1. Four key theories are discussed to explain patterns in female crime: functionalist sex role theory, control theory, class and gender deals theory, and the changing women's role or 'liberation thesis'.
2. Functionalist sex role theory argues that differential socialization patterns result in boys being more disposed to violence and crime. Control theory suggests that patriarchal social control mechanisms reduce crime opportunities for women.
3. Class and gender deals theory proposes that working class women commit more serious crimes when rewards for conformity through class and gender deals are unavailable.
4. The liberation thesis argues that as patriarchy weakens and women take on more male roles, female crime rates have risen; however, critics argue this
References Michelle Alexander's book, The New Jim Crow, Pfaff's Locked In, the Marshall Project, Vox, Common Justice, Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE), and more.
References Michelle Alexander's book, The New Jim Crow, Pfaff's Locked In, the Marshall Project, Vox, Common Justice, Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE), and more.
FEMINIST THEORY IN CRIMINOLOGY
Feminist theory is a major branch within sociology, that shifts its assumptions, analytical lens and topical focus away from the male viewpoint and experience toward that of women.
It emphasis on gender distinction i.e., inequality resulting and of the system of patriarchy (i.e., men being more privileged in comparison to women)
FEMINIST THEORY IN CRIMINOLOGY
This branch focuses on the dominance of men over women and the impact it has on crimes by (female criminality)and against women(female victimization).
The development of different explanations of female criminality and conformity happened.
General ‘gendering’ of crime ,which include gendered explanations of certain male criminality.
Feminist theory in criminology attempt to explain the
treatment of women by the criminal justice system. In that
importance was given to how female victims of rape and other
sexual assault was treated by police,prosecution and judges.
Running head Examining the reasons 1Examining the reasons 16.docxcharisellington63520
Running head: Examining the reasons 1
Examining the reasons 16
Case Study: Examining the Reasons Why Women Stay
with Their Abusive Male Partner.
Domestic violence is quite common in many forms in today’s contemporary society. In fact, domestic violence is more prevalent than it was in the past. In most of the cases of domestic violence, women tend to be victims more than men are. The woman in the relationship is often faced with the hard position of making the decision to leave or not. A number of factors often deter women from making the decision to leave their abusive lovers. These factors are often social/cultural, economic and or psychological (Loveisrespect.org, 2013). They depend on the nature or the status of the relationship and those in it.
Topic
Domestic Violence
Problem
Domestic violence is a major social problem. Domestic violence breaks down the society as well create an emotionally unhealthy family foundation. Studies have shown kids who grew up in homes where there was domestic violence tend to grow up to be abusers themselves, or they have the tendencies to stay in abusive relationships.
Research Question
What are the reasons that women give for choosing to stay in abusive relationships?
Purpose
By conducting this research study, it will help to narrow down the reasons why the woman stays in the abusive relationship or marriage. The research will better help psychologists to gain a clearer understanding of to handle this specific patient. In addition, the research will help community organizers to create effective programs and resources for the abusive woman.
Lived Experience
Capturing the lives of women who choose or chose to stay in domestic violence relationship
Participant Criteria
Females between the ages 18-35, who are in a domestic violence relationship or who has left a domestic violence relationship in the past twelve months.
Time
Currently in a domestic violence relationship or has left a domestic relationship within the past twelve months.
Literature Review
Dziegielewski S. F., Campbell K. & Turnage B. F. (2005). Domestic Violence: Focus Groupsfrom the Survivors’ Perspective. Retrieved.
The authors did a study to find out why women who were in abusive relationships or were married were unable to leave. To carry out the study they grouped such women into three; the first group consisted of those who had a desire to leave, group two consisted of those women who already had a plan and lastly group three were women who had left and had no expectations of going back. They then asked them to write down the reasons why they had planned as above or could not do as above.
The authors found out that the reasons given by the three categories of women had similarity in terms of context. Despite the status to which they already belonged, they had similar reasons for leaving or returning to their relationships. Some of the reasons included fear, limited resources and quite weirdly, some of the women claimed that t.
This PowerPoint addresses how bullying & harassment are not simply youth problems and behaviors, but rather, it looks at the ways that young people often acquire bullying and harassing attitudes and behaviors from the larger society through process of “social learning.”
COLLEGE PHYSICSChapter # Chapter TitlePowerPoint ImageLynellBull52
COLLEGE PHYSICS
Chapter # Chapter Title
PowerPoint Image Slideshow
INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY
Chapter 12 GENDER, SEX AND SEXUALITY
What is Gender?
Gender
refers to the personal traits and life chances that a society links to being female or male.
Sex
is the biological distinction between females and males.
Intersexed
(click for video)
*
Gender identity: Psychological gender perception. Personal experience and performance of gender.
sociologist argue that gender is both externally and internally prescribed.
Gender role: cultural norms for male and female behavior. Social expectation in gendered behavior which is specific to culture.
