Author info: Correspondence should be sent to: Paul Nicodemus, Department of
Psychology, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN 37044
North American Journal of Psychology, 2009, Vol. 11, No. 3, 455-462.
NAJP
The Effects of Maternal Relationships on
Physical and Psychological Dating Violence
Paul Nicodemus
Austin Peay State University
Patricia A. Davenport
Our House, Inc., Greenville, MS
Lynn E. McCutcheon
NAJP
Psychological and physical dating violence patterns were examined to
determine if maternal relationships affected dating violence patterns
differently for male and female adolescents. Participants consisted of 469
ninth grade students from various schools across the Mississippi Delta
region. Participants completed self-report evaluations regarding the
number of experienced and perpetrated violent acts with a dating partner.
A series of two-way ANOVAs were calculated to determine the influence
of maternal relationships on dating violence. These findings indicated
that maternal relationships do not significantly influence the physically
violent behaviors; however, significant interactions were found between
maternal relationships by gender, with males perpetrating greater
numbers of and being victimized more psychologically when the
relationship with the mother was negative. Female participants displayed
completely opposite patterns of psychological violence when
experiencing negative maternal relationships as compared to the males.
The issue of dating violence has received considerable research
attention over the past several years. The social problem created by
adolescents being both physically and psychologically violent toward a
dating partner, and the resulting victimization, is cause for serious
concern. Several factors have emerged from the extant research. First, it
is apparent that both physical and psychological abuse occurs regularly
among adolescents. Secondly, certain individual attributes increase the
likelihood of adolescents becoming abusive toward their dating partners.
Previous research has indicated that dating violence among
adolescents is a prevalent problem. James, West, Deters, and Armijo
(2000) reported that 50% of their adolescent participants perpetrated
physical violence in the form of scratching, pushing, shoving, and hitting
with fist. Yet other studies have indicated that as many as 40% of the
adolescent participants had perpetrated some form of physical violence
456 NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY
against the dating partner (Malik, Sorenson, & Aneshensel, 1997;
O′Keefe, 1997; O′Keefe & Treister, 1998; O’Leary, Smith Slep, Avery-
Leaf, & Cascardi, 2008; Reuterman & Burcky, 1989). The exhibiting of
violent acts of a more serious nature is also apparent during the
adolescent years. In one such study, James et al. (2000) found that 20%
of the participants reported committing violent behaviors ...
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
Volume 29, pages 366—380 (2003)
Perpetrators of Alcohol-Involved Sexual Assaults: How Do They Differ From Other Sexual Assault Perpetrators and Nonperpetrators?Tina Zawacki, l Antonia Abbey, 1 Philip O. Buck, 1 Pamela McAusIan,2 and A. Monique Clinton-SherrodI
Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
2University of Michigan—Dearbom, Dearborn, Michigan
Approximotely 50% of sexual assaults involve alcohol. Researchers have documented situationul characteristics that distinguish between sexual assaults that do and do not involve alcohol, but little attention has been paid to differences bctwcen the perpetrators of these two types of assault. In this study, discriminant function analysis was used to distinguish between college men (N = 356) who reported perpetrating sexual assault that involved alcohol, sexual assault that did not involve alcohol, or no scxuul assault. Predictors of sexual assault perpetration thut have been documented in pust research differentiated nonperpctrators from both types of perpetrators. Pcrpctrators of scxuol assaults that involved alcohol were in most wuys similar to perpetrutors of sexual assautts that did not, although they did differ on impulsivity, alcohol consumption in sexual situations, and beliers about alcohol. These findings suggest mechanisms through which alcohol is involved in sexual assault thut are relevant to theory and prevention. Aggr. Behav. 29:366—380, 2003. 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Key words: sexual assault; alcohol; antisocial behavior
The problems of rape and sexual assault have been studied intensely for the past 30 years. Rape is typically defined as vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse that is physically forced or occurs when consent could not be given because of the victim's age or mental impairment, which may be due to intoxication [Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1995; Koss, 19921. Sexual assault includes rape as well as other types of physically forced sexual contact and verbally
Tina Zawacki is now at the Department or Psychology. Addictive Behaviors Research Center. University of Washington.
A. Monique Clinton-Sherrod is no'.,v at RTl international. North Carolina.
Grant support: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism to AA.
*Correspondence to: Tina Zawacki. Department of Psychology-ABRC. Box 351525, University of Washington. Seattle, WA 98195. E-mail: [email protected] u.washington.edu or Antonia Abbey, Department or Community Medicine. Wayne State University. 4201 St. Antoine, Delroil. MI 48201.
Published online in Wiley Jnterscience (wuw.intcrscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.100>ab.10076
0 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
coerced sexual intercourse [Koss, 19921. In a watershed study, Koss et al. [19871 surveyed a nationally representative sample of approximately 6,000 college men and women and found thal 25% or the men reported perpetrating some level of sexual assault since the age or 14; 54% of the women reported experiencing some level of sexual assault since the agc of.
Animal Abuse In Childhood And Later Support For Interpersonal Violence In Fam...Darian Pruitt
This document discusses a study that examined whether committing animal abuse during childhood was related to later approval of interpersonal violence. The study surveyed university students about their experiences with animal abuse as children and their current attitudes towards corporal punishment and spousal violence. It found that respondents who had abused animals as children were significantly more likely to support corporal punishment of children and a husband slapping his wife, even after controlling for other factors. This suggests engaging in childhood violence against animals may lead to greater acceptance of violence against less powerful family members like women and children.
The document is a public relations proposal prepared by Axiom Public Relations for the Bowling Green State University Community of Care Coalition. It includes an opportunity statement, situation analysis based on secondary and primary research, target audiences, goals and objectives, strategies and tactics, promotional materials and budget, and evaluation plan. The proposal aims to address issues of sexual assault on campus and establish communication where victims feel comfortable reporting, while promoting the Coalition and generating awareness of sexual assault as a community issue.
The association between personal history of dating violence and bystander int...William Woods
One promising approach to prevent and intervene in violent situations includes those that utilize bystanders. To date, there has been little exploration of the extent to which a personal history of dating violence victimization and perpetration is associated with bystander intervention behaviors. This study examined the relationship between participants’ experience of violence and the number of times they intervened in potentially violent situations.
Poster presented at ABCT, Nov. 2014.
This review examines scholarly research on violence perpetrated by male athletes outside of sport. Sixteen studies were included that mostly focused on college athletes. Several key findings emerged:
1) Athletes in large revenue sports rated higher on hyper-masculinity scales compared to other athletes and non-athletes.
2) Contact sport athletes were not found to be more sexually aggressive than non-contact athletes or non-athletes in some studies.
3) High alcohol consumption and strong identification with masculinity were better predictors of sexual aggression than athletic participation alone.
This study aimed to examine community violence exposure and coping styles among adults. It was hypothesized that men would report more direct victimization than women, and that different forms of community violence would correlate with certain coping styles like substance use or denial. Surveys were administered to 511 university students measuring community violence experiences and coping strategies. Results found that men reported more direct victimization than women. Severe direct victimization and witnessing violence correlated with coping through substance use and behavioral disengagement. Witnessing severe violence correlated with denial coping. The study provides insight into how community violence exposure may influence coping behaviors differently for men and women.
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
Volume 29, pages 366—380 (2003)
Perpetrators of Alcohol-Involved Sexual Assaults: How Do They Differ From Other Sexual Assault Perpetrators and Nonperpetrators?Tina Zawacki, l Antonia Abbey, 1 Philip O. Buck, 1 Pamela McAusIan,2 and A. Monique Clinton-SherrodI
Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
2University of Michigan—Dearbom, Dearborn, Michigan
Approximotely 50% of sexual assaults involve alcohol. Researchers have documented situationul characteristics that distinguish between sexual assaults that do and do not involve alcohol, but little attention has been paid to differences bctwcen the perpetrators of these two types of assault. In this study, discriminant function analysis was used to distinguish between college men (N = 356) who reported perpetrating sexual assault that involved alcohol, sexual assault that did not involve alcohol, or no scxuul assault. Predictors of sexual assault perpetration thut have been documented in pust research differentiated nonperpctrators from both types of perpetrators. Pcrpctrators of scxuol assaults that involved alcohol were in most wuys similar to perpetrutors of sexual assautts that did not, although they did differ on impulsivity, alcohol consumption in sexual situations, and beliers about alcohol. These findings suggest mechanisms through which alcohol is involved in sexual assault thut are relevant to theory and prevention. Aggr. Behav. 29:366—380, 2003. 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Key words: sexual assault; alcohol; antisocial behavior
The problems of rape and sexual assault have been studied intensely for the past 30 years. Rape is typically defined as vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse that is physically forced or occurs when consent could not be given because of the victim's age or mental impairment, which may be due to intoxication [Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1995; Koss, 19921. Sexual assault includes rape as well as other types of physically forced sexual contact and verbally
Tina Zawacki is now at the Department or Psychology. Addictive Behaviors Research Center. University of Washington.
A. Monique Clinton-Sherrod is no'.,v at RTl international. North Carolina.
Grant support: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism to AA.
*Correspondence to: Tina Zawacki. Department of Psychology-ABRC. Box 351525, University of Washington. Seattle, WA 98195. E-mail: [email protected] u.washington.edu or Antonia Abbey, Department or Community Medicine. Wayne State University. 4201 St. Antoine, Delroil. MI 48201.
Published online in Wiley Jnterscience (wuw.intcrscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.100>ab.10076
0 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
coerced sexual intercourse [Koss, 19921. In a watershed study, Koss et al. [19871 surveyed a nationally representative sample of approximately 6,000 college men and women and found thal 25% or the men reported perpetrating some level of sexual assault since the age or 14; 54% of the women reported experiencing some level of sexual assault since the agc of.
Animal Abuse In Childhood And Later Support For Interpersonal Violence In Fam...Darian Pruitt
This document discusses a study that examined whether committing animal abuse during childhood was related to later approval of interpersonal violence. The study surveyed university students about their experiences with animal abuse as children and their current attitudes towards corporal punishment and spousal violence. It found that respondents who had abused animals as children were significantly more likely to support corporal punishment of children and a husband slapping his wife, even after controlling for other factors. This suggests engaging in childhood violence against animals may lead to greater acceptance of violence against less powerful family members like women and children.
The document is a public relations proposal prepared by Axiom Public Relations for the Bowling Green State University Community of Care Coalition. It includes an opportunity statement, situation analysis based on secondary and primary research, target audiences, goals and objectives, strategies and tactics, promotional materials and budget, and evaluation plan. The proposal aims to address issues of sexual assault on campus and establish communication where victims feel comfortable reporting, while promoting the Coalition and generating awareness of sexual assault as a community issue.
