go further and say that what really matters is power; gender
matters because it is so
highly correlated with power. We propose that, due to cultural
factors that typically
ascribe higher status to the male gender, and men’s greater size
and strength compared
to women (on average), women are more likely than men to
encounter contextual
2. factors that disempower them and put them in situations—such
as sexual abuse—that
increase their risk of poor outcomes.
Keywords: intimate partner violence, gender differences, gender
symmetry, feminist theory,
power
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a costly
and debilitating health and social concern for
families, communities, mental and physical
health practitioners, the criminal justice system,
policymakers, and society at large. In the past,
IPV was conceptualized primarily as something
men do to women; however, recent research has
demonstrated that IPV is much more complex
and multidimensional, defying simplistic expla-
nations. For instance, gender symmetry, the no-
tion that women are similarly or more aggres-
sive than males in their intimate relationships
(Johnson, 2006; Melton & Belknap, 2003;
Straus, 2006; White, 2009), seems to apply for
some types of IPV, but not others. Numerous
studies have found that women commit equal
(e.g., Katz, Kuffel, & Coblentz, 2002) or higher
(Archer, 2000; Magdol et al., 1997) rates of
physical aggression toward partners as com-
pared to men, supporting gender symmetry the-
ory. However, feminist theory, which views
IPV as a gendered issue, is supported by studies
finding that, relative to men, women experience
more injuries (Archer, 2000), sexual victimiza-
tion (Coker et al., 2002; Harned, 2001; Romito
& Grassi, 2007; Slashinski, Coker, & Davis,
2003), and stalking (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000)
8. ss
em
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at
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ly
.
wide-ranging implications that go far beyond
a dialogue of back and forth in empirical
journals. The findings of each side’s studies
are used to influence funding decisions and
policy. For instance, men’s and “fathers’
rights groups” have made attempts to impact
victim services for female victims of IPV
(Dragiewicz, 2008; Rosen, Dragiewicz, &
Gibbs, 2009). They advocate for “formal
equality” (Dragiewicz, 2008, p. 130) and
make the claim that men are just as likely to
be victims as women, based on gender sym-
metry studies. Such groups have promoted
gender neutrality in IPV policy and funding,
and have filed lawsuits against various victim
services (Dragiewicz, 2008; Rosen et al.,
2009). If the impact of IPV does not differ by
gender, and the gender symmetry notion that
equivalent numbers of men and women are
9. victimized by IPV is true, then gender neu-
trality in IPV policy and funding makes sense.
If, however, feminist theorists are correct that
women suffer greater negative consequences
from IPV as compared to men, gender neu-
trality is not a reasonable approach to IPV
policy and funding.
To answer our first research question— do
outcomes differ for women and men who have
been victimized by IPV?—we review the em-
pirical literature on the negative effects of IPV
for men and women, focusing on the following
outcomes of IPV: injuries, poor physical health,
depression/anxiety, posttraumatic stress, sub-
stance abuse, and decreased relationship satis-
faction. For the second research question—if
outcomes do differ by gender, why?—we ex-
amine theoretical explanations for gender dif-
ferences in effects of IPV victimization and
propose a conceptual model of effects of IPV
victimization. We also end up rejecting the no-
tion that women experience more negative
effects because of an inherent “feminine vulner-
ability” that predisposes women to greater post-
traumatic stress and other poor outcomes.
Rather, we find support for women’s situational
vulnerability, the idea that women are more
likely than men to encounter contextual factors
that disempower them, and put them in situa-
tions—such as sexual abuse—that increase risk
of poor outcomes (Cortina & Pimlott-Kubiak,
2006).
Gender and IPV Victimization Outcomes
10. Theories of gender describe cultural norms
that support men’s greater power in most inter-
actions with women, including intimate rela-
tionships (Ridgeway & Smith-Lovin, 1999;
Stark, 2006). Traditional gender socialization in
virtually all cultures stipulates that men have a
right to authority in their families and over their
female partners (Anderson, 2002; Anderson &
Umberson, 2001; Dobash & Dobash, 1998).
Aside from men’s greater power as a result of
cultural norms, men are also typically larger and
stronger than their female partners. Thus, men
will have greater physical power than their fe-
male partners in most cases. Likely due to these
factors, numerous studies have found that
women report greater fear of violent male part-
ners, as compared to men with violent female
partners (Fergusson, Horwood, & Ridder, 2005;
Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Neidig, & Thorn,
1995; Walton et al., 2007). For example, Phelan
and colleagues (2005) found that 70% of female
victims in their sample were “very frightened”
in response to physical aggression from their
partners, but 85% of male victims endorsed “no
fear” in response to IPV. Similarly, in the Na-
tional Violence Against Women Survey
(NVAWS), women who were stalked were 13
times more likely than men who were stalked to
be “very afraid” of the stalker (Davis, Coker, &
Sanderson, 2002). These factors provide a con-
text for IPV in which women may be at greater
risk of detrimental outcomes of IPV, as com-
pared to men.