What are Sex and Gender?
Intersex
people born with any of several variations in sex characteristics including chromosomes gonadssex hormonesgenitals that "do not” fit the typical definitions for male or female bodies
Intersexed (click for video)
*
Androgen (male hormone)
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (unable to respond to androgen) AIS
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)
Triple X syndrome
Challenging the Gender Binary Third Gender
Gender Fluidity
Androgyny
Agender
Gender nonconformity
Gender fluidity: flexible range of gender and gender expressions that can change over time.
Third gender: a social category in which an individual can represent gender in a variety of ways independent of male or female or feminine or masculine; intermediate between genders; as neither gender; cross or swap genders.
Androgyny: display both feminine and masculine gender characteristics.
Agender: someone who does not identify with either gender; gender neutral
Gender non-conformity: doing gender in ways that are atypical for their prescribed gender assignment.
*
Gender Identity and Gender Role Native Fa’afafine Latin America Muxe/Muxhe (click for video)African MashogaEuropeBurrnesha Asian Hijra (click for video)
*
Gender Roles and Gender Identity
Theories of Gender
Theories of Gender Roles Essentialists
Evolutionary
Materialist/Economic
Essentialists: rely on biological or natural explanations of gender and gender role assignments: gender behavior is shaped by hormones
Evolutionary: Also based on biological or natural explanations of gender, but claims human beings are in constant state of adaptation to their environment in order to ensure survival. Gendered division of labor is functional need for the human family to survive. This is a very functionalist perspective.
Materialist/Economic: emphasize the impact of basic human economic needs in the formation of gender roles. Also explore and critique gender roles within the economic system of capitalism.
According to Bourdieu, cultural capital comes in three forms—embodied, objectified, and institutionalized. One’s accent or dialect is an example of embodied cultural capital, while a luxury car or record collection are examples of cultural capital in its objectified state. In its institutionalized form, cultural capital refers t ...
Below is a description of a research study. This study illustrates s.docxtangyechloe
Below is a description of a research study. This study illustrates several important concepts related to research methods. For each of the seven concepts below identify the excerpt from the study description that best illustrates that concept and explain why it fits by giving the definition of that concept.
• control group
• control variable
• dependent variable
• experimental group
• hypothesis
• independent variable
• reliability
Sample Study: Self-Fulfilling Prophecies and Stereotypes
Introduction. Stereotypes are sets of expectations about a social group or category of people, often suggesting particular characteristics and behaviors typical of members of that group. Often the expectations are negative ones. For example, a group of people might be regarded as lazy, shiftless, unwilling to work, and not terribly smart. As bad as stereotypes are, what is even worse is that sometimes the expectations for behaviors based on stereotypes lead people to behave in the manner expected. This is a self-fulfilling prophecy — an assumption that, once having been made, leads to the predicted event occurring. For example, all of us form first impressions about people based on visible characteristics such as gender, age, race, and physical attractiveness. In many cases, those impressions are biased and negative. However, when we act upon them, we may encourage people to behave in the negative ways we expect. But how do we separate this self-fulfilling prophecy effect from real differences that might describe a category of people? In an intriguing social psychological experiment, Mark Snyder (1977) created a study that did just this — permitting us to see how the physical attractiveness of a woman can lead men to treat her differently, leading her, in turn, to act in a manner consistent with that stereotype.
Research Methods. Snyder expected that the physical attractiveness of people influences the perception of them by others and the way others treat them. To test this, Snyder (1977) had 51 male and 51 female undergraduate students at the University of Minnesota interact with one another in male-female dyads in which they could not see one another but could talk via telephone. A photograph of either a physically attractive or physically unattractive female was randomly assigned to each dyad. The photographs were not actually of the females with whom the males were interacting. This effectively created two groups: one with a woman the man perceived as attractive and the other with a woman the man did not perceive as attractive. At that point, before any interaction took place, each male was asked to provide his first impressions of the female (based on the picture only) on a number of characteristics. Each dyad then engaged in ten-minute unstructured conversation in which the statements by the male and female were recorded on separate channels of an audiotape, so they could be analyzed separately later. Then 12 raters were asked to rate e.
Similar to THREE KEY EXPLANATIONS FOR GENDER PATTERNS IN CRIME (13)
THREE KEY EXPLANATIONS FOR GENDER PATTERNS IN CRIME
1. FOUR KEY EXPLANATIONS FOR FEMALE CRIME PATTENSWEBB BOOK NOTES
1 FUNCTIONALIST SEX ROLE THEORY PAGE 103
1 Differential SOCIALISATION of males and females – boys encouraged to be masculine/tough so
more disposed to commit violence and crime
2 Parsons traces it to gender roles in nuclear family – instrumental and expressive roles. Women
do primary socialisation of expressive role in home. Girls get female adult role model but lads
reject feminine types of behaviour – tenderness, gentleness, emotion and seek to distance
themselves with COMPENSATORYCOMPULSORYMASCULINITY – aggression/anti-social behaviour
3 Men don’t do so much socialisation in nuclear family so socialising lads more difficult.
Cohen argues lack of male role model means boys turn to all-male street gangs as a source of
masculine identity. Status earned here by acts of toughness, risk-taking and delinquency.