The association between personal history of dating violence and bystander int...William Woods
One promising approach to prevent and intervene in violent situations includes those that utilize bystanders. To date, there has been little exploration of the extent to which a personal history of dating violence victimization and perpetration is associated with bystander intervention behaviors. This study examined the relationship between participants’ experience of violence and the number of times they intervened in potentially violent situations.
Poster presented at ABCT, Nov. 2014.
This review examines scholarly research on violence perpetrated by male athletes outside of sport. Sixteen studies were included that mostly focused on college athletes. Several key findings emerged:
1) Athletes in large revenue sports rated higher on hyper-masculinity scales compared to other athletes and non-athletes.
2) Contact sport athletes were not found to be more sexually aggressive than non-contact athletes or non-athletes in some studies.
3) High alcohol consumption and strong identification with masculinity were better predictors of sexual aggression than athletic participation alone.
This study aimed to examine community violence exposure and coping styles among adults. It was hypothesized that men would report more direct victimization than women, and that different forms of community violence would correlate with certain coping styles like substance use or denial. Surveys were administered to 511 university students measuring community violence experiences and coping strategies. Results found that men reported more direct victimization than women. Severe direct victimization and witnessing violence correlated with coping through substance use and behavioral disengagement. Witnessing severe violence correlated with denial coping. The study provides insight into how community violence exposure may influence coping behaviors differently for men and women.
This document summarizes a research paper about hate crimes and their impact on communities. It discusses the researcher, Ryan Callahan, and his background in criminal justice. It then summarizes the abstract, which discusses the purpose of examining the prevalence of hate crimes and their greater negative impact compared to other crimes. Finally, it reviews two studies from the literature that provide context on the psychological effects of hate crimes and factors influencing negative attitudes towards LGBT individuals.
This study examined predictors of suicide attempts among adolescents attending Seventh-day Adventist schools in the US. It found depression to be the strongest predictor of suicide attempts. Having a negative family climate and less caring parenting also predicted higher rates of suicide attempts, while intrinsic religious orientation predicted lower rates. A survey of over 10,000 students found that depression, family relationships, parenting styles, and religious commitment were significant factors influencing suicidal ideation among this conservative religious group.
The document discusses several studies that examined the relationship between corporal punishment and aggressive behavior in children. The Hicks-Pass study found that children who were spanked had an increase in aggressive behavior towards others and themselves. The Straus and Mouradian study indicated that the more a child was subjected to corporal punishment, the more they developed antisocial behaviors. Another study found that children from homes where neither parent used physical punishment were the least aggressive. While many factors are involved, the studies generally found links between corporal punishment and increased aggression in children.
This document summarizes a study on awareness of domestic violence in North Cyprus. The study involved distributing a questionnaire to 225 people in different regions of North Cyprus. The questionnaire collected demographic information and assessed participants' knowledge and experiences related to domestic violence. The study aimed to evaluate awareness of domestic violence in the community and how it influences individual and community health. Key findings included that over half of respondents were male, most were aged 21-25, and over half had an undergraduate education level. The results will be analyzed to understand awareness and perspectives on domestic violence in North Cyprus.
This article co-written by Dr. Robert J. Winn which aims to quantify the number of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Philadelphia who report to be victims of domestic violence.
ArticlePTSD Symptoms Mediate the RelationshipBetween Sex.docxrossskuddershamus
This document summarizes a study that examined whether PTSD symptoms mediate the relationship between sexual abuse and substance use in juvenile justice-involved youth. The study used data from 197 youth who completed psychological assessments. Results showed that PTSD symptoms significantly mediated the relationship between sexual abuse and both drug use and alcohol use. Specifically, higher PTSD symptoms were associated with increased substance use risk for youth who experienced sexual abuse. Gender did not significantly moderate these relationships. The findings suggest targeting PTSD symptoms through treatment may help reduce substance use problems for sexually abused youth in the juvenile justice system.
Perception of Child Abuse 2COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIO.docxherbertwilson5999
Perception of Child Abuse 2
COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIONALS’ PERCEPTION OF CHILD ABUSE IN CORRELATION TO STRESS
Introduction
Throughout the growth and development of society, child abuse and maltreatment has expanded into many different aspects; it occurs within socioeconomic levels, ethnic and cultural lines, all religions and all levels of education. Within the United States children are suffering from a hidden epidemic of child abuse and neglect. Every year 3.3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States involving nearly 6 million children (a report can include multiple children). The United States has the worst record in the industrialized nation – losing five children every day due to abuse-related deaths (U.S. Department of HHS, 2011). The estimated cost of child abuse and neglect in the United States for 2008 is $124 billion (Fang, 2012). The Department of Children and Families (DCF) defines child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (Leeb, Paulozzi, Melanson, Simon, & Arias, 2008). There are four major categories of childhood abuse and maltreatment: physical abuse, psychological and emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect (Goldman, Salus, Wolcott, & Kennedy, 2003).
According to Brian H. Bornstein, Debra L. Kaplan, and Andrea R. Perry (2007), people have stereotypes about the circumstances and consequences of child abuse, and these expectancies can influence their judgments about individuals involved in abuse cases. Heim (2000) reported that participants with a history of abuse experience greater levels of perceived stress than participants without a history of abuse. They often perceive daily stressors more severely and longer in duration than their counterparts. It is also suggested that their history of abuse compromises these participants’ abilities to cope with stress, but the researchers noted that the data from their study is inconclusive, making it difficult for them to either support or refute this claim.
The perception of child abuse is very influential to students and upcoming professionals. Society’s definition and perception will guide current social work students into practice, which is a very important factor within the professional realm of social work.
Research Question
The purpose of this study is to examine college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and how it relates to stress. The independent variable is the college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and the dependent variable is how it relates to stress. The operational definition of perception remains closely allied to the continually developing behavioral theory of discrimination (Schoenfeld, 1962). The operational definition of child abuse is as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results.
Domestic violence psychologically affects victims and families in several ways. It can cause health issues for victims like depression, substance abuse, and chronic illness. Witnessing domestic violence can negatively impact children's development and behavior, lowering IQs and increasing aggression and emotional problems. Exposure to domestic violence has also been linked to intergenerational cycles of abuse, with children of abuse being more likely to become future victims or abusers themselves. Treatment for abusers and support for victims is important to help break these harmful cycles.
This document is a research proposal that examines bullying in primary and secondary school environments. It begins with an introduction that defines bullying and notes its prevalence. It then discusses characteristics of typical victims and bullies, differences in bullying by grade, gender, and type of aggression. The proposal also reviews effects of victimization like increased health issues, anxiety, depression, and substance abuse. The methods section outlines plans to study participants of different ages, genders, and socioeconomic backgrounds using surveys to collect both qualitative and quantitative data for analysis.
Gang Membership, Violence, and Psychiatric Morbidityjeremy coid
Gang members engage in many high-risk activities associated with psychiatric morbidity, particularly violence related ones. The authors investigated associations between gang membership, violent behavior, psychiatric morbidity, and
use of mental health services. The study concluded that gang members show inordinately high levels of psychiatric morbidity,
placing a heavy burden on mental health services. Traumatization and fear of further violence, exceptionally prevalent in gang members, are associated with service use. Gang membership should be routinely assessed in individuals presenting to health care services in areas with high levels of violence and gang activity. Health care professionals may have an important role in promoting desistence from gang activity.
This document summarizes the results of a survey conducted by students to assess bystander awareness and intervention regarding sexual assault on Auburn University's campus. The survey addressed types of assault, personal experience with assault, likelihood of reporting, and knowledge of campus services. Most respondents would report witnessing rape. About half knew someone assaulted. Respondents accurately estimated the percentage of college students assaulted. Awareness of support services varied. Respondents were likely to report to friends or if they witnessed an assault. Views differed on issues like victim experience levels and assault claims. Unknowingly consuming drugs/alcohol was deemed the most likely assault scenario.
This study examined how physical attractiveness, workplace satisfaction, length of employment, and biological sex influence perceptions of sexual harassment. A survey was administered varying the attractiveness of the harassing supervisor. The results showed no relationship between physical attractiveness and perception of harassment. There was also no significant difference between males and females, or influence of workplace satisfaction or length of employment on perceptions. Physical attractiveness, employment time, and satisfaction did not impact perceptions of sexual harassment.
Running head THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE .docxagnesdcarey33086
Running head: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 1
The Psychological Effects of Domestic Violence
Janet Goris
GEN499: General Education Capstone (GSV1514B)
Instructor: Lance Bernard
April 20, 2015
- 1 -
[no notes on this page]
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 2
The Psychological Effects of Domestic Violence
Children who have witnessed violence between their parents have become visibly the
center of public attention. Domestic violence is a continuing experience of psychological,
physical, and sexual abuse in some homes. It is used to establish control and power over one
another. Major research has focused on the implications of domestic violence on some key
victims. Witnessing domestic violence has major effects on “secondary victims including
children who live in houses where the partners fight. In America, for instance, 3.2 million
children witness incidents of violence annually.” (Bowland, 2012) It is important to understand
that there are secondary impacts of domestic violence. Witnessing violence can cause children to
develop negative including psychological ones. Women whose rights were violated may also be
affected by these events. They are at a risk of internalized behavior including depression and
anxiety, while children are at a risk of externalized behavior, including bullying, fighting, lying,
and cheating. The results of these are disobedience in school and at home and social competence
problems including difficulty in relationships with others and poor school performance. This
paper reviews literature on the primary and secondary psychological impacts of domestic
violence, and how it changes the victims.
Bowland, S., Edmond, T., & Fallot, R. D. (2012). Evaluation of a spiritually focused
intervention with older trauma survivors. Social Work, 57(1), 73-82.
The study by Bowland et al. (2012) was used to evaluate the efficiency of an eleven-
session focus group involving older women who had endured domestic violence. It sought
information from women aged fifty-five and above and who survived personal trauma including
sexual assault, child abuse or domestic violence. The intention was to help reduce trauma-related
- 2 -
1
1. victims.
the thesis statement isn't
quite clear here [Lance
Bernard]
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 3
depression symptoms ranging from anxiety, post-traumatic stress, and trauma-related depressive
symptoms. Forty three women were randomly picked for treatment. They discussed spiritual
struggles that come as a result of abuse and the spiritual resources the group developed for
handling. The group had low depressive symptoms and anxiety than the control group. In
another analysis, the symptoms of post-traumatic stress also dropped considerably. The results
were supported with a three month.