Limitations of the Literature
11. An important question raised by this litera-
ture review is as follows. Is the effect being
examined actually caused by IPV? Or, was it
caused by something else, such as depression or
poor health that existed before the IPV oc-
curred? A limitation of the literature is that most
of the studies we review are cross-sectional; it is
unclear from these studies if IPV caused the
effect that is examined, or the effect caused
IPV, or (most likely) the relationship is recip-
rocal. However, for convenience, we refer to
effects as outcomes throughout the paper. A
second limitation of the literature is that only
some of the studies examining outcomes of IPV
victimization directly assessed gender differ-
43SPECIAL ISSUE: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN INTIMATE
PARTNER VIOLENCE OUTCOMES
T
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16. victims are more likely to experience depression
than male victims may simply reflect the fact
that women are, on average, twice as likely to
suffer from depression as compared to men
(Nolen-Hoeksema, 2001). The gender � vic-
timization interaction term eliminates this pos-
sibility. However, many studies did not conduct
gender � victimization interactions and did not
test differences in effect sizes by gender. Find-
ings from these studies are less clear. Through-
out the paper, we note which studies conducted
gender � victimization interactions. A third
limitation is that while most studies examined
covariates that could account for outcomes,
such as childhood abuse or socioeconomic in-
dicators, some did not. The studies that did not
control for covariates are noted.
We now turn to the empirical literature to
examine gender differences/similarities in out-
comes of IPV. Articles for this literature review
were found in the PsycInfo and PubMed.gov
databases. The search terms used were various
combinations of depression, anxiety, posttrau-
matic stress, injuries, substance abuse, relation-
ship satisfaction, physical health, psychological
health, mental health, outcomes, consequences,
health consequences, aggression, violence, do-
mestic violence, abuse, men, women, dating
violence, IPV, partner violence, partner aggres-
sion, couples aggression, male victims, male
victimization, female perpetration, gender dif-
ferences, and gender.
Injuries
17. Almost all studies have shown more injuries
as a result of IPV for female victims (Archer,
2000; Bookwala, Sobin, & Zdaniuk, 2005; Cho
& Wilke, 2010; Hamberger, 2005; Krahé, Bie-
neck, & Moller, 2005; Morse, 1995; Phelan et
al., 2005; Romans, Forte, Cohen, Du Mont, &
Hyman, 2007; Walby & Allen, 2004; Whitaker,
Haileyesus, Swahn, & Saltzman, 2007), includ-
ing injuries requiring medical attention (Ehren-
saft, Moffitt, & Caspi, 2004; Hamberger, 2005;
Morse, 1995). In a national sample of adults
from the NVAWS, Arias and Corso (2005)
found almost 21% of male and around 39% of
female victims had been injured during the lat-
est occurrence of IPV. Most injuries were not
severe, but almost all injuries, from nonsevere
to severe, occurred in female victims more often
than males (Arias & Corso, 2005). However,
Fergusson et al. (2005) found no gender differ-
ence in injuries for individuals who experienced
IPV, using longitudinal data from an unselected
sample. The lack of gender differences in inju-
ries in the Fergusson et al. study may be due to
floor effects— only 3.9% of women and 3.3%
of men in the sample experienced injuries due to
IPV. As the authors stated, “the range of do-
mestic violence studied within this cohort was
confined to relatively mild or moderate inci-
dents of violence . . . extreme violence involv-
ing severe injury or death was not present with
sufficient frequency for analysis” (p. 1106).
Physical Health Outcomes
Numerous physical health consequences of
18. IPV victimization for women have been noted
in the literature. Studies with female victims
have found links between IPV and poor general
health (Campbell, 2002; Plichta, 2004) and
functioning (Campbell, 2002; Krahé et al.,
2005), disability (Krahé et al., 2005; Plichta,
2004), and frequent receipt of medical treatment
(Campbell, 2002; Plichta, 2004). Very few stud-
ies examine male victims. Using NVAWS data,
Coker, Weston, Creson, Justice, and Blakeney
(2005) reported that 13% of female and 10% of
male IPV victims reported poor health.
Only one study examining physical health
outcomes of IPV victimization conducted gen-
der � victimization interactions (Porcerelli et
al., 2003). See Table 1 for an overview of study
findings for health and all subsequent outcomes.
This study of family practice patients found that
women who were victimized by partners re-
ported more physical symptoms than women
who were not victims. There was no impact of
victimization from partners on men’s physical
symptoms. Other studies that did not directly
compare effect sizes by gender found negative
health outcomes for male and female victims, as
compared to nonvictims (Coker et al., 2002;
Fletcher, 2010). Using time-corrected data so
that illnesses developed prior to victimization
were excluded, Coker et al. (2002) found, after
controlling for childhood victimization and
other relevant variables, that both male and fe-
male victims of physical, sexual, or psycholog-
ical aggression (especially coercive control)
44 CALDWELL, SWAN, AND WOODBROWN
92. ed
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ly
.
from partners had a greater likelihood of poor
health. Male and female victims of physical
aggression, and female victims of psychological
aggression were also more likely to have a
chronic disease. Finally, Romito and Grassi’s
(2007) study of college students found that men
who experienced high levels of partner violence
reported poorer health than men who experi-
enced low or no IPV. In contrast, women’s
health was not affected by IPV.
