The document discusses explanations for apparent gender differences in criminal involvement. It examines how biological and social factors may influence higher female involvement in theft and handling crimes compared to other crimes. Socialization plays a key role, as women have traditionally had fewer opportunities to commit crimes due to constrained social roles. However, changing female roles and attitudes have reduced gender differences in criminal behavior. For males, notions of masculinity and pressures to demonstrate power may encourage criminal behavior for some seeking to prove themselves, though most do not resort to crime. Overall, gender differences in crime are narrowing but males generally commit more crimes due to influences of socialization on the genders.
How do we raise our boys? Which impact does it have on their emotional and physical health? Which initiatives exist to challenge the traditional vision of masculinity?
Improving Our Response to Commercially Sexually Exploited YouthMonarch Housing
Improving Our Response to Commercially Sexually Exploited Youth
This three hour training, coordinated by the National Network for Youth, is designed to increase the awareness and capacity of service providers to identify, engage, and respond to youth involved in prostitution. Training topics will include framework and cultural context of commercial sexual exploitation, pathways into prostitution, engagement and safety planning, and mental health and trauma bonding. Frontline practitioners, program directors, policymakers, and funders are encouraged to attend to learn about strategies that can protect young people, already vulnerable due to homelessness, from further harm.
How do we raise our boys? Which impact does it have on their emotional and physical health? Which initiatives exist to challenge the traditional vision of masculinity?
Improving Our Response to Commercially Sexually Exploited YouthMonarch Housing
Improving Our Response to Commercially Sexually Exploited Youth
This three hour training, coordinated by the National Network for Youth, is designed to increase the awareness and capacity of service providers to identify, engage, and respond to youth involved in prostitution. Training topics will include framework and cultural context of commercial sexual exploitation, pathways into prostitution, engagement and safety planning, and mental health and trauma bonding. Frontline practitioners, program directors, policymakers, and funders are encouraged to attend to learn about strategies that can protect young people, already vulnerable due to homelessness, from further harm.
A contact angle goniometer measures the contact angle of a liquid on a solid surface and can
obtain surface energy of a solid. This instrument is used in all the major industries; especially
where research is done in coming up with newer materials. Low values of contact angle indicate
greater wettability and higher values mean that the solid doesn’t attract the liquid as much. This
instrument already exists but with my design it costs over ten times less, which will make it more
accessible to school labs and small-scale industries.
This project has been created for EDRD*6000 Qualitative Methods- a graduate level course at the School of Environmental Design and Rural Development at the University of Guelph. Please reference the author or appropriate sources when using any of the information presented here.
Gender is a social construct that defines social relationship between men and women. Women belong to the feminine gender because during the process of growing up, certain culturally constructed feminine traits are inculcated into them, right from the birth.
The session presents gender analysis tools that can be used during project design, implementation and evaluation. The gender analysis tools will help to make the development intervention gender sensitive, so that the benefits of project reach both women and men.
Until recently, it was possible to condemn criminologists both for their near silence on women and criminal law, and for their sexism when they did speak. The most recent wave of feminism has witnessed two seemingly contradictory developments in theories of women and crime. First, femi-nism has kindled interest in women's studies in various academic disci-plines. Criminology has been no exception: the sexist treatment of women victims and offenders by police and other criminal justice officials, the sex-ism of traditional theories of crime, and the concept of victimless crimes have all been under attack.' But, there have also been arguments that women's crime has increased as a result of the women's liberation movement. This belief has been called "the most powerful and widely held ... concerning the topic of female criminality," and its impact has been felt by women offenders being pun-ished for their supposed acts of liberation.' Feminist criminologists now must do more than denounce mainstream criminology for its failure to ac-knowledge the significance of female crime. It is not enough simply to resurrect the neglected female offender. We must transcend the traditional boundaries of criminology and examine the role of the state and the law in reinforcing the position of women in contemporary society.
What is a man”Q & AIf both men and women arMoseStaton39
What is a “man”?
Q & A
If both men and women are constrained by a binary gender system, why is it more women than men find this system unfair?