Copyright 2017 American Medical Association. All rights reserv.docxmelvinjrobinson2199
Copyright 2017 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
Difference-in-Differences Analysis of the Association
Between State Same-Sex Marriage Policies and Adolescent
Suicide Attempts
Julia Raifman, ScD; Ellen Moscoe, MA; S. Bryn Austin, ScD; Margaret McConnell, PhD
IMPORTANCE Suicide is the second leading cause of death among adolescents between the
ages of 15 and 24 years. Adolescents who are sexual minorities experience elevated rates of
suicide attempts.
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between state same-sex marriage policies and
adolescent suicide attempts.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This study used state-level Youth Risk Behavior
Surveillance System (YRBSS) data from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2015, which are
weighted to be representative of each state that has participation in the survey greater than
60%. A difference-in-differences analysis compared changes in suicide attempts among all
public high school students before and after implementation of state policies in 32 states
permitting same-sex marriage with year-to-year changes in suicide attempts among high
school students in 15 states without policies permitting same-sex marriage. Linear regression
was used to control for state, age, sex, race/ethnicity, and year, with Taylor series linearized
standard errors clustered by state and classroom. In a secondary analysis among students
who are sexual minorities, we included an interaction between sexual minority identity and
living in a state that had implemented same-sex marriage policies.
INTERVENTIONS Implementation of state policies permitting same-sex marriage during the
full period of YRBSS data collection.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Self-report of 1 or more suicide attempts within the past 12
months.
RESULTS Among the 762 678 students (mean [SD] age, 16.0 [1.2] years; 366 063 males and
396 615 females) who participated in the YRBSS between 1999 and 2015, a weighted 8.6% of
all high school students and 28.5% of students who identified as sexual minorities reported
suicide attempts before implementation of same-sex marriage policies. Same-sex marriage
policies were associated with a 0.6–percentage point (95% CI, –1.2 to –0.01 percentage
points) reduction in suicide attempts, representing a 7% relative reduction in the proportion
of high school students attempting suicide owing to same-sex marriage implementation. The
association was concentrated among students who were sexual minorities.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE State same-sex marriage policies were associated with a
reduction in the proportion of high school students reporting suicide attempts, providing
empirical evidence for an association between same-sex marriage policies and mental health
outcomes.
JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(4):350-356. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.4529
Published online February 20, 2017. Last corrected on April 24, 2017.
Editorial page 322
Author Audio Interview
JAMA Pediatrics Patient Page
page 404
Supplemental cont.
Copyright 2017 American Medical Association. All rights reserv.docxbobbywlane695641
Copyright 2017 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
Difference-in-Differences Analysis of the Association
Between State Same-Sex Marriage Policies and Adolescent
Suicide Attempts
Julia Raifman, ScD; Ellen Moscoe, MA; S. Bryn Austin, ScD; Margaret McConnell, PhD
IMPORTANCE Suicide is the second leading cause of death among adolescents between the
ages of 15 and 24 years. Adolescents who are sexual minorities experience elevated rates of
suicide attempts.
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between state same-sex marriage policies and
adolescent suicide attempts.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This study used state-level Youth Risk Behavior
Surveillance System (YRBSS) data from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2015, which are
weighted to be representative of each state that has participation in the survey greater than
60%. A difference-in-differences analysis compared changes in suicide attempts among all
public high school students before and after implementation of state policies in 32 states
permitting same-sex marriage with year-to-year changes in suicide attempts among high
school students in 15 states without policies permitting same-sex marriage. Linear regression
was used to control for state, age, sex, race/ethnicity, and year, with Taylor series linearized
standard errors clustered by state and classroom. In a secondary analysis among students
who are sexual minorities, we included an interaction between sexual minority identity and
living in a state that had implemented same-sex marriage policies.
INTERVENTIONS Implementation of state policies permitting same-sex marriage during the
full period of YRBSS data collection.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Self-report of 1 or more suicide attempts within the past 12
months.
RESULTS Among the 762 678 students (mean [SD] age, 16.0 [1.2] years; 366 063 males and
396 615 females) who participated in the YRBSS between 1999 and 2015, a weighted 8.6% of
all high school students and 28.5% of students who identified as sexual minorities reported
suicide attempts before implementation of same-sex marriage policies. Same-sex marriage
policies were associated with a 0.6–percentage point (95% CI, –1.2 to –0.01 percentage
points) reduction in suicide attempts, representing a 7% relative reduction in the proportion
of high school students attempting suicide owing to same-sex marriage implementation. The
association was concentrated among students who were sexual minorities.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE State same-sex marriage policies were associated with a
reduction in the proportion of high school students reporting suicide attempts, providing
empirical evidence for an association between same-sex marriage policies and mental health
outcomes.
JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(4):350-356. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.4529
Published online February 20, 2017. Last corrected on April 24, 2017.
Editorial page 322
Author Audio Interview
JAMA Pediatrics Patient Page
page 404
Supplemental cont.
This article analyzes why rates of sexual assault remain high on college campuses. Through ethnographic research including interviews and observations, the authors find that sexual assault occurs through the intersection of individual, organizational, and interactional factors. At the individual level, students have expectations of partying and drinking heavily. Organizationally, residential arrangements and fraternity control of parties concentrate students and normalize risk. Interactionally, expectations that women be nice and defer to men, combined with drinking, create vulnerability. The authors argue this synergistic intersection reproduces gender inequality and predicts sexual assault as an outcome of the college party culture.
This study compared the efficacy of multisystemic therapy (MST) and individual therapy (IT) in treating 16 adolescent sexual offenders. Youths received an average of 37 hours of MST and 45 hours of IT. At a 3-year follow-up, significantly fewer youth in the MST condition had been rearrested for sexual crimes, and the frequency of sexual rearrests was significantly lower. MST emphasized changing behavior and interpersonal relations within the offender's natural environment, attributing to its relative efficacy.
Mass Shootings
JUST300-06
Leslie Garcia
December 3, 2018
STEP 1:
Cabrera, J. F., & Kwon, R. (2018). Income Inequality, Household Income, and Mass Shooting in the United States. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 294.
The authors hypothesized that there is a positive relationship between income inequality and mass shootings. Furthermore, these authors also hypothesize that mass shootings vary based on regional locations. The authors of these articles aimed at extending the previous research that finds stronger evidence regarding the positive relations between income inequality and mass shootings. Authors of the study employed previous research that finds a strong positive relationship between income inequality and mass shootings through examining the impact of the family's income and the association between inequality and income. In order to perform the analysis regarding the effects of the family’s income and the interaction between inequality and income, authors compiled data from 3,144 nations from 1990 to 2015. The outcome of this study indicates that even though the income inequality and income alone are the predictors of the mass shootings, the impacts of mass shootings are stronger when combining via interaction. The results also show the highest number of shootings are those that combine both high levels of inequality and high levels of income. To handle the epidemic issue of mass shootings, it is important to have a clear understanding of how to tackle the rise in inequality and unstable environments which leads to the existence of inequality.This study is important since it gives some of the reasons why there are high incidences of a mass shooting in some regions as compared to others. Therefore, it gives a direct solution to ensure that there is equal distribution of resources and equal employment opportunities to ensure that the issue of mass shootings is dealt with. This study also indicates that effective solutions to mass shootings need to involve the understanding of the main causes of mass shootings
Lowe, S. R., & Galea, S. (2017). The Mental Health Consequences of Mass Shootings. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse , 18 (1), 62-82.
The authors of this study hypothesized that mass shooting leads to adverse psychological outcomes among the survivors and the members of the community affected. Another hypothesis is that there is little knowledge regarding the adverse psychological impacts of mass shootings on the exposed individuals. A total of 49 peer-reviewed articles which consisted of 27 independent samples following 15 mass shooting cases were used. The author's employed peer-reviewed research methods to select samples. The key findings of the study are that mass shootings are associated with various adverse psychological impacts in the survivors as well as the members of the affected families. Risk factors for the negative psychological outcome include demographic and the pre-incident features related t.
PO 450 Final Research Project - Alejandro LunaAlejandro Luna
This document summarizes research from several studies about adolescent suicide and criminal accountability for coercing suicide. It discusses how surveys and interviews were conducted to understand the psychological factors behind suicidal victims, especially among LGBT youth. The studies found that LGBT individuals reported higher rates of suicidal ideation and abuse. They were more likely to experience harassment, fear for their safety, and consider suicide. The document examines laws regarding bias intimidation and controversial debates around freedom of speech versus equal protection. It analyzes the external influences that can play a role in suicide, like bullying, isolation, desire for revenge. The goal is to better understand the roots and severity of coercing suicide.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines whether perceptions of the seriousness of domestic violence differ based on the sexual orientation of the couple involved. The paper reviews previous literature that found domestic violence occurs at similar rates in both heterosexual and homosexual couples. However, most theories of domestic violence are based on a feminist perspective that views it as a heterosexual issue involving a powerful male abuser and female victim. The paper proposes conducting an experimental study that provides vignettes of domestic violence incidents varying the sexual orientation and gender of the victim and offender. The goal is to test whether perceptions of seriousness differ based on these factors, with implications for how domestic violence cases involving homosexual couples are treated within the criminal justice system.
Analyze MVPIThe motives, values, and preferences inventory (MV.docxikirkton
Analyze MVPI
The motives, values, and preferences inventory (MVPI) is used to identify the motives and values most important to an individual. Understanding the personal values of the individuals who make up a team can be useful in understanding the team dynamics and help a manager build and sustain teamwork within the organization.
Refer to the 10 core values (listed below) evaluated on the MVPI.
Rank order the traits according to the value you assign to them, with 1 being the trait you value the most in a team member and 10 being the trait you value the least.
Explain the rationale for your ranking. Give an example of each trait drawn from your experience or observations.
MVPI Values
Recognition:
Desire for attention, approval, and praise
Power:
Desire for success, accomplishment, status, competition, and control
Hedonism:
Desire for fun, pleasure, and recreation
Altruism:
Concern about the welfare of others and contribution to a better society
Affiliation:
Desire for enjoyment of social interaction
Tradition:
Concern for established values of conduct
Security:
Desire for certainty, order, and predictability in employment and finance
Science:
quest for knowledge, research, technology, and data
Aesthetics:
need for self-expression, concern over look, feel, and design of work products
Commerce:
interest in money, profits, investment, and business opportunities
.
Analyze and interpret the following quotation The confrontation of.docxikirkton
Analyze and interpret the following quotation: “The confrontation of Western civilization with other peoples whose values were often dramatically opposed to the West’s…suggests that by the dawn of the twentieth century, the tradition and sense of centeredness that had defined indigenous cultures for hundreds, even thousands, of years was either threatened or in the process of being destroyed. Worldwide, non-Western cultures suddenly found that they were defined as outposts of new colonial empires developed by Europeans, resulting in the weakening of traditional cultural practices, political leadership, and social systems that had been in place for centuries.” (Sayre, 2013, pp. 410-411).