To summarize, the evidence from the few
studies regarding the impact of IPV on health is
mixed, with one study finding more negative
health effects of victimization for women, an-
other finding more negative effects for men, and
three studies finding no gender difference. Per-
haps these conflicting findings are due to the
multidimensional nature of health, assessed dif-
ferent ways in different studies. Porcerelli et al.
(2003) examined 18 physical symptoms during
the past year; Coker et al. (2002) used three
items including self-reported health status from
poor to excellent and a history of a serious
93. injury/health condition that interferes with nor-
mal activities; Fletcher’s (2010) three items
were the same self-reported health status item
and indicators of hospitalization and emergency
room visits in the past five years; Romito and
Grassi (2007) used a single-item measure (How
is your health now?); and Slashinski et al.
(2003) used the single self-reported health sta-
tus item.
Depression and Anxiety
Depression is a very common outcome of
IPV; a meta-analysis of studies of female vic-
tims of IPV found the mean prevalence of de-
pressive symptoms was almost 50% (Golding,
1999). Far fewer studies have examined depres-
sive symptoms for male victims of IPV. Rates
of major depression among men who were vic-
tims of IPV in the New Zealand birth cohort
study (Fergusson et al., 2005) ranged from 6%
for those experiencing low frequencies of vio-
lence to 15% for those reporting high frequen-
cies of violence.
Depression also shows large gender differ-
ences in the general population. Women are, on
average, twice as likely to suffer from depres-
sion (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2001); lifetime preva-
lence rates of major depressive disorder are
estimated to be 20% for women and 13% for
men (National Comorbidity Survey, 2011).
Women are also more likely to develop most
kinds of anxiety disorders. For example, the
National Comorbidity Survey (2011) found that
94. the lifetime prevalence of generalized anxiety
disorder was 7% for women, compared to 4%
for men; similarly, prevalence rates of panic
disorder were 6% for women and 3% for men.
Studies examining gender differences in de-
pression as an outcome of IPV are mixed (see
Table 1). The one clear finding is that male IPV
victims are not more likely than female victims
to experience depression—no study found this
result. However, several studies found gender
differences indicating that female victims are
more likely to experience depression in re-
sponse to IPV than victimized males, and sev-
eral found that depression occurred for both
female and male IPV victims. Focusing only on
the studies that conducted gender � victimiza-
tion interactions, three found no gender differ-
ence, and three found depression as a more
likely outcome for women than for men. In a
college sample, Harned (2001) found that fe-
male and male victims of physical and psycho-
logical IPV endorse similar degrees of depres-
sive and anxious symptoms at lower intensities
of aggression; however, with higher intensity of
aggression, female victims endorsed more de-
pressive and anxious symptoms. The Harned
study did not include covariates in analyses.
Anderson (2002), examining a large nationally
representative sample of heterosexual couples,
found that in couples in which both partners are
physically aggressive, the effects are more det-
rimental in terms of depressive symptoms for
women than men.
Romito and Grassi (2007) found that women
95. who experienced high levels of partner violence
evidenced increased depression and greater fre-
quencies of panic than women who experienced
low or no IPV. In contrast, men’s depressive
and panic symptoms were not affected by IPV.
Using NVAWS data, Slashinski et al. (2003)
found that for women, physical IPV victimiza-
tion related to increased depression and antide-
pressant utilization, whereas these relationships
were not found for men. Similarly, Ehrensaft,
Moffitt, and Caspi (2006), using longitudinal
data from an unselected sample followed from
birth, examined individuals experiencing severe
IPV, defined as IPV that resulted in injury,
medical care, or victim or legal service involve-
47SPECIAL ISSUE: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN INTIMATE
PARTNER VIOLENCE OUTCOMES
T
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100. than female nonvictims. However, males in
abusive relationships were not more likely to
have either diagnosis, subsequent to controlling
for previous mental illnesses.
In contrast, Fergusson et al. (2005) found no
gender difference in major depression or anxi-
ety for individuals who experienced IPV, also
using birth cohort study data. Rather, IPV vic-
timization was equally related to increased de-
pression and anxiety for both men and women.
Similarly, using NWAWS data, Coker et al.
(2002) found both male and female victims of
physical, sexual, coercive control, and psycho-
logical aggression from partners had higher de-
pression scores compared to nonvictimized in-
dividuals. Fletcher’s (2010) and Robert’s et
al.’s (2003) studies using National Longitudinal
Study of Adolescent Health data also found
greater depression for both male and female
youth who experienced IPV. In sum, although
depression and anxiety are common for both
female and male victims of IPV, more women
likely experience this outcome.
Posttraumatic Stress
Posttraumatic stress symptoms are a very fre-
quent outcome of IPV victimization. Golding’s
(1999) meta-analysis of studies of female vic-
tims of IPV found the mean prevalence of post-
traumatic stress was almost 64%. Again, while
few studies have examined posttraumatic stress
among male victims of IPV, Coker et al.’s
(2005) study with NVAWS data found that 20%
101. of male IPV victims reported moderate to se-
vere posttraumatic stress symptoms. Only one
study was identified that examined an exclu-
sively male victim sample and the outcome of
posttraumatic stress. In this study of male stu-
dents from 60 universities in different countries,
results indicated that after controlling for rele-
vant variables, severe physical victimization
was related to increased posttraumatic stress
symptoms. This was true across universities
(Hines, 2007).