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The political activism aimed at changing gender relations has been called feminism and the women’s movement because women have been at the forefront of this movement. Even now it is women, more than men, who object to the way their lives are gendered. Why do you think men haven’t been in the forefront of a movement to challenge the gender binary?
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Inequality: Men and Masculinities
Men and women are both forced by society to do gender, but the consequences and benefits of doing so are not symmetrical.
This is because the gender binary is hierarchical.
The hierarchy places men above women and values representation of masculinity above femininity.
This narrows the range of life experiences that seem acceptable and right.
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This means that women routinely are positioned as helpers and caretakers to men while men are positioned as protectors and breadwinners. For women more than men, it results in reduced social status, lower financial rewards, and an expectation that men’s needs and interests should take priority.
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The Gender of Cheerleading
Cheerleading was an all-male sport equivalent in prestige and masculinity to football.
Women were first allowed to join cheer squads in World War I, after the war there was an effort to end women cheerleading.
Cheerleading became less about leadership and more about support and sexiness.
As professions and activities become more female, their value and prestige decline.
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Male cheer squads had prestige and were seen as leaders. Its athletes projected “force and grace.” The idea of women being involved in the sport was ridiculous, as cheerleading was considered too masculine for women.
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Patriarchal Power
Patriarchy is “the rule of the father.” It refers to the control of female and younger male family members by select adult men.
The patriarch is “the king of his castle,” so his word is law at home.
Men own all property, including the bodies of their wives and children and any earnings or inheritance.
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Well into the 1900s many European and American societies operated as patriarchs in which women and children had no rights.
In this environment, men own all property, including the bodies of their wives and children (or other unmarried female relatives in their care) and any earnings or inheritance of these women or children. A patriarch may have social and legal permission to punish his wife and his children physically, brutally if he chooses.
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Patriarchy: Then
In patriarchal societies, women:
cannot vote
serve on juries
use birth control
work after marriage
keep their own wages
attain a divorce
have custody of their children
enlist in the military
own property
hold political office
sue for discrimination
among many other restrictions
Men alone have legal and civil rights
Only men are entitled to act freely in ...
2. INTRODUCTION
Explain that there is a difference between male
and female offending.
What crimes are common for both genders to
commit.
Females- commit more theft and handling crimes
than any other.
Summarise the official statistics.
3. FIRST PARAGRAPH – FEMALE CRIME
Explain how biological explanations can cause
women to commit crime. Naturally
caring/nurturing- neither of them support crime.
Dalton(1964)- hormonal/menstral factors
influence minority to commit crime.
4. SECOND PARAGRAPH- FEMALE CRIME
Explain the sex-role theory- suggests women less likely
to commit crime as have less opportunity and ability to do
so.
E.g. Socialization- Parsons argues child-rearing done by
mothers so girls have role-model to follow that suggests
caring role. Farrington and Painter longitudinal study.
Marginalization- person needs opportunity to commit crime.
Small range of roles women allowed to have limits
opportunity. More confined by socialization than men.
5. THIRD PARAGRAPH- FEMALE CRIME
Adler (1975)- suggests female crime rates
increasing because of freedom from traditional
forms of social control.
Evidence- Denscombe (2001)- changing female
roles, more likely to commit same crime as men.
Interviewed 15-16 year olds, found females
adopting male attitudes.
6. FOURTH PARAGRAPH- MALE CRIME
Idea of ‘normative masculinity’ by Connell.
Socially approved idea of what real male is.
Men struggle to meet expectations. Masculinity is not
natural, but accomplishment which needs to be
worked at.
How it’s constructed depends on male’s access to
power/resources. More powerful men (business men)
can express power over women in workplace, whilst
those with no power at work express through violence
(crime).
Criticise this view- Jefferson- why minority of young
men from given social/ethnic background choose to
accomplish masculinity through crime and majority
don’t.
7. CONCLUSION
Say that there is an apparent gender difference
within crime.
The gender differences in crime are becoming
less noticeable because of changing attitudes of
women, making them more like men in their
views.
Males commit more crime than women, but this
is mainly due to the way women are socialized.
Boys are less likely to have a male role-model to
follow, whilst girls will most of the time have
their mothers.