In the later nineteenth and early twentieth century, what would this “loss of centeredness” of culture have meant for a given cultural group? Select from among the non-Western cultural groups noted in the text (Native American, Chinese, Indian, Japanese, or African) and research the impact of Western or European cultures on that group.
What was the selected non-Western culture like prior to the late nineteenth century? How did it change as a result of European expansion? How is this change representative of what Sayre calls a “loss of centeredness?” Be sure to use specific examples and details.
Submit your findings in a 4-page essay in APA format.
.
More Related Content
Similar to Author info Correspondence should be sent to Paul Nicodemu.docx
This document summarizes a research paper about hate crimes and their impact on communities. It discusses the researcher, Ryan Callahan, and his background in criminal justice. It then summarizes the abstract, which discusses the purpose of examining the prevalence of hate crimes and their greater negative impact compared to other crimes. Finally, it reviews two studies from the literature that provide context on the psychological effects of hate crimes and factors influencing negative attitudes towards LGBT individuals.
This study examined predictors of suicide attempts among adolescents attending Seventh-day Adventist schools in the US. It found depression to be the strongest predictor of suicide attempts. Having a negative family climate and less caring parenting also predicted higher rates of suicide attempts, while intrinsic religious orientation predicted lower rates. A survey of over 10,000 students found that depression, family relationships, parenting styles, and religious commitment were significant factors influencing suicidal ideation among this conservative religious group.
The document discusses several studies that examined the relationship between corporal punishment and aggressive behavior in children. The Hicks-Pass study found that children who were spanked had an increase in aggressive behavior towards others and themselves. The Straus and Mouradian study indicated that the more a child was subjected to corporal punishment, the more they developed antisocial behaviors. Another study found that children from homes where neither parent used physical punishment were the least aggressive. While many factors are involved, the studies generally found links between corporal punishment and increased aggression in children.
This document summarizes a study on awareness of domestic violence in North Cyprus. The study involved distributing a questionnaire to 225 people in different regions of North Cyprus. The questionnaire collected demographic information and assessed participants' knowledge and experiences related to domestic violence. The study aimed to evaluate awareness of domestic violence in the community and how it influences individual and community health. Key findings included that over half of respondents were male, most were aged 21-25, and over half had an undergraduate education level. The results will be analyzed to understand awareness and perspectives on domestic violence in North Cyprus.
This article co-written by Dr. Robert J. Winn which aims to quantify the number of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Philadelphia who report to be victims of domestic violence.
ArticlePTSD Symptoms Mediate the RelationshipBetween Sex.docxrossskuddershamus
This document summarizes a study that examined whether PTSD symptoms mediate the relationship between sexual abuse and substance use in juvenile justice-involved youth. The study used data from 197 youth who completed psychological assessments. Results showed that PTSD symptoms significantly mediated the relationship between sexual abuse and both drug use and alcohol use. Specifically, higher PTSD symptoms were associated with increased substance use risk for youth who experienced sexual abuse. Gender did not significantly moderate these relationships. The findings suggest targeting PTSD symptoms through treatment may help reduce substance use problems for sexually abused youth in the juvenile justice system.
Perception of Child Abuse 2COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIO.docxherbertwilson5999
Perception of Child Abuse 2
COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIONALS’ PERCEPTION OF CHILD ABUSE IN CORRELATION TO STRESS
Introduction
Throughout the growth and development of society, child abuse and maltreatment has expanded into many different aspects; it occurs within socioeconomic levels, ethnic and cultural lines, all religions and all levels of education. Within the United States children are suffering from a hidden epidemic of child abuse and neglect. Every year 3.3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States involving nearly 6 million children (a report can include multiple children). The United States has the worst record in the industrialized nation – losing five children every day due to abuse-related deaths (U.S. Department of HHS, 2011). The estimated cost of child abuse and neglect in the United States for 2008 is $124 billion (Fang, 2012). The Department of Children and Families (DCF) defines child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (Leeb, Paulozzi, Melanson, Simon, & Arias, 2008). There are four major categories of childhood abuse and maltreatment: physical abuse, psychological and emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect (Goldman, Salus, Wolcott, & Kennedy, 2003).
According to Brian H. Bornstein, Debra L. Kaplan, and Andrea R. Perry (2007), people have stereotypes about the circumstances and consequences of child abuse, and these expectancies can influence their judgments about individuals involved in abuse cases. Heim (2000) reported that participants with a history of abuse experience greater levels of perceived stress than participants without a history of abuse. They often perceive daily stressors more severely and longer in duration than their counterparts. It is also suggested that their history of abuse compromises these participants’ abilities to cope with stress, but the researchers noted that the data from their study is inconclusive, making it difficult for them to either support or refute this claim.
The perception of child abuse is very influential to students and upcoming professionals. Society’s definition and perception will guide current social work students into practice, which is a very important factor within the professional realm of social work.
Research Question
The purpose of this study is to examine college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and how it relates to stress. The independent variable is the college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and the dependent variable is how it relates to stress. The operational definition of perception remains closely allied to the continually developing behavioral theory of discrimination (Schoenfeld, 1962). The operational definition of child abuse is as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results.
Domestic violence psychologically affects victims and families in several ways. It can cause health issues for victims like depression, substance abuse, and chronic illness. Witnessing domestic violence can negatively impact children's development and behavior, lowering IQs and increasing aggression and emotional problems. Exposure to domestic violence has also been linked to intergenerational cycles of abuse, with children of abuse being more likely to become future victims or abusers themselves. Treatment for abusers and support for victims is important to help break these harmful cycles.
This document is a research proposal that examines bullying in primary and secondary school environments. It begins with an introduction that defines bullying and notes its prevalence. It then discusses characteristics of typical victims and bullies, differences in bullying by grade, gender, and type of aggression. The proposal also reviews effects of victimization like increased health issues, anxiety, depression, and substance abuse. The methods section outlines plans to study participants of different ages, genders, and socioeconomic backgrounds using surveys to collect both qualitative and quantitative data for analysis.
Gang Membership, Violence, and Psychiatric Morbidityjeremy coid
Gang members engage in many high-risk activities associated with psychiatric morbidity, particularly violence related ones. The authors investigated associations between gang membership, violent behavior, psychiatric morbidity, and
use of mental health services. The study concluded that gang members show inordinately high levels of psychiatric morbidity,
placing a heavy burden on mental health services. Traumatization and fear of further violence, exceptionally prevalent in gang members, are associated with service use. Gang membership should be routinely assessed in individuals presenting to health care services in areas with high levels of violence and gang activity. Health care professionals may have an important role in promoting desistence from gang activity.
This document summarizes the results of a survey conducted by students to assess bystander awareness and intervention regarding sexual assault on Auburn University's campus. The survey addressed types of assault, personal experience with assault, likelihood of reporting, and knowledge of campus services. Most respondents would report witnessing rape. About half knew someone assaulted. Respondents accurately estimated the percentage of college students assaulted. Awareness of support services varied. Respondents were likely to report to friends or if they witnessed an assault. Views differed on issues like victim experience levels and assault claims. Unknowingly consuming drugs/alcohol was deemed the most likely assault scenario.
This study examined how physical attractiveness, workplace satisfaction, length of employment, and biological sex influence perceptions of sexual harassment. A survey was administered varying the attractiveness of the harassing supervisor. The results showed no relationship between physical attractiveness and perception of harassment. There was also no significant difference between males and females, or influence of workplace satisfaction or length of employment on perceptions. Physical attractiveness, employment time, and satisfaction did not impact perceptions of sexual harassment.
Running head THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE .docxagnesdcarey33086
Running head: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 1
The Psychological Effects of Domestic Violence
Janet Goris
GEN499: General Education Capstone (GSV1514B)
Instructor: Lance Bernard
April 20, 2015
- 1 -
[no notes on this page]
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 2
The Psychological Effects of Domestic Violence
Children who have witnessed violence between their parents have become visibly the
center of public attention. Domestic violence is a continuing experience of psychological,
physical, and sexual abuse in some homes. It is used to establish control and power over one
another. Major research has focused on the implications of domestic violence on some key
victims. Witnessing domestic violence has major effects on “secondary victims including
children who live in houses where the partners fight. In America, for instance, 3.2 million
children witness incidents of violence annually.” (Bowland, 2012) It is important to understand
that there are secondary impacts of domestic violence. Witnessing violence can cause children to
develop negative including psychological ones. Women whose rights were violated may also be
affected by these events. They are at a risk of internalized behavior including depression and
anxiety, while children are at a risk of externalized behavior, including bullying, fighting, lying,
and cheating. The results of these are disobedience in school and at home and social competence
problems including difficulty in relationships with others and poor school performance. This
paper reviews literature on the primary and secondary psychological impacts of domestic
violence, and how it changes the victims.
Bowland, S., Edmond, T., & Fallot, R. D. (2012). Evaluation of a spiritually focused
intervention with older trauma survivors. Social Work, 57(1), 73-82.
The study by Bowland et al. (2012) was used to evaluate the efficiency of an eleven-
session focus group involving older women who had endured domestic violence. It sought
information from women aged fifty-five and above and who survived personal trauma including
sexual assault, child abuse or domestic violence. The intention was to help reduce trauma-related
- 2 -
1
1. victims.
the thesis statement isn't
quite clear here [Lance
Bernard]
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 3
depression symptoms ranging from anxiety, post-traumatic stress, and trauma-related depressive
symptoms. Forty three women were randomly picked for treatment. They discussed spiritual
struggles that come as a result of abuse and the spiritual resources the group developed for
handling. The group had low depressive symptoms and anxiety than the control group. In
another analysis, the symptoms of post-traumatic stress also dropped considerably. The results
were supported with a three month.
Copyright 2017 American Medical Association. All rights reserv.docxmelvinjrobinson2199
Copyright 2017 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
Difference-in-Differences Analysis of the Association
Between State Same-Sex Marriage Policies and Adolescent
Suicide Attempts
Julia Raifman, ScD; Ellen Moscoe, MA; S. Bryn Austin, ScD; Margaret McConnell, PhD
IMPORTANCE Suicide is the second leading cause of death among adolescents between the
ages of 15 and 24 years. Adolescents who are sexual minorities experience elevated rates of
suicide attempts.