Like depression and anxiety, base rates of
posttraumatic stress show large gender differ-
ences. The lifetime prevalence of PTSD (post-
traumatic stress disorder) was 10% for women
and 4% for men, according to the National
Comorbidity Survey (2011). The few studies
that assessed both men’s and women’s experi-
ence of posttraumatic stress symptoms after IPV
victimization have consistently indicated the
presence of a gender difference, with more
women than men experiencing this outcome.
We were able to find only one study examining
posttraumatic stress symptoms that conducted
gender � victimization interactions (Harned,
2001). In this study, female and male victims of
physical and psychological IPV endorsed simi-
lar degrees of posttraumatic stress symptoms at
lower intensities of aggression; however, with
higher intensity of aggression, female victims
endorsed greater posttraumatic stress symp-
toms. Coker et al. (2005) also found a higher
rate of clinically significant posttraumatic stress
symptomatology for female compared to male
102. victims. The Coker and Harned studies did not
include covariates in analyses. Ehrensaft et al.
(2006) found women in aggressive relationships
had an increased likelihood of PTSD at the age
of 26 compared to women who were not in
aggressive relationships. Men in aggressive re-
lationships did not have an increased likelihood
of PTSD, subsequent to controlling for previous
mental illness. In sum, while modest gender
differences are seen in depression and anxiety
as outcomes of IPV, a larger gender difference
appears to be present for posttraumatic stress.
Substance Abuse
Another important mental health outcome of
IPV victimization is substance abuse. Golding’s
(1999) meta-analysis found the average preva-
lence of alcohol abuse among female victims of
IPV was almost 20%, with greater percentages
noted in shelter samples compared to national or
health care setting samples. The weighted aver-
age prevalence across samples of drug abuse in
female victims of IPV was almost 9% (Golding,
1999). Using NVAWS data, Slashinski et al.
(2003) found that 7% of male IPV victims re-
ported alcohol abuse and 5% reported drug use.
Here, baseline gender differences are the oppo-
site of what we have seen for mood and anxiety
disorders. The lifetime prevalence of alcohol
abuse is 20% for men and 8% for women, while
the prevalence of drug abuse is 12% for men
and 5% for women (National Comorbidity Sur-
vey, 2011).
48 CALDWELL, SWAN, AND WOODBROWN
107. in
at
ed
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ad
ly
.
Looking at Table 1, studies examining the
associations between IPV victimization and
substance use are mixed. Some studies found
greater substance abuse for women IPV victims,
some found no gender differences, and one
found greater substance use for male victims.
Anderson (2002) conducted gender � victim-
ization interactions and found that in couples in
which both partners are physically aggressive,
the effects are more detrimental in terms of
alcohol and drug abuse for females than males,
although both partners showed increased rates
of alcohol and drug abuse. In contrast, Magdol
et al. (1997), examining an unselected birth
cohort of young adults, found that IPV victim-
ization was related to greater alcohol and drug
use for both men and women. The Magdol
study did not include covariates in analyses.
Other studies not conducting gender � victim-
ization interactions found greater substance
abuse for women following IPV victimization.
108. For instance, Ehrensaft et al. (2006) found that
women in aggressive relationships had an in-
creased likelihood of marijuana dependence,
but not alcohol dependence, at the age of 26
compared to women not in aggressive relation-
ships. Men in aggressive relationships did not
have an increased likelihood of marijuana or
alcohol dependence, subsequent to controlling
for previous mental illness. Similarly, Slashin-
ski et al. (2003) found that physical and stalking
victimization was related to increased use of
drugs for women, whereas these relationships
were not found for men.
Some studies that compared substance use
for victimized men and women, but did not
examine effect sizes for IPV victims as com-
pared to nonvictims by gender, found substance
use as an outcome for both genders experienc-
ing victimization (Coker et al., 2002; Wong,
Huang, DiGangi, Thompson, & Smith, 2008).
Using NVAWS data, Coker et al. (2002) found
subsequent to controlling for childhood victim-
ization and other relevant variables, both male
and female victims of physical and psycholog-
ical aggression from partners were more likely
to abuse alcohol. Male victims of physical and
psychological aggression were also more likely
to use illicit drugs, while female victims of
coercive control, but not physical aggression,
were more likely to use illicit drugs. Wong et
al.’s (2008) study of South African adults found
that women victimized physically and/or sexu-
ally by partners had an increased likelihood of
alcohol problems, while men victimized by
109. partners had an increased likelihood of drug
use. Finally, a study of college students found
increased heavy alcohol use among male IPV
victims, but no effect of IPV on women’s alco-
hol use (Romito & Grassi, 2007).
In sum, the findings regarding substance use
are mixed, with some studies finding greater
substance use for female victims, others finding
no gender differences, and one study finding
greater substance use for male victims. The
mixed findings may be due to the multidimen-
sional nature of substance use and the many
ways it was assessed across different studies,
ranging from a single item assessing self-reports
of problems with drinking or drug use, to fre-
quency and amount of substance use, to sub-
stance dependence diagnoses (as shown in Ta-
ble 1). More women than men may experience
this outcome as a result of IPV, but if so, the
gender difference is likely small.