4 NEWRIGHT – absence of male role model in one-parent families means boys turn to street
gangs as source of status and identity
Evaluation (A02):
Walklate – biological assumptions, Parsons links biological capacity to have kids with natural
affinity to expressive role
Although it is based on differences in socialisation patterns parts of the theory based on biological
assumptions about sex differences.
2 CONTROL THEORYA HEIDENSOHN: PATRIARCHAL CONTROL
1 Most striking thing about females – how CONFORMIST they are. Why? - Closer levels of
supervision throughout life imposed by patriarchal society, women more conformist, mechanisms
of social control tighter which reduces opportunities to offend – in 3 spheres:
i)HOME – domestic role/triple shift ties women to home for long periods, Dobash & Dobash show
that trigger to domestic violence often men’s dissatisfaction with women’s domestic duties.
Girls are less likely to be allowed out and have a distinct bedroom culture.
ii)IN PUBLIC IN GENERAL – by threat of male violence against them especially sexual violence e.g.
British Crime Survey 54% of women feared being victims after dark, only 14% of men. Exacerbated
by STRANGER DANGER media biased reporting
By fear of not being respectable ( sexualised gendered language/gaze - slag, slutty, loose etc).
Sue Lees – boys control girls through sexualised verbal abuse e.g. called‘slags’ if don’t conform to
gender role expectations
iii)WORK – by male supervisors and managers, sexual harassment widespread, glass ceiling denies
upward mobility and lessens ability to commit fraud, lower jobs women often perform are more
likely to be closely supervised.
Evaluation (A02):
Heidensohn is arguing less opportunities because tighter control = less crime but she also
recognises that patriarchy can push women into crime e.g. women more likely to be poor so turn
to theft/prostitution.
Heidensohn’s work been seen by some as a GROSS OVERGENERALISATION -feminisation of
workforce, women are getting top jobs.DETERMINISTIC – ignores choice/free will
These days crime CAN be committed in the home – internet. A lot of women are in high power
jobs. Lots of ways to go out at night without walking – taxi, lift..
2. 2 CONTROL THEORYB CARLEN: CLASS AND GENDER DEALS
Study of 39 working class women offenders. Argues that most convicted serious female criminals
are working class.
Uses Hirschi’s control theory. People act rationally and are controlled by a ‘deal’ which offers
rewards for conformity. People only turn to crime when these rewards are unavailable and
rewards of crime offer more.
Most working class women conform through promise of two types of rewards or ‘deals’:
i)Class deal: rewards for working – good standard of living + leisure opportunities
ii)Gender deal: rewards for acting out the conventional gender role – stability, respectability,
material rewards.
If these two deals are not available or not worth the effort crime becomes more likely. Women in
the study had failed to find a legitimate way of making a living and so had gained no rewards from
the class deal. Also they had experienced little opportunity to make the gender deal (bought up in
care, experienced domestic violence, poor academic performance at school….). Result these
women had concluded that crime was the only route to decent standard of living –nothing to lose
and everything to gain.
Evaluation: Heidensohn and Carlen both been accused of being deterministic (leaving out choice
and free will). Carlen used small sample so difficult to generalise.
3 CHANGING WOMEN’S ROLE OR ‘LIBERATION THESIS’ – reflects that female crime rising faster
than male crime in recent years. Adler (1975) argues that patriarchy is weakening and women now
adopting ‘male’ type roles in BOTH legitimate activity (work) and illegitimate activity (crime)
Women becoming more ‘masculine’ and finding release from social control. Evidence: women
committing white collar crime, violent crime, ladettes, girl gangs, risk-taking behaviour, looking
hard, drug taking…
Evidence: 1950s 1 in 7 crimes, 1990s 1 in 6 crimes, 2000s 1 in 5 crimes.
More women doing ‘male crimes’ like embezzlement & armed robbery.
Girl gangs e.g. Denscombe study of midlands teenagers in 2001 – girls adopting male stance like
being hard and indulging in risk-taking behaviour.
Evaluation:
a)most female criminals are working class – the group least likely to be influenced by women’s
liberation
b)Drug taking often linked to prostitution (very unliberated female offence),CHESNEY-LIND
c) Girl members of gangs subordinate to men and expected to conform to conventional gender
roles. LAIDLER & HUNT
d)Women’s’ crime started to rise long before rise of feminism
OVERALL Adler overestimates extent to which women have been liberated and the extent to which
they have access to serious crime. Patriarchy still embedded and most serious crime is male crime
still.