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between state same-sex marriage policies and
adolescent suicide attempts.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This study used state-level Youth Risk Behavior
Surveillance System (YRBSS) data from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2015, which are
weighted to be representative of each state that has participation in the survey greater than
60%. A difference-in-differences analysis compared changes in suicide attempts among all
public high school students before and after implementation of state policies in 32 states
permitting same-sex marriage with year-to-year changes in suicide attempts among high
school students in 15 states without policies permitting same-sex marriage. Linear regression
was used to control for state, age, sex, race/ethnicity, and year, with Taylor series linearized
standard errors clustered by state and classroom. In a secondary analysis among students
who are sexual minorities, we included an interaction between sexual minority identity and
living in a state that had implemented same-sex marriage policies.
INTERVENTIONS Implementation of state policies permitting same-sex marriage during the
full period of YRBSS data collection.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Self-report of 1 or more suicide attempts within the past 12
months.
RESULTS Among the 762 678 students (mean [SD] age, 16.0 [1.2] years; 366 063 males and
396 615 females) who participated in the YRBSS between 1999 and 2015, a weighted 8.6% of
all high school students and 28.5% of students who identified as sexual minorities reported
suicide attempts before implementation of same-sex marriage policies. Same-sex marriage
policies were associated with a 0.6–percentage point (95% CI, –1.2 to –0.01 percentage
points) reduction in suicide attempts, representing a 7% relative reduction in the proportion
of high school students attempting suicide owing to same-sex marriage implementation. The
association was concentrated among students who were sexual minorities.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE State same-sex marriage policies were associated with a
reduction in the proportion of high school students reporting suicide attempts, providing
empirical evidence for an association between same-sex marriage policies and mental health
outcomes.
JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(4):350-356. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.4529
Published online February 20, 2017. Last corrected on April 24, 2017.
Editorial page 322
Author Audio Interview
JAMA Pediatrics Patient Page
page 404
Supplemental cont.
Copyright 2017 American Medical Association. All rights reserv.docxbobbywlane695641
Copyright 2017 American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
Difference-in-Differences Analysis of the Association
Between State Same-Sex Marriage Policies and Adolescent
Suicide Attempts
Julia Raifman, ScD; Ellen Moscoe, MA; S. Bryn Austin, ScD; Margaret McConnell, PhD
IMPORTANCE Suicide is the second leading cause of death among adolescents between the
ages of 15 and 24 years. Adolescents who are sexual minorities experience elevated rates of
suicide attempts.
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between state same-sex marriage policies and
adolescent suicide attempts.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This study used state-level Youth Risk Behavior
Surveillance System (YRBSS) data from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2015, which are
weighted to be representative of each state that has participation in the survey greater than
60%. A difference-in-differences analysis compared changes in suicide attempts among all
public high school students before and after implementation of state policies in 32 states
permitting same-sex marriage with year-to-year changes in suicide attempts among high
school students in 15 states without policies permitting same-sex marriage. Linear regression
was used to control for state, age, sex, race/ethnicity, and year, with Taylor series linearized
standard errors clustered by state and classroom. In a secondary analysis among students
who are sexual minorities, we included an interaction between sexual minority identity and
living in a state that had implemented same-sex marriage policies.
INTERVENTIONS Implementation of state policies permitting same-sex marriage during the
full period of YRBSS data collection.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Self-report of 1 or more suicide attempts within the past 12
months.
RESULTS Among the 762 678 students (mean [SD] age, 16.0 [1.2] years; 366 063 males and
396 615 females) who participated in the YRBSS between 1999 and 2015, a weighted 8.6% of
all high school students and 28.5% of students who identified as sexual minorities reported
suicide attempts before implementation of same-sex marriage policies. Same-sex marriage
policies were associated with a 0.6–percentage point (95% CI, –1.2 to –0.01 percentage
points) reduction in suicide attempts, representing a 7% relative reduction in the proportion
of high school students attempting suicide owing to same-sex marriage implementation. The
association was concentrated among students who were sexual minorities.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE State same-sex marriage policies were associated with a
reduction in the proportion of high school students reporting suicide attempts, providing
empirical evidence for an association between same-sex marriage policies and mental health
outcomes.
JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(4):350-356. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.4529
Published online February 20, 2017. Last corrected on April 24, 2017.
Editorial page 322
Author Audio Interview
JAMA Pediatrics Patient Page
page 404
Supplemental cont.
This article analyzes why rates of sexual assault remain high on college campuses. Through ethnographic research including interviews and observations, the authors find that sexual assault occurs through the intersection of individual, organizational, and interactional factors. At the individual level, students have expectations of partying and drinking heavily. Organizationally, residential arrangements and fraternity control of parties concentrate students and normalize risk. Interactionally, expectations that women be nice and defer to men, combined with drinking, create vulnerability. The authors argue this synergistic intersection reproduces gender inequality and predicts sexual assault as an outcome of the college party culture.
This study compared the efficacy of multisystemic therapy (MST) and individual therapy (IT) in treating 16 adolescent sexual offenders. Youths received an average of 37 hours of MST and 45 hours of IT. At a 3-year follow-up, significantly fewer youth in the MST condition had been rearrested for sexual crimes, and the frequency of sexual rearrests was significantly lower. MST emphasized changing behavior and interpersonal relations within the offender's natural environment, attributing to its relative efficacy.
Mass Shootings
JUST300-06
Leslie Garcia
December 3, 2018
STEP 1:
Cabrera, J. F., & Kwon, R. (2018). Income Inequality, Household Income, and Mass Shooting in the United States. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 294.
The authors hypothesized that there is a positive relationship between income inequality and mass shootings. Furthermore, these authors also hypothesize that mass shootings vary based on regional locations. The authors of these articles aimed at extending the previous research that finds stronger evidence regarding the positive relations between income inequality and mass shootings. Authors of the study employed previous research that finds a strong positive relationship between income inequality and mass shootings through examining the impact of the family's income and the association between inequality and income. In order to perform the analysis regarding the effects of the family’s income and the interaction between inequality and income, authors compiled data from 3,144 nations from 1990 to 2015. The outcome of this study indicates that even though the income inequality and income alone are the predictors of the mass shootings, the impacts of mass shootings are stronger when combining via interaction. The results also show the highest number of shootings are those that combine both high levels of inequality and high levels of income. To handle the epidemic issue of mass shootings, it is important to have a clear understanding of how to tackle the rise in inequality and unstable environments which leads to the existence of inequality.This study is important since it gives some of the reasons why there are high incidences of a mass shooting in some regions as compared to others. Therefore, it gives a direct solution to ensure that there is equal distribution of resources and equal employment opportunities to ensure that the issue of mass shootings is dealt with. This study also indicates that effective solutions to mass shootings need to involve the understanding of the main causes of mass shootings
Lowe, S. R., & Galea, S. (2017). The Mental Health Consequences of Mass Shootings. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse , 18 (1), 62-82.
The authors of this study hypothesized that mass shooting leads to adverse psychological outcomes among the survivors and the members of the community affected. Another hypothesis is that there is little knowledge regarding the adverse psychological impacts of mass shootings on the exposed individuals. A total of 49 peer-reviewed articles which consisted of 27 independent samples following 15 mass shooting cases were used. The author's employed peer-reviewed research methods to select samples. The key findings of the study are that mass shootings are associated with various adverse psychological impacts in the survivors as well as the members of the affected families. Risk factors for the negative psychological outcome include demographic and the pre-incident features related t.
PO 450 Final Research Project - Alejandro LunaAlejandro Luna
This document summarizes research from several studies about adolescent suicide and criminal accountability for coercing suicide. It discusses how surveys and interviews were conducted to understand the psychological factors behind suicidal victims, especially among LGBT youth. The studies found that LGBT individuals reported higher rates of suicidal ideation and abuse. They were more likely to experience harassment, fear for their safety, and consider suicide. The document examines laws regarding bias intimidation and controversial debates around freedom of speech versus equal protection. It analyzes the external influences that can play a role in suicide, like bullying, isolation, desire for revenge. The goal is to better understand the roots and severity of coercing suicide.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines whether perceptions of the seriousness of domestic violence differ based on the sexual orientation of the couple involved. The paper reviews previous literature that found domestic violence occurs at similar rates in both heterosexual and homosexual couples. However, most theories of domestic violence are based on a feminist perspective that views it as a heterosexual issue involving a powerful male abuser and female victim. The paper proposes conducting an experimental study that provides vignettes of domestic violence incidents varying the sexual orientation and gender of the victim and offender. The goal is to test whether perceptions of seriousness differ based on these factors, with implications for how domestic violence cases involving homosexual couples are treated within the criminal justice system.
Similar to Author info Correspondence should be sent to Paul Nicodemu.docx (20)
Analyze MVPIThe motives, values, and preferences inventory (MV.docxikirkton
Analyze MVPI
The motives, values, and preferences inventory (MVPI) is used to identify the motives and values most important to an individual. Understanding the personal values of the individuals who make up a team can be useful in understanding the team dynamics and help a manager build and sustain teamwork within the organization.
Refer to the 10 core values (listed below) evaluated on the MVPI.
Rank order the traits according to the value you assign to them, with 1 being the trait you value the most in a team member and 10 being the trait you value the least.
Explain the rationale for your ranking. Give an example of each trait drawn from your experience or observations.
MVPI Values
Recognition:
Desire for attention, approval, and praise
Power:
Desire for success, accomplishment, status, competition, and control
Hedonism:
Desire for fun, pleasure, and recreation
Altruism:
Concern about the welfare of others and contribution to a better society
Affiliation:
Desire for enjoyment of social interaction
Tradition:
Concern for established values of conduct
Security:
Desire for certainty, order, and predictability in employment and finance
Science:
quest for knowledge, research, technology, and data
Aesthetics:
need for self-expression, concern over look, feel, and design of work products
Commerce:
interest in money, profits, investment, and business opportunities
.
Analyze and interpret the following quotation The confrontation of.docxikirkton
Analyze and interpret the following quotation: “The confrontation of Western civilization with other peoples whose values were often dramatically opposed to the West’s…suggests that by the dawn of the twentieth century, the tradition and sense of centeredness that had defined indigenous cultures for hundreds, even thousands, of years was either threatened or in the process of being destroyed. Worldwide, non-Western cultures suddenly found that they were defined as outposts of new colonial empires developed by Europeans, resulting in the weakening of traditional cultural practices, political leadership, and social systems that had been in place for centuries.” (Sayre, 2013, pp. 410-411).
In the later nineteenth and early twentieth century, what would this “loss of centeredness” of culture have meant for a given cultural group? Select from among the non-Western cultural groups noted in the text (Native American, Chinese, Indian, Japanese, or African) and research the impact of Western or European cultures on that group.