Relationship Satisfaction
In addition to negative effects on victims’
physical and psychological health, IPV victim-
ization is also detrimental to the quality of in-
timate relationships. One important aspect of
relationship quality is the partners’ satisfaction
with the relationship. We could only find two
studies that examined gender differences in re-
lationship satisfaction in response to IPV vic-
timization; both of these studies conducted gen-
der by victimization interactions (Katz et al.,
2002; Williams & Frieze, 2005). Using a sam-
ple of married or cohabiting adults from the
110. National Comorbidity Survey, Williams and
Frieze (2005) found women were dissatisfied
with their relationships when they experienced
mild or severe victimization. Men were dissat-
isfied only when they experienced severe vic-
timization; mild victimization had no effect on
relationship satisfaction. In a college popula-
tion, Katz et al. (2002) found IPV victimization
decreased relationship satisfaction only for
women in serious dating relationships. Victim-
ization did not affect relationship satisfaction
for men, or for women in less serious dating
relationships. Katz et al. (2002) proposed that
men’s satisfaction was not affected since less
fear and injury could be associated with their
victimization.
49SPECIAL ISSUE: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN INTIMATE
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115. In sum, both women and men experience
negative effects of IPV, but many of these ef-
fects do appear to be more likely for women.
Numerous studies indicate that women are more
likely to be injured as a result of IPV, and
findings consistently point to higher rates of
posttraumatic stress for women as a result of
IPV. The two studies examining the effect
of IPV on relationship satisfaction also indicate
a more negative effect of IPV for women. De-
pression and anxiety show a modest gender
difference indicating that women are more
likely to experience these outcomes. The few
studies of gender differences in physical health
find that poor health is most likely related to
IPV for both genders. Substance use may show
a gender difference with women at greater risk,
but the construct is so multifaceted and mea-
sured in so many different ways that conclu-
sions cannot be drawn from current studies.
An important point to keep in mind is that the
prevalence rates of men and women victimized
by IPV who experience depression, anxiety, and
posttraumatic stress are strongly affected by
overall gender differences in these mental
health disorders. For example, as discussed ear-
lier, women in the general population are twice
as likely to suffer from depression and most
anxiety disorders, and 2.5 times more likely to
have PTSD, compared to men (National Co-
morbidity Survey, 2011; Nolen-Hoeksema,
2001). This means that, even if there were no
gender difference at all in the effect of IPV on
these outcomes, base rates in the general popu-
116. lation would lead us to expect gender differ-
ences in prevalence rates in the population of
people victimized by IPV—that is, twice as
many women victimized by IPV would experi-
ence depression, anxiety, or posttraumatic stress
as compared to men victimized by IPV. How-
ever, there is evidence that these outcomes are
more strongly associated with IPV for women
than for men. The large effect of gender differ-
ences in base rates in the general population,
together with the evidence that there are stron-
ger associations of IPV and negative outcomes
for women, lead to a strong argument that gen-
der neutrality in IPV policy and funding does
not make sense. More resources need to be
devoted to the treatment of depression, anxiety,
and posttraumatic stress for female IPV victims
than for male IPV victims.
Substance abuse is worth special mention, as
it is the one outcome examined in this review
that shows higher prevalence in men in the
general population. Men are about 2.5 times as
likely to abuse alcohol or drugs as women (Na-
tional Comorbidity Survey, 2011). If there was
no gender difference in the effect of IPV on
substance abuse, we would expect higher sub-
stance abuse rates among men in the population
of people victimized by IPV. However, some
studies do suggest a stronger association be-
tween substance abuse and victimization for
women, suggesting that there may be a nar-
rower gap between victimized men’s and wom-
en’s substance abuse as compared to prevalence
rates in the general population.
117. Why Are There Gender Differences in
Outcomes of Intimate Partner Violence?
Given that there are gender differences in
outcomes of IPV, our next questions is: How
and why is IPV related to these negative effects,
and why are there gender differences? We pro-
pose several answers to this question, illustrated
in the proposed conceptual model in Figure 1.
We propose the same basic model structure
regardless of gender, but we expect that there
will be larger effect sizes of victimization on
these outcomes for women than for men (i.e.,
gender is a moderator of the relationship be-
tween victimization and outcomes). Given the
literature reviewed above, we expect that the
moderating effect of gender should be larger for
some effects (fear, injuries, posttraumatic stress,
relationship satisfaction) and smaller for others
(depression/anxiety, substance abuse).
Contextual Factors that Disadvantage
Women
The model in Figure 1 shows IPV victimiza-
tion and its effects occurring within contextual
factors that often put women at a disadvantage
in IPV situations. These contextual factors will
lead to more negative outcomes for a victimized
person when cultural norms stipulate that the
person should have less power than their part-
ner, and when the person is physically smaller
and weaker than their partner. Obviously, these
two factors correlate highly with gender. While
118. 50 CALDWELL, SWAN, AND WOODBROWN
T
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ri
gh
te
d
by
th
e
A
m
er
ic
an
122. em
in
at
ed
b
ro
ad
ly
.
some societies have made marked steps toward
gender equality, in others women are still
largely seen as second-class citizens. Even in
societies that have made substantial gains in
gender equality, such as the United States, sex-
ist attitudes that men should have power over
women are still common (Glick & Fiske, 2001).