What was the selected non-Western culture like prior to the late nineteenth century? How did it change as a result of European expansion? How is this change representative of what Sayre calls a “loss of centeredness?” Be sure to use specific examples and details.
Submit your findings in a 4-page essay in APA format.
.
Analyze and prepare a critique of the following situationMary h.docxikirkton
Analyze and prepare a critique of the following situation:
Mary has worked for Bob for two years. About 6 months ago, Bob asked Mary out to dinner. They had a good time together and agreed that they had some real interests in common outside of work. The pair dated for two months. Mary initially liked Bob, but he was beginning to get annoying. He called her all the time, was very pushy about her seeing him, and wanted to control all aspects of her life; both at work and at home. Mary decided to call it off. When she told Bob that she did not want to see him personally anymore, he went crazy on her. He told her she would be sorry and that he would see to it that she regretted it. Bob began to make life miserable for Mary at work. She suddenly started to get poor performance evaluations after two years of exemplary reviews. Even the managers above Bob were beginning to make comments about her poor attitude. Mary decided it was time to act. She was worried she would be fired, all because Bob wanted her to continue to date him. She loved her job and knew she did quality work. She made an appointment with the HR manager.
Using the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1991, discuss the type of sexual harassment Mary thinks she is experiencing. What are the obligations of the HR manager once Mary reports this? Discuss the likelihood that Bob would be found guilty of sexually harassing Mary. If the HR manager investigates and finds Mary is telling the truth, what should s/he do to handle the situation so that the company is not found complicit by the EEOC if further complaint is made? If found in Mary's favor, what options does the HR manager have to remedy the situation?
.
Analyze the anthropological film Jero A Balinese Trance Seance made.docxikirkton
The document provides guidance for analyzing the anthropological film "Jero: A Balinese Trance Seance" by discussing key concepts to explore such as cultural relativism and visual imperialism. Students are instructed to choose two or three concepts from readings and lectures to analyze how the film presents culture and ethnicity. They should consider the filmmakers' approach and construction of the presented culture, who Jero is and her significance, what was learned, and any ethical implications. Students are asked to evaluate if the filmmakers employed cultural relativism or privileged their own culture. They should also discuss how anthropology's shift may have impacted the filmmakers' approach and if it could have been more effective.
analyze and synthesize the financial reports of an organization of t.docxikirkton
The document outlines a project requiring students to analyze the financial reports of a chosen organization, synthesize their findings in a PowerPoint presentation with detailed notes, and provide exhibits of the analyzed financial reports. The PowerPoint must include an organization overview, analysis of financial statements, cash flow, stock performance, cost of capital or required return on investment, book and common stock value, and discuss appropriate organizational development options from a management risk and return perspective.
Analyze financial statements using financial ratios.• .docxikirkton
Analyze financial statements using financial ratios.
•
Analyze and evaluate cash flows over time.
•
Use technology and information resources to research issues in financial management.
•
Write clearly and concisely about financial management using proper writing mechanics.
This project requires that you conduct a financial analysis of two, comparable organizations. You
may select any organizations that produce publicly available financial statements employing IFRS
or U.S. GAAP (both companies must follow the same GAAP). Let your professor know which two
companies you plan to study before the end of Week 2, as your selection must be approved. The
professor reserves the right to limit the number of students comparing the same two
organizations.
Assignment:
1. Carefully review the annual reports for both organizations. Comment on what approach
each company has taken in reporting to its shareholders.
(This requirement is purposely
broad to give you the freedom to talk about anything that comes under the broad title of
“reporting to shareholders”).
2. Prepare a ratio analysis for both companies including a trend analysis for three years.
Comment on the significance of the ratios for each company (do they indicate that things
are all right, do they suggest that problems exist, or is it likely that problems will occur in
the future?). Comment specifically on the similarities and differences among the ratios
calculated for both companies and comparison to any benchmark.
3.
Prepare an analysis of the cash flow statements for both companies.
4. List and discuss the importance of the two most significant accounting policies adopted
by the two organizations (you should select the same two policies for both organizations).
Explain the options selected by both companies and comment on any differences that
you see. Explain what other policies the organizations could have selected and state why
you think they selected one policy over another.
5. Provide the URL’s for each company’s Annual Report.
Your assignment should adhere to these guidelines:
•
Write in a logical, well-organized conventional business style. Use Times New Roman
font size 12 or similar, double space, and leave ample white space per page.
•
All references must follow JWMI style guide and works must be cited appropriately.
Check with your professor for any additional instructions on citations.
•
On the first page or in a header, include the title of the assignment, the student’s name,
the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. Reference pages are not included in
the assignment page length.
•
Faculty members have discretion to penalize for assignments that do not follow these
guidelines. Check with your individual professor if you feel the assignment r
much longer or shorter treatment than recommended.
The two companies are: Walm.
Analyze and prepare a critique of the following situationMary has.docxikirkton
Analyze and prepare a critique of the following situation:
Mary has worked for Bob for two years. About 6 months ago, Bob asked Mary out to dinner. They had a good time together and agreed that they had some real interests in common outside of work. The pair dated for two months. Mary initially liked Bob, but he was beginning to get annoying. He called her all the time, was very pushy about her seeing him, and wanted to control all aspects of her life; both at work and at home. Mary decided to call it off. When she told Bob that she did not want to see him personally anymore, he went crazy on her. He told her she would be sorry and that he would see to it that she regretted it. Bob began to make life miserable for Mary at work. She suddenly started to get poor performance evaluations after two years of exemplary reviews. Even the managers above Bob were beginning to make comments about her poor attitude. Mary decided it was time to act. She was worried she would be fired, all because Bob wanted her to continue to date him. She loved her job and knew she did quality work. She made an appointment with the HR manager.
Using the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 and 1991, discuss the type of sexual harassment Mary thinks she is experiencing. What are the obligations of the HR manager once Mary reports this? Discuss the likelihood that Bob would be found guilty of sexually harassing Mary. If the HR manager investigates and finds Mary is telling the truth, what should s/he do to handle the situation so that the company is not found complicit by the EEOC if further complaint is made? If found in Mary's favor, what options does the HR manager have to remedy the situation?
Site references in APA format
.
Analyze Alternative Exchange Rate RegimesThere are several argum.docxikirkton
Analyze Alternative Exchange Rate Regimes
There are several arguments for and against the alternative exchange rate regimes. Prepare a 2- to 4-page paper presenting both sides of the argument. In your paper:
List and explain the advantages of the flexible exchange rate regime.
Criticize the flexible exchange rate regime from the viewpoint of the proponents of the fixed exchange rate regime.
Refute the above criticism from the viewpoint of the proponents of the flexible exchange rate regime.
Discuss the impact the increased volatility in interest and foreign exchange rates has on global institutions.
Assignment 3 Grading Criteria
Maximum Points
Listed and explained the advantages of the flexible exchange rate regime.
24
Criticized the flexible exchange rate regime from the viewpoint of the proponents of the fixed exchange rate regime.
24
Refuted the above criticism from the viewpoint of the proponents of the flexible exchange rate regime.
20
Discussed the impact the increased volatility in interest and foreign exchange rates has on global institutions.
20
Wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.
12
Total:
100
.
Analyze and evaluate the different leadership theories and behavior .docxikirkton
Analyze and evaluate the different leadership theories and behavior approaches, including the Tuckman four stages of group development model.
Evaluate the importance of the internal environmental factors that include the cultural, language, political, and technological differences.
Apply the necessary steps to overcome the identified challenges with the different sources of power that must be taken into account.
Deliverable Length:
4-5 Body Pages
.
Analytical essay report about polio 1ِ- An introductory paragraph .docxikirkton
Analytical essay report about polio
1ِ- An introductory paragraph
2 - A background paragraph that includes factual and historical information about polio
3 - three body paragraph that explain the epidemic and illustrate its significance
4- A concluding paragraph
5- An end of text reference page with reference for all source referred to as you wrote your report
.
Analysis Essay 1DUE Feb 23, 2014 1155 PMGrade DetailsGrade.docxikirkton
Analysis Essay 1
DUE: Feb 23, 2014 11:55 PM
Grade Details
Grade
N/A
Gradebook Comments
None
Assignment Details
Open Date
Feb 3, 2014 12:05 AM
Graded?
Yes
Points Possible
100.0
Resubmissions Allowed?
No
Attachments checked for originality?
Yes
.
AnalogíasComplete the analogies. Follow the model.Modelomuer.docxikirkton
Este documento presenta dos analogías incompletas que deben completarse siguiendo el modelo dado. También presenta una conversación incompleta que debe completarse haciendo los cambios necesarios, omitiendo las palabras "cambiar" y "edad".
ANA Buenos días, señor González. ¿Cómo (1) (2) SR. GONZÁLEZ .docxikirkton
Ana se encuentra con el Sr. González y le presenta a Antonio. El Sr. González le da la bienvenida a Antonio y le pregunta de dónde es, a lo que Antonio responde que viene de México. Ana y Antonio se despiden del Sr. González.
Analyze symbolism in Jane Eyre from a Feminist point of view. Exa.docxikirkton
Analyze symbolism in Jane Eyre from a Feminist point of view.
Examples:
patriarchy
oppressed women
silence from women
4 pages paper
MLA format
Please include original source citations (Jane Eyre book)
Include in text citations from 3 specific secondary sources (sources attached)
.
An important part of research is finding sources that can be trusted.docxikirkton
An important part of research is finding sources that can be trusted.
(1) Comment on why you think it is important to scrutinize your sources to find out if they are credible or not? This can apply to our personal life as well as our academic and business life?
Can you think of an example, in every day life, where it was very important for you to trust your source? Or if not, what are some general areas of life
where you think it is especially important to trust information?
.
An incomplete Punnett square There are three possible phenotypes fo.docxikirkton
An incomplete Punnett square: There are three possible phenotypes for wing color in the species of Moon moth. Some of these moths have a red wings, others have yellow wings and some have orange wings. What type of inheritance is illustrated by the species of moth? What are the genotypes that coincide with the three phenotypes given? In a cross between two orange winged moths that produced 100 offspring how many of the offspring will be a yellow? ALSO DRAW OUT PUNNETT SQUARE!!
.
An expanded version of the accounting equation could be A + .docxikirkton
An expanded version of the accounting equation could be:
A + Rev = L + OE - Exp
A - L = Paid-in Capital - Rev - Exp
A = L + Paid-in Capital + Beginning Retained Earnings + Rev - Exp
A = L + Paid-in Capital - Rev + Exp
In the seller's records, the sale of merchandise on account would:
Increase assets and increase expenses.
Increase assets and decrease liabilities.
Increase assets and increase paid-in capital.
Increase assets and decrease revenues.
In the buyer's records, the purchase of merchandise on account would:
Increase assets and increase expenses.
Increase assets and increase liabilities.
Increase liabilities and increase paid-in capital.
Have no effect on total assets.
A debit entry will:
Decrease an asset account.
Increase a liability account.
Increase paid-in capital.
Increase an expense account.
A credit entry will:
Increase an asset account.
Increase a liability account.
Decrease paid-in capital.
Increase an expense account.
A credit entry to an account will:
Always decrease the account balance.
Always increase the account balance.
Increase the balance of a revenue account.
Increase the balance of an expense account.
A debit entry to an account will:
Always decrease the account balance.
Always increase the account balance.
Increase the balance of a revenue account.
Increase the balance of an expense account.
Sage, Inc. has 20 employees who each earn $100 per day and are paid every Friday. The end of the accounting period is on a Wednesday. How much wages should the firm accrue at the end of the period?
$2,000.
$1,000.
$0.
$6,000.
Which of the following is not one of the 5 questions of transaction analysis?
What's going on?
Which accounts are affected?
Is this an accrual?
Does the balance sheet balance?
Does my analysis make sense?
The effect of an adjustment is:
To correct an entry that was not in balance.
To increase the accuracy of the financial statements.
To record transactions not previously recorded.
To close the books.
A journal entry recording an accrual:
Results in a better matching of revenues and expenses.
Will involve a debit or credit to cash.
Will affect balance sheet accounts only.
Will most likely include a debit to a liability account
Wisdom Co. has a note payable to its bank. An adjustment is likely to be required on Wisdom's books at the end of every month that the loan is outstanding to record the:
Amount of interest paid during the month.
Amount of total interest to be paid when the note is paid off.
Amount of principal payable at the maturity date of the note.
Accrued interest expense for the month.
The accounting concept/principle being applied when an adjustment is made is usually:
matching revenue and expense.
consistency.
original cost.
materia.
An Evolving IndustryHow are the Internet and other technologies cu.docxikirkton
An Evolving Industry
How are the Internet and other technologies currently affecting the ways in which movies are produced, distributed, and exhibited? Are the changes having an impact on the quality or depth of the films? Provide specific examples as you explain your point of view.
Your initial post should be at least 150 words in length. Support your claims with examples from required material(s) and/or other scholarly resources, and properly cite any references
.
An essay addressing the definition or resemblance concerning categor.docxikirkton
An essay addressing the definition or resemblance concerning categorical placement or criteria-match reasoning. The Term is Inner Peace. This is going to be a rough draft only. APA format
3-5 pages;
3-5 scholarly sources. I would like to address inner peace as the state of living in harmoney with the enviroment, restrained from war and living peacefully. I woud like to tie into figures like Mandela and Ghandi as examples of people that have attained it.
.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptx
Author info Correspondence should be sent to Paul Nicodemu.docx
1. Author info: Correspondence should be sent to: Paul
Nicodemus, Department of
Psychology, Austin Peay State University, Clarksville, TN
37044
North American Journal of Psychology, 2009, Vol. 11, No. 3,
455-462.
The Effects of Maternal Relationships on
Physical and Psychological Dating Violence
Paul Nicodemus
Austin Peay State University
Patricia A. Davenport
Our House, Inc., Greenville, MS
Lynn E. McCutcheon
NAJP
Psychological and physical dating violence patterns were
examined to
2. determine if maternal relationships affected dating violence
patterns
differently for male and female adolescents. Participants
consisted of 469
ninth grade students from various schools across the Mississippi
Delta
region. Participants completed self-report evaluations regarding
the
number of experienced and perpetrated violent acts with a
dating partner.
A series of two-way ANOVAs were calculated to determine the
influence
of maternal relationships on dating violence. These findings
indicated
that maternal relationships do not significantly influence the
physically
violent behaviors; however, significant interactions were found
between
maternal relationships by gender, with males perpetrating
greater
numbers of and being victimized more psychologically when the
relationship with the mother was negative. Female participants
displayed
completely opposite patterns of psychological violence when
3. experiencing negative maternal relationships as compared to the
males.
The issue of dating violence has received considerable research
attention over the past several years. The social problem created
by
adolescents being both physically and psychologically violent
toward a
dating partner, and the resulting victimization, is cause for
serious
concern. Several factors have emerged from the extant research.
First, it
is apparent that both physical and psychological abuse occurs
regularly
among adolescents. Secondly, certain individual attributes
increase the
likelihood of adolescents becoming abusive toward their dating
partners.
Previous research has indicated that dating violence among
adolescents is a prevalent problem. James, West, Deters, and
Armijo
(2000) reported that 50% of their adolescent participants
perpetrated
4. physical violence in the form of scratching, pushing, shoving,
and hitting
with fist. Yet other studies have indicated that as many as 40%
of the
adolescent participants had perpetrated some form of physical
violence
456 NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY
against the dating partner (Malik, Sorenson, & Aneshensel,
1997;
O′Keefe, 1997; O′Keefe & Treister, 1998; O’Leary, Smith Slep,
Avery-
Leaf, & Cascardi, 2008; Reuterman & Burcky, 1989). The
exhibiting of
violent acts of a more serious nature is also apparent during the
adolescent years. In one such study, James et al. (2000) found
that 20%
of the participants reported committing violent behaviors such
as biting,
choking, burning, physically twisting an arm, and hitting a
partner with a
hard object. O’Leary et al. (2008) found that injuries were
reported by
5. more than 25% of their high-schoolers who had been the
recipients of
physical aggression. Furthermore, another study unearthed a
disturbing
trend; the prevalence of serious aggression increased as age
increased in
a huge sample of 16-20 year-olds (Munoz-Rivas, Grana,
O’Leary, &
Gonzalez, 2007).
Similar prevalence percentages have also been reported for
perpetrating psychological dating violence and experiencing
psychological victimization in dating relationships. James et al.
(2000)
found that approximately half of the adolescent participants
reported
being psychologically abusive toward the dating partner;
furthermore,
James and his colleagues reported that 50% had been victims of
psychological dating violence. Verbal aggression was
perpetrated by
about 94% of the adolescents in another study (Munoz-Rivas, et
al.,
2007).
6. In an attempt to understand the nature of this violence, recent
research has focused on identifying characteristics of the
abusers.
Alcohol/drug intoxication has been shown to increase the
likelihood of
engaging in dating violence (O′Keefe, 1997; O′Keeffe,
Brockopp &
Chew, 1986; Roscoe & Kelsey, 1986). Adolescents who live in
rural
settings also tend to be more likely to perpetrate dating violence
(Reuterman & Burcky, 1989; Spencer & Bryant, 2000). Linder,
Crick
and Collins found that being alienated from one’s mother was a
marker
for physical dating violence (2002). There is also considerable
evidence
for gender differences in the perception and use of violence in
dating
relationships (O’Keefe & Treister, 1998; also see Straus, 1999,
for an
excellent review of the lengthy history of the gender
controversy in
violent dating relationships).
7. Straus (1999) argued that effective prevention strategies for
adolescents and young adults are likely to follow in the wake of
research
on violence in dating relationships. With that ultimate goal in
mind, the
purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects that
the
relationship with the maternal figure would have on the
tendency to
display both psychological and physical abusive patterns. In
light of
existing gender differences it was further decided to compare
males and
females across three categories of maternal relationships. We
Nicodemus, Davenport & McCutcheon DATING
VIOLENCE 457
hypothesized that dating aggression would be higher among
those
persons identified as having a negative maternal relationship.
METHOD
8. Participants
The participants came from a pool of 688 ninth grade students
across
the mid-region of the Mississippi Delta, with a mean age of
14.84 years.
Sixty-eight percent of those pooled reported having experienced
previous
dating relationships (n=469). Of these 469 participants, 96%
were
African American, 2% were White, and 1% were “other.” Fifty-
one
percent of the participants were females and 49% were males.
Measures
Dating Violence Questionnaire. The dating violence assessment
consisted of four abusive components including: 1)
victimization of
physical violence, 2) perpetration of physical violence, 3)
victimization
of psychological violence, and 4) perpetration of psychological
violence
(for a lengthier description of the dating violence questionnaire,
see
9. Foshee et al., 1996). The subtest measuring victimization-
physical
violence included an 18-item self-report list that measures the
number of
physically violent acts experienced by the individual (e.g.,
scratched me,
slapped me, physically twisted my arm, etc.). The subtest for
perpetration-physical violence consisted of an 18-item self-
report list
assessing the frequency of committing physically violent
behaviors
toward the dating partner (e.g., scratched them, slapped them,
physically
twisted their arm, etc.). The victimization of psychological
violence was
measured with a 14-item self-report subtest (e.g., damaged
something
that belonged to me, said something to hurt my feelings, etc.).
The
subtest measuring perpetration of psychological violence toward
the
dating partner was a 14-item self-report assessment (e.g.,
damaged
something that belonged to them, said things to hurt their
10. feelings on
purpose, etc.). Total scores for each of the four violent behavior
subtests
were obtained by summing the respective test item scores for
each
question within the specific subtest.
Foshee and colleagues (1996) did not report psychometric data,
but
their items were written in simple, direct language and had face
validity
for an instrument designed to measure dating violence (i.e.
slapped,
kicked, hit with a fist, forced to have sex). Furthermore, the
results they
obtained from using this dating violence questionnaire are
consistent
with what one would expect from the use of a valid measure of
this sort.
For example, we would expect that the percentage of teens that
had been
pushed, slapped or kicked on a date would be considerably
higher than
the percentage of those who had been assaulted with a knife or
gun. In
11. 458 NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY
fact, Foshee and colleagues found that almost 20% of their
sample
reported having experienced these milder forms of aggression,
but only
2.4% reported having been assaulted with a knife or gun.
Similar (but
slightly lower) numbers were reported for perpetration of these
violent
acts.
Procedure
Each of the participants completed the dating violence
questionnaire
in a single setting for approximately one hour. Participants were
excused
from the regular class schedule to participate in the present
study. The
data analyzed in the present study were obtained from the
pretest
measurement used in a three-year study investigating several
issues
12. related to dating violence.
The three levels in the independent variable of maternal
relationship
were determined by responses from the participants to the
question,
“How close are you to your mother?” Those participants that
reported
being very close to the mother were designated as the “positive”
group.
Those who reported being either somewhat close or not very
close were
placed in the “neutral” group. Finally, those participants that
reported not
being close at all were placed in the “negative” group.
RESULTS
The prevalence of dating violent behaviors in our study was
relatively
high. Results showed that 67% of our participants indicated
being a
victim of physical dating violence at least once in a dating
relationship.