Most women are physically smaller and weaker
than their male partners. On an individual level
of analysis, there may also be a greater likeli-
hood of women having less power than male
partners in their intimate relationships, due to
beliefs still prevalent in many cultures that grant
men more power to make decisions, earn higher
incomes, act against their partners’ wishes, and
control their partners’ actions (Filson, Ulloa,
Runfola, & Hokoda, 2010). However, regard-
less of cultural norms that accord more status to
the male gender, these norms may not operate
within a particular relationship. Even within
123. patriarchal societies, there are egalitarian inti-
mate relationships between men and women,
and relationships in which women clearly dom-
inate. The third contextual factor recognizes this
individual difference variable, unique to each
relationship.
Women and Men Tend to Experience
Different Types of Abuse
Women are much more likely to experience
sexual abuse from partners than men (Coker et
al., 2002; Edwards, Black, Dhingra, McKnight-
Eily, & Perry, 2009; Harned, 2001; Slashinski
et al., 2003). Women are also more likely to
experience stalking from partners (Slashinski et
al., 2003), as well as fearful coercive control
(Coker et al., 2002). The contextual factors in
the model—that is, men’s right to have power
over women in many cultures and men’s greater
physical strength—likely play a large role in
women’s greater likelihood of being victimized
by these forms of abuse.
The Types of Abuse That Women Are
More Likely to Experience Have Worse
Outcomes
A number of studies have demonstrated that,
compared to outcomes of physical abuse only,
effects of sexual abuse from partners are more
severe (Dutton et al., 2006; Edwards et al.,
2009; Harned, 2001; Pico-Alfonso et al., 2006).
Sexual violence from partners has been shown
to increase symptoms of posttraumatic stress
124. (Dutton et al., 2006). Furthermore, of the types
of traumas commonly recognized as causes of
PTSD, rape has the highest likelihood of result-
ing in PTSD (Schnurr, Friedman, & Bernardy,
2002). Similarly, Coker et al. (2002) found
worse physical health, mental health, and sub-
stance abuse effects for fearful coercive control
as compared to verbal abuse. Logan et al.
(2006) also found worse mental health out-
comes for women who had been stalked and
Figure 1. Conceptual model for IPV outcomes of victimization.
Paths moderated by gender
will be stronger for female victims and weaker for male victims.
51SPECIAL ISSUE: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN INTIMATE
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129. Partners
Large gender differences are found in fear of
violent partners (Fergusson et al., 2005; Lang-
hinrichsen-Rohling et al., 1995; Phelan et al.,
2005; Walton et al., 2007). Women’s greater
fear of partners is not surprising, given that
women experience more sexual violence, stalk-
ing, and injuries. Contextual factors of IPV also
likely contribute to women’s greater fear. Many
cultures accord men rights to have authority
over their female partners, or even to punish
their female partners for misbehavior. Women
tend to be smaller and have less physical
strength than their partners, increasing risk of
injury. While experiencing IPV is certainly det-
rimental for women and men, women may, on
average, have more to lose, and thus more to
fear, from IPV as compared to men.
Fear Contributes to Posttraumatic Stress
Fear may lead to worse outcomes through its
strong relationship with posttraumatic stress
(see Figure 1). Fear or helplessness is an essen-
tial component for the development and diag-
nosis of PTSD (American Psychiatric Associa-
tion, 2000). By definition, people who are
victims of IPV or other trauma but are not afraid
will not develop posttraumatic stress. Women’s
greater fear of partners in IPV situations may
explain why stronger gender differences are
found for posttraumatic stress than some other
outcomes.
Posttraumatic Stress May Be Key to the
130. Negative Health Effects of IPV
Posttraumatic stress has been proposed as a
critical factor in the relationship between IPV
victimization and negative physical and mental
health outcomes (Dutton et al., 2006). Studies
have demonstrated that PTSD increases nega-
tive health symptoms, rates of illness, and use of
medical services, and it negatively affects the
course and impact of illness (Dutton et al.,
2006; Schnurr & Jankowski, 1999). Posttrau-
matic stress has been found to mediate the re-
lationship between violence and negative health
outcomes (Dutton et al., 2006; Schnurr et al.,
2002). PTSD also alters psychological function-
ing, with major depression being the most fre-
quent comorbid condition, occurring in just un-
der half of people with PTSD (Schnurr et al.,
2002). PTSD may in some cases contribute to
the development of depression. One study
found the risk of depression was increased for
people exposed to a trauma who developed
PTSD, relative to trauma-exposed people who
did not develop PTSD (Breslau, Davis, Peter-
son, & Schultz, 2000). In another study demon-
strating the role of PTSD as an important risk
factor for depression, Leiner, Compton, Houry,
and Kaslow (2008) found that posttraumatic
stress symptoms mediated the relationship be-
tween IPV and depression. In addition, Seedat,
Stein, and Carey (2005) note that PTSD typi-
cally develops before depression and substance
abuse. In sum, women’s greater likelihood of
experiencing posttraumatic stress from IPV, and
the negative effects of posttraumatic stress on
131. health, are likely important factors in gender
differences in outcomes of IPV.