Sixty-six percent reported perpetrating physical violence toward
the
13. dating partner at some point in the relationship. Furthermore,
76%
indicated that the dating partner had directed some form of
psychological
violence toward them, and 80% reported being psychologically
violent at
some point toward the dating partner.
The data were analyzed with a series of 3 x 2 (maternal
relationship x
gender) two-way Analyses of Variance. These results showed
that
maternal relationships and gender had minimal influence on
physical
dating violence. Neither maternal relationship nor gender
showed
significant main effects for perpetrating physical violence
toward the
dating partner; furthermore, these factors demonstrated little
influence for
victimization of physical violence for gender differences. In
addition,
these results did not yield significant interactions between
gender and
maternal relationships for either the perpetration or
14. victimization in
physical dating violence.
However, our results indicated that gender and maternal
relationships
do have significant effects in the perpetration and victimization
of
psychological dating violence. Results showed a significant
main effect
Nicodemus, Davenport & McCutcheon DATING
VIOLENCE 459
for gender regarding the victimization of psychological
violence, F(1,
452) = 8.77, p < .01 (see Table 1). Closer inspection revealed
that males
TABLE 1 Analysis of Variance for Psychological Dating
Violence –
Victimization .
Source df F P
Gender (A) 1 8.77 .003
Maternal Relationship (S) 2 1.53 .22
15. A x S 2 3.36 .04
Within-group error 452
had scores that were only slightly higher than those of females
in the
positive and neutral categories. However, the sharp elevation in
the
experiencing of psychological violence incidents reported by
males who
indicated poor maternal relationships, combined with a slight
drop for
females who reported negative maternal relationships resulted
in a
significant maternal relationship x gender interaction, F(2, 452)
= 3.36, p
= .04. The data indicated that males who experienced negative
maternal
relationships tended to experience considerably higher levels of
psychological violence than the other two male groups.
A significant interaction was also found with maternal
relationships x
gender for perpetration of psychological violence toward the
dating
16. partner, F (2, 452) = 3.53, p = .03 (see Table 2). This
significant inter-
TABLE 2 Analysis of Variance for Psychological Dating
Violence –
Perpetration Source .
Source df F P
Gender (A) 1 0.12 .73
Maternal Relationship (S) 2 1.01 .37
A x S 2 3.53 .03
Within-group error 452
action also involved those who reported negative relationships
with their
mothers. Females reported slightly more perpetration than males
in the
positive and neutral categories. However, males who reported
having
negative maternal relationships tended to perpetrate
significantly greater
numbers of psychologically violent acts than did males in the
other two
groups, and females with negative maternal relationships
17. reported much
less of a tendency to be psychologically abusive toward the
dating
partner than did female participants with positive or neutral
relationships.
460 NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY
This crossover effect wiped out the possibility of a significant
main effect
for gender, while simultaneously generating a significant
interaction.
DISCUSSION
The tendency for the participants in the present study to
demonstrate
high percentages in the perpetration and victimization of
physical dating
violence is consistent with previous findings. James, et al.
(2000)
reported that 50% of their adolescent participants perpetrated
some form
of physical dating violence. Other researchers have found that
about 40%
18. of adolescent participants have been involved in administering a
form of
physical violence toward the dating partner (Malik, Sorenson, &
Aneshensel, 1997; O′Keefe, 1997; O′Keefe & Treister, 1998;
O’Leary, et
al., 2008; Reuterman & Burcky, 1989). The tendency for
adolescent
participants in the present study to display higher percentages
than
normally expected may be explained by the fact that African
Americans
(Foshee et al., 1996; Malik et al., 1997; O′Keefe, 1997) and
individuals
residing in rural settings (Reuterman & Burcky; Spencer &
Bryant, 2000)
tend to report higher levels in physical dating violence both as
victims
and perpetrators. Therefore, the higher number of psychological
dating
violent acts reported by the participants in the present study
may be the
result of being primarily African American, or residing in
predominantly
rural settings, or a combination of both.
19. The fact that generally speaking, females were just about as
likely to
perpetrate dating violence as males, is consistent with a host of
studies
identified by Straus (1999) as ones that used a very broad
operational
definition of the term “violence.” According to his
interpretation of social
exchange theory, violent exchanges are reciprocal – it takes two
to have a
violent exchange. Also, most of these exchanges occur in
private, where
couples can get away with (mostly) mild types of aggression,
like yelling
and slapping each other. This helps to explain why the
frequency of
dating violence is high in studies like ours and roughly the same
between
genders. It also enables us to understand why the patterns of
perpetration
and victimization parallel each other, within each gender. In
other words,
in an exchange of violence both members of the dyad will be
perpetrators
20. and victims, hurting someone and being hurt in return.
According to our results, maternal relationships appear to
significantly influence psychological dating violence. This
finding
appears to be partially consistent with Linder, Crick, and
Collins (2002),
who reported that the level of mother alienation significantly
predicted
the initiation of psychological dating violence. On the other
hand, mother
alienation did not predict victimization in psychological dating
violence
in their study. Reuterman and Burcky (1989) found that teens
who
experienced the most dating violence came from families in
which harsh
Nicodemus, Davenport & McCutcheon DATING
VIOLENCE 461
punishment was common. Our results, combined with those of
these
other two studies, suggest that more attention should be directed
toward
21. parental influences in attempting to understand the precursors to
teen
dating violence.
Our gender-by-maternal interactions are of particular interest.
The
first of these involves the victimization of psychological dating
violence.
Our findings indicated that males demonstrated a higher
likelihood of
perceiving themselves as victims of psychological abuse if they
experienced a negative relationship with the mother figure. For
females
who reported negative maternal relationships the opposite was
true. The
patterns seen in the perpetration interaction were similar to that
of the
victimization interaction. In other words, if you are going to
“dish it out”
you must learn to “take it” as well.
How might we explain these interaction effects? We might
begin by
asking “What do both teen-age boys and girls do when they
don’t get
22. along with their mothers?” One likely answer is that they avoid
her
company when possible. According to Straus (1999), this might
result in
boys spending more time “hanging out” with boys and girls
spending
more time “hanging out” with girls. In our society male culture
is more
prone to use violence, while female culture emphasizes talking
out one’s
disagreements. Thus, boys who spend much time with other
boys may
learn to be more violent and girls who spend much time with
other girls
may learn to be less violent. The weakness in this hypothesis is
that it
failed to account for the non-interaction in the physical violence
domain.
The present research is not without some limitations. First, our
results
cannot be generalized to other ethnic groups or to the American
population as a whole. In addition, it may not be prudent to
generalize to
23. other adolescent age groups, since participants in the present
study were
primarily within the initial stages of middle adolescence.
Because this
time period is more volatile for parent-child relationships
(Collins &
Lausen, 2006), our findings may be the result of the typical
turmoil found
within these relationships. Finally, both of our interaction
effects were
barely significant (.03 and .04). That fact, combined with a
huge sample
size, rendered our effect sizes very small.
Straus (1999) suggested that further research is needed to
identify
precursors of dating violence in order to design effective
prevention
strategies to reduce these inappropriate social behaviors. The
present
findings suggest that maternal relationships may be a link to
later violent
behaviors in intimate relationships, even if that link is a weak
one.
24. REFERENCES
Collins, W. A., & Lausen, B. (2006). Parent-adolescent
relationships. In P. Noller
& J. A. Feeney (Eds.), Close relationships: Function forms and
processes
(pp. 111-125). Hove, England: Psychology Press/Taylor &
Francis.
462 NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY
Foshee, V. A., Linder, G. F., Bauman, K. E., Langwick, S. A.,
Arriaga, X. B.,
Heath, J. L., McMahon, P. M., & Bangdiwala, S. (1996). The
safe dates
project: Theoretical basis, evaluation, design, and selected
baseline findings.
American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 12(5), 39-47.
James, W. H., West, C., Deters, K. E., & Armijo, E. (2000).
Youth dating
violence. Adolescence, 35(139), 455-465.
Linder, J. R., Crick, N. R., & Collins, A. (2002). Relational
aggression and
victimization in young adults’ romantic relationships:
Associations with
25. perceptions of parent, peer, and romantic relationship quality.
Social
Development, 11(1), 69-86.
Malik, S., Sorenson, S. B., & Aneshensel, C. S. (1997).
Community and dating
violence among adolescents: Perpetration and victimization.
Journal of
Adolescent Health, 21(5), 291-302.
Munoz-Rivas, M. J., Grana, J. L., O’Leary, K. D., & Gonzalez,
M. P. (2007).
Aggression in adolescent dating relationships: Prevalence,
justification, and
health consequences. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40, 298-
304.
O′Keefe, M. (1997). Predictors of dating violence among high
school students.
Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12(4), 546-568.
O′Keefe, M., & Treister, L. (1998). Victims of dating violence
among high
school students: Are the predictors different for males and
females?
Violence Against Women, 4(2), 195-223.
O′Keeffe, N. K., Brockopp, K., & Chew, E. (1986). Teen dating
26. violence. Social
Work, 31(6), 465-468.
O′Leary, K. D., & Smith Slep, A. M. (2003). A dyadic
longitudinal model of
adolescent dating aggression. Journal of Clinical Child and
Adolescent
Psychology, 32 (3), 314-327.
O′Leary, K. D., & Smith Slep, A. M. (2008). Gender differences
in dating
aggression among multi-ethnic high school students. Journal of
Adolescent
Health, 42, 473-479.
Roscoe, B., & Kelsey, T. (1986). Dating violence among high
school students.
Psychology, A Quarterly Journal of Human Behavior, 23(1), 51-
59.
Reuterman, N. A. & Burcky, W. D. (1989). Dating violence in
high school: A
profile of the victims. Psychology, A Journal of Human
Behavior, 26(4), 1-
9.
Spencer, G. A., & Bryant, S. A. (2000). Dating violence: A
comparison of rural,
27. suburban, and urban teens. Journal of Adolescent Health, 27(5),
302-305.
Straus, M. A. (1999). The controversy over domestic violence
by women: A
methodological, theoretical, and sociology of science analysis.
In X. P.
Arrage & S. Oskamp (Eds.), Violence in intimate relationships
(pp 17-44),
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Acknowledgements: This research was supported by Centers for
Disease Control
and Prevention Grant SU4-CCU414165-03. Portions of this
article were
presented at the 49
th
Annual Meeting of the Southeastern Psychological
Association, New Orleans, LA.
Copyright of North American Journal of Psychology is the
property of North American Journal of Psychology
and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or
posted to a listserv without the copyright
28. holder's express written permission. However, users may print,
download, or email articles for individual use.