Depression, Power, and the Negative
Effects of IPV
Depression is strongly related to problems
with physical health (Moussavi et al., 2007) and
substance abuse (Hasin, Stinson, Ogburn, &
Grant, 2007). Depression is a leading cause of
disease burden, it frequently co-occurs with
chronic diseases, and it can worsen the health
outcomes of chronic diseases (Moussavi et al.,
2007). Female victims of IPV are at increased
risk of suffering from depression/anxiety as
compared to male IPV victims—in large part,
because of a main effect of gender; in smaller
part, because of stronger relationships between
IPV and depression for women. Substance
abuse, in turn, may be a way for victims of IPV
to cope or self-medicate for depression or post-
traumatic stress (Stewart & Israeli, 2002). A
study examining the role of power in relation-
ships with respect to IPV found that inequality
is a contextual factor that may contribute to
depressive symptoms as a consequence of IPV
(Filson et al., 2010). Filson et al.’s (2010) study
of college women found that power served a
meditational role—women victimized by IPV
who also had less power in the relationship were
more likely to exhibit depressive symptoms.
Finally, studies have demonstrated that depres-
52 CALDWELL, SWAN, AND WOODBROWN
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136. at
ed
b
ro
ad
ly
.
sion and substance abuse increase the risk of
subsequent IPV (Lehrer, Buka, Gortmaker, &
Shrier, 2006; Magdol, Moffitt, Caspi, & Silva,
1998).
Relationship Satisfaction
Our review suggests that the link between
IPV victimization and dissatisfaction with the
relationship may be stronger for women. Feel-
ing dissatisfied with one’s relationship may also
contribute to negative health outcomes, such as
depression/anxiety and substance use. For ex-
ample, Testa, Livingston, and Leonard (2003)
found prior IPV victimization increased rela-
tionship dissatisfaction, which then predicted
increased alcohol abuse measured a year later.
Discussion
Our review of the evidence presented here
largely supports the contention of feminist the-
ory that gender matters. However, we do not
137. subscribe to an “inherent feminine vulnerabil-
ity” that predisposes women to greater posttrau-
matic stress and other poor outcomes in re-
sponse to IPV, relative to men. Rather, we
believe the preponderance of evidence supports
situational vulnerability, the idea that women
are more likely than men to encounter contex-
tual factors that disempower them, and put them
in situations—such as sexual abuse—that in-
crease risk of poor outcomes (Cortina & Pim-
lott-Kubiak, 2006). Gender certainly matters,
but we would go further and say that what really
matters is power; gender matters because it is so
highly correlated with power. If we are correct
that power is what really matters, we would
expect to see the model in Figure 1 operate in a
similar way for gay or lesbian relationships
involving IPV. For example, the model predicts
that a gay man who was accorded less status
than his partner (i.e., because of his race or
class), who was smaller and weaker than his
partner, and who was dominated by his partner
within their relationship would suffer more neg-
ative outcomes from IPV, as compared to a gay
man with a violent partner who was equivalent
to his partner in status and physical strength.
Implications for Research and Practice
Understanding gender similarities and differ-
ences in IPV has significant implications for
research and practice. We argue that power, and
the abuse of power in intimate relationships, is
the central issue in explaining why IPV occurs
and why outcomes of IPV are typically more
138. severe for women than for men. This is cer-
tainly not a new argument; it was proposed by
the Duluth model almost 20 years ago (Pence &
Paymar, 1993). Gender, then, serves as a proxy
for power. We believe a fruitful area of future
research is to explore the contextual factors that
create and sustain power differences in relation-
ships. Future studies should examine not just
gender, but other status variables related to
more or less power and privilege in a culture
(race, class, immigration status, etc.), as well as
physical size and strength. Studies could also
examine individual difference bases of power
within a particular relationship, which may in-
clude economic power, attachment to a partner
who is the only source of emotional support,
lack of access to resources, lack of education,
fear of losing the children, disability status, and
so forth. An examination of these factors in
same-sex relationships, in which gender is held
constant, would be informative.
The practice implications of understanding
the relationship between gender and IPV are
vital. Community agencies that serve IPV vic-
tims are facing lawsuits in the name of gender
symmetry (Dragiewicz, 2008; Rosen et al.,
2009); yet women are much more likely to be
injured (Archer, 2000) or killed (Domestic Vi-
olence Resource Center, 2011) as a result of
IPV. However, as we have argued, gender is not
the only base of power. Victim services are
needed for everyone who experiences signifi-
cant negative consequences of IPV. We expect
that the largest number of people experiencing
significant negative consequences of IPV are
139. women victimized by men, followed by lesbian
and gay victims of IPV. Relative to these pop-
ulations, we would expect a smaller number of
men in heterosexual relationships experience
significant negative consequences of IPV. How-
ever, evidence indicating that 21% of male IPV
victims are injured (Arias & Corso, 2005); 15%
experience depression (Fergusson et al., 2005);
and 20% report posttraumatic stress (Coker et
al., 2005) clearly point to the seriousness of IPV
for men as well as women.
Services for male victims of IPV, or for les-
bian or gay victims of IPV, may not—and prob-
ably should not—look exactly like traditional
53SPECIAL ISSUE: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN INTIMATE
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144. seeking help. He was a veteran who had re-
cently returned from Iraq and was having diffi-
culty adjusting to being home. His female part-
ner was using drugs and using violence against
him. This man contacted the agency not because
he was in fear of his life, but because he was
afraid he would end up using violence against
his partner, and given his military training and
posttraumatic stress issues, his violence would
likely be severe. The services he received may
have saved her life as well as his.
We hope that the model proposed here will
stimulate new research to further develop our
understanding of the complexities of IPV.
Through continued research, efforts can be
made to tailor prevention and intervention ef-
forts to more adequately address the needs of
both female and male victims.
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Received September 15, 2010
Revision received September 6, 2011
Accepted September 13, 2011 �
Members of Underrepresented Groups:
Reviewers for Journal Manuscripts Wanted
If you are interested in reviewing manuscripts for APA journals,
the APA Publications
and Communications Board would like to invite your
170. participation. Manuscript reviewers
are vital to the publications process. As a reviewer, you would
gain valuable experience
in publishing. The P&C Board is particularly interested in
encouraging members of
underrepresented groups to participate more in this process.
If you are interested in reviewing manuscripts, please write
APA Journals at
[email protected] Please note the following important points:
• To be selected as a reviewer, you must have published articles
in peer-reviewed
journals. The experience of publishing provides a reviewer with
the basis for preparing
a thorough, objective review.
• To be selected, it is critical to be a regular reader of the five
to six empirical journals
that are most central to the area or journal for which you would
like to review. Current
knowledge of recently published research provides a reviewer
with the knowledge base
to evaluate a new submission within the context of existing
research.
• To select the appropriate reviewers for each manuscript, the
editor needs detailed
information. Please include with your letter your vita. In the
letter, please identify which
APA journal(s) you are interested in, and describe your area of
expertise. Be as specific
as possible. For example, “social psychology” is not
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specify “social cognition” or “attitude change” as well.
171. • Reviewing a manuscript takes time (1– 4 hours per manuscript
reviewed). If you are
selected to review a manuscript, be prepared to invest the
necessary time to evaluate the
manuscript thoroughly.
57SPECIAL ISSUE: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN INTIMATE
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Running head: ABBREVIATED TITLE IN CAPS HERE
1
ABBREVIATED TITLE IN CAPS HERE 6
Cultures Comparison Worksheet
This worksheet has been made available to you to ensure you
understand the design of this assignment. This assignment
measures your knowledge of comparative domestic violence
(DV) between present-day American society to that of four
other cultures. It also provides you the ability to demonstrate
176. college-level communication through the composition of
original materials in Standard American English using the
American Psychological Association (APA) format.
Cultures, in this case, is defined as those nations outside the
borders of the United States. They may or may not have the
same domestic violence issues. Your task is to find four
domestic violence problems which all your examples have in
common! This will require the following:
1. Researching American DV problems
2. Choosing four other countries to study and studying their DV
problems.
3. Finding four DV problems all five countries have in common
4. Explaining such per the outline included here
5. Arriving at a conclusion
6. Providing a minimum of three references besides your
classroom text
Please remember to refer to your grading rubric with any
questions you may have about the expectation level for the
assignment. Check your Assignment Guide for further details.
Do not hesitate to contact your instructor with any specific
questions you may have.
178. Full Title
I. Present-day American Society and Domestic Violence
A. Identify the state of the domestic violence problem in
179. American society
Major Domestic Violence Problem #1
Major Domestic Violence Problem #2
Major Domestic Violence Problem #3
Major Domestic Violence Problem #4
B. Summary
II. Comparative Culture #1
A. Identify the state of the domestic violence problem in
comparative society #1
1. Major Comparative Domestic Violence Problem #1
2. Major Comparative Domestic Violence Problem #2
3. Major Comparative Domestic Violence Problem #3
4. Major Comparative Domestic Violence Problem #4
B. Summary
III. Comparative Culture #2
A. Identify the state of the domestic violence problem in
comparative society #2
1. Major Comparative Domestic Violence Problem #1
2. Major Comparative Domestic Violence Problem #2
3. Major Comparative Domestic Violence Problem #3
4. Major Comparative Domestic Violence Problem #4
B. Summary
IV. Comparative Culture #3
A. Identify the state of the domestic violence problem in
comparative society #3
1. Major Comparative Domestic Violence Problem #1
2. Major Comparative Domestic Violence Problem #2
3. Major Comparative Domestic Violence Problem #3
4. Major Comparative Domestic Violence Problem #4
B. Summary
180. V. Comparative Culture #4
A. Identify the state of the domestic violence problem in
comparative society #4
1. Major Comparative Domestic Violence Problem #1
2. Major Comparative Domestic Violence Problem #2
3. Major Comparative Domestic Violence Problem #3
4. Major Comparative Domestic Violence Problem #4
B. Summary
VI. Conclusion
VII. References
References